CUE Farm Wildflower and
Pollinator Guide 1 Emma Etchason You on the CUE Farm
You stand at the farm’s corner, just outside the wooden gate. You are overwhelmed, your eyes are too small and the world, the natural world, too large. There are colors of spring green, sunshine yellow, rusty red, deep purple, glowing orange. It’s harvesting season. The tallest sunflower catches your eye. The slight breeze of a mid-afternoon fall day provokes the flower to sway. It’s waving at you, beckoning you closer. At once you become aware of the monarch butterfly fluttering by the flowering vine that twined itself up the fence. You look down at your feet and it is as if you can feel the earthworms beneath, burrowing through the soil. The world is alive, all around you. And now is your chance. Take it in. Absorb the bright petals of the zinnias, stare into the centers of black-eyed Susans, smell the aroma of the snapdragons and sunflowers. Fall in love with the world, and the beauty surrounding you.
2 Wildflowers
• The flowers have four sets of organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
• The vessel of the seed is called the carpel. . • The reproductive elements of angiosperms are the stigma and the style.
• The mature ovary is the fruit of the plant.
• It is thought that flowers evolved as a mechanism to increase fitness. Showy petals attract 3 pollinators, sweet fruits encourage seed dispersal by animals. Pollinators What is a pollinator?
A pollinator is any organism that transfers pollen grains from flower to flower.
What types of species are pollinators?
A variety of organisms are pollinators including bees, wasps, beetles, birds, bats, butterflies, and moths.
How else are plants and pollinators related?
Plants have adapted traits to make their flowers more attractive to pollinators, such as having a sweet smell.
How are pollinators economically important?
Over 150 food crops in the US which require animal pollination in order to produce food and seeds. Over 85% of all plants are animal-pollinated. 4
How is this Guide Organized?
Wildflowers Pollinators
Dense head Shape Bees and Wasps (Pages 7-9) (Pages 21-28)
Regular Shape Butterflies and Moths (Pages 10-14) (Pages 29-34)
Spike Shape Beetles (Pages 15-16) (Pages 35-36)
Cluster Shape Birds and Bats (Pages 17-20) (Pages 37-70)
5 How To Use This Guide
The CUE farm has a wide variety of species. Use this guide for identification and learn more about the wildflower or pollinator!
While touring the CUE Farm:
Step 1: See a wildflower or pollinator!
Step 2: Identify general shape of wildflower or type of pollinator.
Step 3: Use red reference column on the right side of each page to narrow search to one category.
Step 4: Flip through pages of the specific wildflower shape or pollinator type category and find the species on the farm.
Step 5: Match image of the species to the species on the farm. Read identification tips, descriptions, and interesting facts about the species spotted on the farm.
Step 6: Use general category images in the “Pollination” section of the guide to cross reference which pollinators pollinate which flowers and vice versa!
6 Black-eyed Susan Interesting Facts: Rudbeckai hirta • Member of the Sunflower family
• Flowers from June through October
• Found in fields and prairies • Used as a restoration/pioneer plant
• Official state flower of Maryland
• Has herbal medicine uses Description:
• Grows1-2 feet tall
Pollination: • Alternate leaf arrangement
• Pollinated by bees, wasps, and flies • Stems and leaves covered in short hairs – giving a rough texture • Preferred by Andrena rudbeckiae and Heterosarus rudbeckiae (see • Ray of yellow petals surrounding a the similarities in scientific central brown cone names!) 7 Interesting Facts: Panicled Aster Aster simplex • Member of the Sunflower Family
• Flowers from August to October
• Found in meadows
• Spreads by underground rootstocks to form colonies
• Associated with lasting love, patience and good luck
• Are often times mistaken for the daisy Description:
• Tall stem with a loose arrangement of white flower heads Pollination: • Flower heads are about one inch • Pollinated by bees and butterflies wide
• Grown in areas to promote habitat • Leaves larger near the ground, protection of pollinators smaller near the flower
8 Interesting Facts: Zinnia
• Member of the Sunflower Family Zinnia elegans
• Flowers from June through October
• Found in gardens and open fields
• Native to Mexico
• Zinnia represents friendship
• Know as the “poorhouse” flower as zinnias are abundant and easy to grow Description:
• Grow 1-3 feet tall
Pollination: • Upright, hairy, branching stems
• Most commonly pollinated by • Come in many different colors butterflies, bees, and moths including red, orange, yellow, lavender, green, and white • Hummingbirds are also attracted to the bright colors of the zinnias • Opposite leaf arrangement along the stem 9 Ten-pedal Sunflower Helianthus decapetalus Interesting Facts:
• Member of the Sunflower Family
• Flowers from June to September
• Found in open woodlands, meadows, and along rivers
• Other common names include the thin leaf sunflower and the forest sunflower
Description:
• Lower/middle leaves have opposite leaf arrangement
Pollination: • Upper leaves have alternate arrangement • Mainly bees, but butterflies, wasps and flies visit the flower • Each flower consists of 8-12 yellow florets around the center.
10 Interesting Facts: Common Sunflower Helianthus annus • Member of the Sunflower family
• Flowers from July through November
• Found in prairies and rich soils
• Native American’s used the plant’s ground seeds for bread flour and oil for cooking and beauty products
• Oil is still extracted from the common sunflower to make soap
Description:
• Rough, erect stem with terminal Pollination: flower heads
• Both honey and bumble bees • Overlapping ray florets, with flowers pollinate the flower. ranging from 3-6 inches wide
• Effectiveness at pollinating of each • Alternate leaf arrangement bee depends of flower size
11 Interesting Facts: Chicory
• Member of the Sunflower Family Cichorium intybus
• Flowers from June through October
• Found in fields and along the roadside
• Came from the Old World
• Roots can be roasted and ground as a coffee substitute
• Each flower bloom lasts only a Description: day • Blue flower heads with squared ends, about an inch and a half wide
Pollination: • Petals have a a fringe appearance
• Common pollinators include bees, • Tough, grooved stem flies and beetles • Basal leaves are three to six inches • In winter, American Goldfinches wide feed on the chicory seeds • Stem leaves are smaller and oblong 12 Purple Coneflower Interesting Facts: Echinacea purpurea • Member of the Sunflower Family
• Flowers from June to August
• Found in prairies, fields, and open woods
• The only native prairie plant used for medicinal purposes by medical professionals
• Also, extensively used as a fold remedy Description:
• Grows to a height of 2-4 feet
• Flower heads like sun flowers, with Pollination: disks as large as 3.5 cm in diameter
• Most commonly pollinated by • Drooping ray of florets colored purple native butterflies. and lavender
• Finches commonly eat the seeds. • Yellow/orange pollen grains
13 Common Yellow Violet Interesting Facts: Viola pubescens • Member of the Violet Family
• Flowers April through July
• Found in deciduous woodlands, woodland borders, and thickets
• The common yellow violet is safe to eat
• It’s stems and petals have high amounts of vitamin C Description:
• The common yellow violet is an herbaceous perennial
• Small rosette of basal leaves Pollination: • Each flowers is ¾ of an inch wide • Common pollinators are carpenter bees, mason bees, cuckoo bees, and • Each flower consists of 5 rounded long-horned bees. petals and 5 green sepals
• Root system consists of rhizomes 14 Interesting Facts: Common Ragweed • Member of the Sunflower Family Ambrosia artemisiifolia • Flowers from July through October
• Found in cultivated fields, old fields, along roadsides
• Causes hay fever
• Perennial plants are often used to control ragweed plantings, a crowding out.
• Seeds persist into winter, thus Description: serving as an important food source for birds • Annual flowers in elongated clusters spanning several inches near the top of the plant
Pollination: • Male reproductive organs, yellow stamens, are organized on the 15-20 • Ragweed depends on wind florets clustered at top of the plant dispersal and thus attracts few pollinators. • Female flowers are small, green, stalkless, and are located at leaf axils in clusters 15 Interesting Facts: Lady’s Thumb Polygonum persicaria • Member of the Buckwheat Family
• Flowers from June to October
• Found on roadsides, cultivated ground, and moist clearings
• Dark green splotches on leaves resemble a lady’s thumbprint
• One of the most abundant weeds in the United States and Europe Description:
• Grows to 1-2 feet tall
• Light green stem with alternate leaf arrangement
Pollination: • Dense, cylindrical spike of clustered pink/purple flowers • Most common pollinators include Halictid bees, wasps, and Syrphid • No petals, but 4-6 sepals flies • Lady’s thumb often forms colonies 16 Smooth Aster Interesting Facts: Aster laevis • Member of the Sunflower Family
• Flowers from August through October
• Found in fields and open woods
• The Greek word aster translates to star, describing the flower shape
• This plant was smoked by pipe in the past as it was thought to Description: ward off evil spirits • Ray of lavender petals around a yellow center, each flower about an Pollination: inch wide
• Most commonly pollinated by bees • Branches up to three feet tall and butterflies • Smooth leaves at the stem, hence the • Its nectar serves as an important common name late season food source for its pollinators • Common garden perennial
17 Yarrow Interesting Facts: Achillea millefolium • Member of the Sunflower Family
• Flowers from June through September
• Found in old fields and along roadsides
• Used for medicinal purposes, break a fever by increasing perspiration, treat hemorrhaging and rashes Description:
• Herbaceous perennial
• Flat-topped cluster of white flowers
Pollination: • Leafy, hairy stem
• Pollinated by a wide range of bees, • Flowers are ¼ inch wide, 4-6 ray butterflies, and insects as it is florets easily accessible • Leaves are about six inches long, finely dissected, fernlike 18 Snapdragons Interesting Facts: Antirrhinum majus • Member of the Plantaginaceae family
• Flowers from April to November
• Found throughout the United States and China
• There are over 40 species of snapdragons
• The flower’s scientific name, Antirrhinum, mean like a snout. Description:
• Herbaceous perennial plant Pollination: • Comes in a variety of colors • Pollinated most commonly by including white, yellow, orange, bumble bees purple, and pink
• Penetrate the flower tube from the • Creates “closed lips” with pedals, side to avoid having to open the making a dragon’s mouth. petals. 19 Interesting Facts: Red Clover
• Member of the pea family Trifolium pratense
• Flowers from May through September
• Found in lawns and roadside • Primarily used for ground cover and soil improvement.
• Often used in herbal tea
• Used as traditional Indian medicine to treat the common cold Description:
• Height of 6-24 inches fall
Pollination: • Dense mass of pea-shaped flowers, extensively branched, spanning one • Bumble bees are the primary inch wide. pollinators of red clover • Erect, hairy, hallow stem. • Prefered over honey bees as they are better as foraging deep into the • Short-lived perennial plant floret. 20 Interesting Facts: American Bumblebee • Identified on the INCN Red List as a “vulnerable” species Bombus pensylvanicus
• Threatened by disease, pesticides, climate change, and habitat loss
• Found through most of the United States and Eastern Canada
• Found in open farmlands and fields as well as urban areas in h ps://www.whatsthatbug.com/wp-content/uploads// the central Midwest 2009/09/bumble_bee_laura.jpg Description: • A more aggressive bumblebee species – a possible adaption to • Identified by its long tongue their above ground nests • The thoracic dorsum is yellow anteriorly and black posteriorly. Pollination: • Tergal segments are yellow • Pollinates flowers in the clover and contrasting black distal segments sunflower families • Queen Bee ranges 2.1-2.5 cm in size, • Also a key pollinator of blueberries the worker bee 1.4-1.8 cm, and the and tomatoes male 1.6-2.2 cm 21 Interesting Facts: Rusty Patch Bumblebee • Identified as “critically Bombus affinis endangered” on the IUCN Red List
• Historical range is the Upper Midwest and Eastern North America
• Abundance declines up to 90% and range losses of 70% - 87%
• Found close to or within wooded areas and recently documented h p://www.takepart.com/sites/default/files/rustypatchbee.jpg in residential areas Description: • Underground nests are most common • Identified by its short tongue
Pollination: • Distinctive patch on the front half of the second abdominal segment • Pollinates open flowers and flowers with short corollas • First and second abdominal segments are yellow, with the • Limited by its short tongue exception of the patch
• Pollinates between the months of • Third abdominal segment is black as well as its head April through September 22 Interesting Facts: Common Eastern • Identified by the IUCN Red List as of “least concern” Bumblebee Bombus impatiens • Its range is Eastern North America as far north as Canada and as far South as Florida
• Wildly used for greenhouse pollination in California and Mexico
• A habitat generalist as it has been found in farmed areas, suburban areas, and highly h p://cdn.sci-news.com/images/2015/04/image_2733_2-Eastern- urbanized areas Bumblebee.jpg
• Most commonly found bumblebee Description: in North America • The first tergal segment is a pale Pollination: yellow, the second all black
• Named after the plant genus • Hair coat has a shaggy appearance Impatiens, which it pollinates most often • Queen Bee ranges 1.7-2.1 cm in size, the worker bee 1.2-1.7 cm, and the • A generalist pollinator male 8.5-1.6 cm
23 Interesting Facts: Golden Northern
• Identified by the IUCN Red List Bumblebee as a “vulnerable” species Bombus fervidus • Found in the Northeastern United States
• Lives in grassy and open area habitats, including roadsides and forest clearings
• Average lifespan is 12 months
• Nests are both above and below h p://bugguide.net/images/raw/60C/ ground, though below ground Description: nests are more common • The abdomen is a bright golden • Communicate by dance yellow with a black tail tip
• Face and head are black. Pollination: • Well-defined black band across the • Most often pollinates flowers in the light yellow colored thorax clover family • Queen Bee ranges 1.9-2.1 cm in size, • Also pollinates Black-eyed Susans, the worker bee 1.1-2.0 cm, and the Dandelions and major plant corps male 10.5-1.1 cm 24 Interesting Facts: European Honey Bee Apis mellifera • The species name, mellifera, is Latin for “honey-carrying”
• Widespread range across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia
• In order to live year round, honey bees heat the hive with body heat and cool it down by beating their wings h ps://c1.sta cflickr.com/1/240/515942020_b091701c90_z.jpg?zz=1 • Honey bees also store honey and pollen to eat over the winter Description:
• Hairy Eyes
Pollination: • Pollen carried in a ball on the legs
• Widespread in plant crop • A long radial cell near the front pollination wingtip
• Pollination, as opposed to honey, is • Worker Bee size is 1.2-1.6 cm. Queen their greatest ecosystem service and drone are larger 25 Eastern Carpenter Bee Interesting Facts: Xylocopa virginica
• These bees construct their nests in trees or wood frames, hence carpenter
• The male bee is unable to sting
• Often identified as a pest as they dig tunnels through doors, windowsills, roof eaves, shingles, wooden lawn furniture, etc. h p://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_SOP/0025/320/ Xylocopa_virginica,_Eastern_Carpenter_Bee,I_SOP2591.jpg
Description:
• Large, black hairless abdomen Pollination: • Yellow spot on the thorax • Not a primary pollinator; adults “steal” nectar from flowers by • Males have a white face, females a biting into the base of the flower black face
• Pollination is accidental with • Size ranges from 1.9-2.3cm pollen deposited on the thorax • 26 Interesting Facts: Squash Bee Peponapis Genus • Small genus with 13 species
• Found across all of North America, Canada and as a far south as Argentina
• Peponapis pruinosa (pictured right) is the most widespread
• Nests are underground, often times more than two feet deep h p://beebe er.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/squash-bee_crop.jpg
Description:
• Brown-banded abdomens
• Protruding lower face giving the Pollination: appearance of a nose
• Specialized in pollinating the • Yellow patch on the thorax flowers of squash plants including pumpkins, watermelons, squashes, • Bees range in size from 1.0-1.5cm and gourds
27 Fig Wasps Interesting Facts: Agaonidae
• Member of the Agaonidae Family
• Spend most of their larval stage inside figs, hence fig wasps!
• Over 900 species
• Extraordinary diversity and coevoltion of fig tree species and fig wasps h ps://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/ gfx/news/hires/2013/1-ancien igwa.jpg
Description:
• Often appears florescent
Pollination: • Identified most often through behavior – special thoracic pollen • Pollinate the figs in which the pockets line their forelegs wasps live
28 Interesting Facts: Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus • Among the most easily recognizable of the butterfly species
• Spectacular migrants with journeys from as far north as Canada to as far south as Mexico City
• 3-5 generations of monarchs are born each spring and summer h p://www.nfwf.org/monarch/PublishingImages/monarch1.jpg
• Most monarchs do not live longer than five weeks Description:
• Brilliant orange and black coloration with white markings
• Outer edge of the wings have a thick Pollination: black border with white spots
• Adult monarchs feed on a wide • Underside of wings are drab orange range of flowers, most of those on to brown the CUE Farm! • Wingspan ranges from 3.5-4 inches 29 Swamp Metalmark Calpheis muticum
Interesting Facts:
• Member of the Riodinidae Family
• Identified as endangered, threatened, or of special concern in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin
h ps://wisconsinbu erflies.org/a/species/ 2501/full/swamp-metalmark.jpg
Description:
• Male has a pointed forewing
• Coloring of both sexes is the upper side of forewings and hindwings is Pollination: bright red-brown
• Pollinates primarily black-eyed • Wing fringes are speckled Susans • Wingspan ranges from 2/4-3 cm 30 Northern Metalmark Calephelis borealis
Interesting Facts:
• Member of the Riodiniae Family
• Flies from mid-June to late-July
• Exists in small populations
• Species is of concern, though the extent of concern is unknown h p://www.naba.org/chapters/nabanj/images/final/ 2177_Northern_Metalmark_JG.jpg
Description:
• The forewing of the male is rounded
Pollination: • Upperside of forewings and hindwings are brown with orange • Most commonly pollinates boards and a dark middle band butterflyweed, white sweet clover, goldenrod, ox-eye daisy, • Wingspan ranges from 2.9-3.2 cm sneezeweed, and yarrow
31 West Virginia White Pieris virginiensis Interesting Facts:
• Member of the Pierdiae Family
• At risk of becoming a threatened species due to the rise in timber development and spread of garlic mustard
h ps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/ Pieris_virginiensis_on_wild_mustard%2C_USA_-_20030504.jpg
Description:
• Translucent to whitish wing color
Pollination: • Underside of hindwings has a brown to grey coloring • Most commonly pollinate toothworts, spring beauty, and • Wingspan ranges from 4.5-5.3 cm violets
32 Luna Moth Interesting Facts: Actias luna • Member of the Saturniidae Family
• One of the largest moths in North America
• Luna Moths have a short lifespan of about one adult week
• Bats are the Luna Moths greatest predator h p://www.bu erfliesandmoths.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/ gallery_for_colorbox/species_images/LunaMoth-Simons.jpg
Description:
• Large green colored moths
Pollination: • Has a long tail on each hindwing
• Pollinate during the night • Discal eyespots on forewings and hindwings • Pollinate fragrant, white flowers as they are easiest to find • Wingspan ranges from 7.5-10.5 cm
33 Interesting Facts: Underwing Moth Catocala relicta • Member of the Erebidae family
• A former member of the Noctuidae family
• Flies from July through October
• Found throughout forest edges of North America
• Popular among collectors for h p://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/ their beauty Files1/GA/300/GA8803-300.jpg
Description:
• Black and white bands on hindwing
Pollination: • Catocala is Greek for “beautiful below, referring to the hindwings • Pollinate during the night • Forewings are a dull brownish/gray • Pollinate fragrant, white flowers as with a low-contrast zig-zag pattern they are easiest to find • Has a wingspan of 7-8 cm 34 Checkered Beetle Trichodes apiarius
Interesting Facts:
• While they are important pollinators, they also eat small insects which they actively hunt
• Short season from May to June
• Conservation status is unknown h p://www.koleopterologie.de/gallery/FHL06/ trichodes-apiarius-foto-haug.jpg
Description:
• Small and hairy
Pollination: • Shiny black or blue head
• Less effective pollinators than bees • Elongated elyra is a bright red color or butterflies with black bands
• Pollinate the Apiaceae family of • Range from .9-1.6cm in size celery, carrots, and parsley 35
Tumbling Flower Beetle Interesting Facts: Mordella spp.
• While adults pollinate flowers, larvae eat plant material in decaying wood
• Just over 200 species of Morella
• Found throughout North America h ps://bugwoodcloud.org/images/384x256/5206070.jpg
Description:
• Known as pintail beetles due to their abdominal tip, essential to their quick movements Pollination: • Identified most often by their • Less effective pollinators than bees irregular “tumbling” movements or butterflies • Body humpbacked and wedge- • “Mess-and-soil” pollinators, moving shaped, black to gray to brown from flower to flower, dumping and consuming nectar and pollen • Ranges from .15-1.5cm in size 36 Indiana Bat Interesting Facts: Myotis sodalis
• Identified by the IUCN Red List as a “Near Threatened” species
• Threatened by human disturbance especially at winter caves and the spread of White- nose syndrome among populations
• Very social species, sodalis h p://www.midatlan cwildlifecontrol.com/wp-content/ means “companion in Latin uploads/2015/01/indiana-bat.jpg
Description:
• Dark-brown to black fur
Pollination: • Weigh about one-quarter of an ounce
• Important fruit pollinators as they • Has a wingspan of 9-11 inches inhabit trees • Mouse-like ears
37 Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus
Interesting Facts:
• Identified by the IUCN Red List as a species of least concern
• Typical lifespan is 6-7 years
• Domestic cats are one of the species most threatening h ps://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/3e/ predators 9b/31/3e9b314392ac7e1c440c8cab4df0fc61.jpg
Description:
• Varies in color from brown to dark red to golden
• Wings consist of a thin membrane Pollination: stretched over elongated finger bones
• Important fruit pollinators as they • Wingspan ranges from 8-11 inches inhabit trees • Weighs less than a half of ounce
• Females are larger than males 38 Ruby-throated
Interesting Facts: Hummingbird Archilochus colubris • Most common species that breeds in the Eastern United States
• Identified by the IUCN Red List as a species of “Least Concern”
• It’s short legs stop the bird from walking or hopping
• Prefer to feed on orange and red h ps://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/photos/ flowers ruby_throated_hummingbird.jpg
Description:
• Bright emerald or a golden-green on the back and crown of the bird
Pollination: • Red throats ranging from vibrant to dim • Pollinate red and orange tubular flowers • Slender, downward-curved bill
39 Interesting Facts: Rufous Hummingbird • Member of the hummingbird family Selasphorus rufus
• Known as the “feistiest” hummingbird, attacking other flowers and their feeders
• Make one of the longest migratory journeys of all birds of comparable body size
• Their wing beat has been recorded at 62 beats per second h p://mediad.publicbroadcas ng.net/p/upr/ files/201606/stelprdb5435915.jpg • Rated 13/20 on the Continental Concern Score, meaning this hummingbird is at risk of becoming threatened Description:
Pollination: • Males are bright orange in color. Females are green and orange. • Feeds on nectar from colorful, tubular flowers • Smaller body size
• Flowers as serve as a hub of • Slender bill and tapered tail insects, the hummingbird’s protein source 40 Helpful Definitions
Abdomen: Houses nearly all of a pollinators internal organs, including the heart, venom sac, glands, and the digestive and reproductive systems Alternate Leaf Arrangement: Specific phyllotaxis of a plant were a single leave is attached at each node, point along the stem of the plant Dorsum: Upper surface of an appendage Florets: On of the several small flowers making up one large flower Forewing: Front wings of a four winged insect Herbaceous: Plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground Hindwing: Back wings of a four winged insect Larvae: Immature form of an insect Opposite Leaf Arrangement: Specific phyllotaxis of a plant were a pair of leaves are attached at each node, point along the stem of the plant Perennial: Plants having a life cycle that last more than two years Pollen: Typically yellow powdery substance discharged from the male part of the flower. Fertilizes female ovule. Often transported by insects, wind, or other animals Rhizomes: Continuous growing horizontal underground stem with lateral shoots Sepals: Green and leaf like, enclosing the petals Tergal segments: synonymous to dorsum Thorax: Attachments site for legs and wings on a pollinator. Primarily used for locomotion 41 What Can You Do? An Environmental Call to Action
Ten Easy Steps to Save Pollinators!
Step 1: Garden!
Step 2: Plant native plants to attractive native pollinators.
Step 3: Provide nesting places such as wooden boxed or sandy soil.
Step 4: Avoid using pesticides! Practice sustainable farming.
Step 5: Plant Milkweed. Many pollinators including the monarch butterfly rely on milkweed as the host caterpillar plant.
Step 6: Spread the word! Many pollinator populations are under threat. Support local wildlife and environmental protection agencies.
More information about maintaining the beautiful Indiana ecology can be found through the Indiana State Department of Agriculture, the Natural Resources Conversation Service, the Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society, and the Indiana Wildlife Federation 42 References and Resources
Books:
Yaksievych, K. (2000). Field Guide to Indiana Wildflowers. Indiana University Press.
Niering, W.A. (1998). National Audubon Society: Field Guide to Wildflowers Eastern Region, North America. Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
Online Resources:
Missouri Botanical Garden website (www.missouribotanicalgarden.org)
Indiana Wildlife Federation website www.indianawildlife.org/wildlife/native-plants/
Indiana Department of Natural Resources http://www.in.gov/isda/3273.htm
Iowa State University, Department of Entomology http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
California Academy of Sciences, iNaturalist https://www.inaturalist.org/
Photo Credits for category images Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Entomology http://ento.psu.edu/pollinators/image-galleries 43
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the Butler University Center for Urban Ecology for providing resources and assistance throughout this project. I offer a special thanks to Tim Dorsey for helping to identify species and sharing his knowledge while on the farm. Lastly, I extend my thanks to Dr. Julia Angstmann for her continue support and guidance in completing this project.
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