(LRV1) Pathogenicity Factor
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Vectorborne Transmission of Leishmania Infantum from Hounds, United States
Vectorborne Transmission of Leishmania infantum from Hounds, United States Robert G. Schaut, Maricela Robles-Murguia, and Missouri (total range 21 states) (12). During 2010–2013, Rachel Juelsgaard, Kevin J. Esch, we assessed whether L. infantum circulating among hunting Lyric C. Bartholomay, Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao, dogs in the United States can fully develop within sandflies Christine A. Petersen and be transmitted to a susceptible vertebrate host. Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by predomi- The Study nantly vectorborne Leishmania spp. In the United States, A total of 300 laboratory-reared female Lu. longipalpis canine visceral leishmaniasis is common among hounds, sandflies were allowed to feed on 2 hounds naturally in- and L. infantum vertical transmission among hounds has been confirmed. We found thatL. infantum from hounds re- fected with L. infantum, strain MCAN/US/2001/FOXY- mains infective in sandflies, underscoring the risk for human MO1 or a closely related strain. During 2007–2011, the exposure by vectorborne transmission. hounds had been tested for infection with Leishmania spp. by ELISA, PCR, and Dual Path Platform Test (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc. Medford, NY, USA (Table 1). L. eishmaniasis is endemic to 98 countries (1). Canids are infantum development in these sandflies was assessed by Lthe reservoir for zoonotic human visceral leishmani- dissecting flies starting at 72 hours after feeding and every asis (VL) (2), and canine VL was detected in the United other day thereafter. Migration and attachment of parasites States in 1980 (3). Subsequent investigation demonstrated to the stomodeal valve of the sandfly and formation of a that many US hounds were infected with Leishmania infan- gel-like plug were evident at 10 days after feeding (Figure tum (4). -
Detection of Leishmania Aethiopica in Paraffin-Embedded Skin Biopsies Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction T
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie Jahr/Year: 1994 Band/Volume: 16 Autor(en)/Author(s): Laskay T., Miko T. L., Teferedegn H., Negesse Y., Rodgers M. R., Solbach W., Röllinghoff M., Frommel D. Artikel/Article: Onchozerkose-Kontrolle in Mali - Darstellung eines Kommunikationsdefizites und seine Entwicklung. 141-146 ©Österr. Ges. f. Tropenmedizin u. Parasitologie, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Mitt. Österr. Ges. Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Director: Dr. D. Frommel) (1) Tropenmed. Parasitol. 16 (1994) All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 141 - 146 (Managing Director: Mr. J. N. Alldred) (2) Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (Head of Unit: Dr. Dyann Wirth) (3) Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Univerity of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, F. R. G. (Director: Prof. Dr. M. Röllinghoff) (4) Detection of Leishmania aethiopica in paraffin-embedded skin biopsies using the polymerase chain reaction T. Laskay14, T. L. Miko1-2, H. Teferedegn1, Y. Negesse12, M. R. Rodgers3, W. Solbach4, M. Röllinghoff4, D. Frommel1 Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a serious public health problem in several areas of the world. Current reports indicate that the prevalence of the disease is increasing in many countries (4). One major focus of CL in the Old World is found in Ethiopia where the aetiological agent is Leishmania aethiopica (1, 2, 7). At present diagnosis relies on the detection of the parasite in smears or skin biopsy specimens by histopathological examination and/or by in vitro culture. -
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania (Viannia) Panamensis in Two Travelers Successfully Treated with Miltefosine
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 103(3), 2020, pp. 1081–1084 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0086 Copyright © 2020 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in Two Travelers Successfully Treated with Miltefosine S. Mann,1* T. Phupitakphol,1 B. Davis,2 S. Newman,3 J. A. Suarez,4 A. Henao-Mart´ınez,1 and C. Franco-Paredes1,5 1Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 2Division of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 3Division of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 4Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical Medicine, Panama ´ City, Panama; ´ 5Hospital Infantil de Mexico, ´ Federico Gomez, ´ Mexico ´ City, Mexico ´ Abstract. We present two cases of Leishmania (V) panamensis in returning travelers from Central America suc- cessfully treated with miltefosine. The couple presented with ulcerative skin lesions nonresponsive to antibiotics. Skin biopsy with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed L. (V) panamensis. To prevent the development of mucosal disease and avoid the inconvenience of parental therapy, we treated both patients with oral miltefosine. We suggest that milte- fosine represents an important therapeutic alternative in the treatment of cutaneous lesions caused by L. panamensis and in preventing mucosal involvement. A 31-old-man and a 30-year-old woman traveled to Costa Because of the presence of a thick fibrous scar at the ul- Rica for their honeymoon. They visited many regions of this cerative lesion border, we recommended a short course of country and participated in hiking, rafting, and camping. -
Relevance of Epidemiological Surveillance in Travelers: an Imported Case of Leishmania Tropica in Mexico
CASE REPORT http://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946202062041 Relevance of epidemiological surveillance in travelers: an imported case of Leishmania tropica in Mexico Edith Araceli Fernández-Figueroa 1,2, Sokani Sánchez-Montes 2, Haydee Miranda-Ortíz 3, Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas 3, Rocely Cervantes-Sarabia4, Roberto Alejandro Cárdenas-Ovando 5, Adriana Ruiz-Remigio4, Ingeborg Becker 2,4 ABSTRACT We report the case of a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis who showed a rapidly progressing ulcerative lesion after traveling to multiple countries where different Leishmania species are endemic. Diagnosis of Leishmania tropica, an exotic species in Mexico was established by using serological and molecular tools. KEYWORDS: Leishmania tropica. Molecular epidemiology. Local cutaneous leishmaniasis. Travel medicine. 1Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica Poblacional, Genómica Computacional e Integrativa, Ciudad de México, Mexico INTRODUCTION 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Human cutaneous leishmaniasis is a zoonotic emerging tropical disease caused Investigación en Medicina Experimental, by 20 species of flagellated protozoa of the genus Leishmania, generating 150,000 Centro de Medicina Tropical, Ciudad de new human cases per year, that are distributed across 98 countries throughout the Old México, Mexico World and the New World1-3. Most of the Old World cases are caused by Leishmania 3Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, aethiopica, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major and Leishmania -
Origin, Adaptation and Evolutionary Pathways of Fungal Viruses
Virus Genes 16:1, 119±131, 1998 # 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Origin, Adaptation and Evolutionary Pathways of Fungal Viruses SAID A. GHABRIAL Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Abstract. Fungal viruses or mycoviruses are widespread in fungi and are believed to be of ancient origin. They have evolved in concert with their hosts and are usually associated with symptomless infections. Mycoviruses are transmitted intracellularly during cell division, sporogenesis and cell fusion, and they lack an extracellular phase to their life cycles. Their natural host ranges are limited to individuals within the same or closely related vegetative compatibility groups. Typically, fungal viruses are isometric particles 25±50 nm in diameter, and possess dsRNA genomes. The best characterized of these belong to the family Totiviridae whose members have simple undivided dsRNA genomes comprised of a coat protein (CP) gene and an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) gene. A recently characterized totivirus infecting a ®lamentous fungus was found to be more closely related to protozoan totiviruses than to yeast totiviruses suggesting these viruses existed prior to the divergence of fungi and protozoa. Although the dsRNA viruses at large are polyphyletic, based on RDRP sequence comparisons, the totiviruses are monophyletic. The theory of a cellular self-replicating mRNA as the origin of totiviruses is attractive because of their apparent ancient origin, the close relationships among their RDRPs, genome simplicity and the ability to use host proteins ef®ciently. Mycoviruses with bipartite genomes ( partitiviruses), like the totiviruses, have simple genomes, but the CP and RDRP genes are on separate dsRNA segments. -
Characterization of a Leishmania Tropica Antigen That Detects Immune Responses in Desert Storm Viscerotropic Leishmaniasis Patients
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp 7981-7985, August 1995 Medical Sciences Characterization of a Leishmania tropica antigen that detects immune responses in Desert Storm viscerotropic leishmaniasis patients (parasite/diagnosis/repetitive epitope/subclass) DAVIN C. DILLON*t, CRAIG H. DAY*, JACQUELINE A. WHITTLE*, ALAN J. MAGILLt, AND STEVEN G. REED*t§ *Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98104; and tWalter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307 Communicated by Paul B. Beeson, Redmond, WA, April 5, 1995 ABSTRACT A chronic debilitating parasitic infection, An alternative diagnostic strategy is to identify and apply viscerotropic leishmaniasis (VTL), has been described in immunodominant recombinant antigens to increase assay sen- Operation Desert Storm veterans. Diagnosis of this disease, sitivity and specificity. We report herein the cloning, expres- caused by Leishmania tropica, has been difficult due to low or sion, and evaluation of an immunodominant L. tropica anti- absent specific immune responses in traditional assays. We genT capable ofboth specific antibody detection and elicitation report the cloning and characterization of two genomic frag- of interferon y (IFN-y) production in peripheral blood mono- ments encoding portions of a single 210-kDa L. tropica protein nuclear cells (PBMCs) from VTL patients. These results useful for the diagnosis ofVTL in U.S. military personnel. The demonstrate the danger of relying on crude immunological recombinant proteins encoded by these fragments, recombi- assays for the diagnosis of subtle, albeit serious, VTL in Desert nant (r) Lt-1 and rLt-2, contain a 33-amino acid repeat that Storm patients. reacts with sera from Desert Storm VTL patients and with sera from L. -
Leishmaniasis Gap Analysis Report and Action Plan
30 December 2015 Leishmaniasis Gap Analysis Report and Action Plan Strengthening the Epidemiologial Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Albania, Jordan and Pakistan Connecting Organisations for Regional Disease Key Contributors: Surveillance (CORDS) Immeuble le Bonnel 20, Rue de la Villette 69328 LYON Dr Syed M. Mursalin EDEX 03, FRANCE Dr Sami Adel Sheikh Ali Tel. +33 (0)4 26 68 50 14 Email: [email protected] Dr James Crilly SIRET No 78948176900014 Dr Silvia Bino Published 30 December 2015 Editor: Ashley M. Bersani MPH, CPH List of Acronyms ACL Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CanL Canine Leishmaniasis CL Cutaneous Leishmaniasis CORDS Connecting Organisations for Regional Disease Surveillance DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year DNDi Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative IMC International Medical Corps IRC International Rescue Committee LHW Lady Health Worker MECIDS Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance ML Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoE Ministry of Education MoH Ministry of Health MoT Ministry of Tourism MSF Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders ND Neglected Disease NGO Non-governmental Organisation NTD Neglected Tropical Disease PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PKDL Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis POHA Pak (Pakistan) One Health Alliance PZDD Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Department RDT Rapid Diagnostic Test SECID Southeast European Centre for Surveillance and Control of Infectious -
Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity
microorganisms Review Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity John M. Curtin 1,2,* and Naomi E. Aronson 2 1 Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA 2 Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-011-301-295-6400 Abstract: Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. Clinical presentations may include asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (so-called Kala-azar), as well as cutaneous or mucosal disease. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania mexicana in the United States) is endemic in some southwest states, other causes for concern include reactivation of imported visceral leishmaniasis remotely in time from the initial infection, and the possible long-term complications of chronic inflammation from asymptomatic infection. Climate change, the identification of competent vectors and reservoirs, a highly mobile populace, significant population groups with proven exposure history, HIV, and widespread use of immunosuppressive medications and organ transplant all create the potential for increased frequency of leishmaniasis in the U.S. Together, these factors could contribute to leishmaniasis emerging as a health threat in the U.S., including the possibility of sustained autochthonous spread of newly introduced visceral disease. We summarize recent data examining the epidemiology and major risk factors for acquisition of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with a special focus on Citation: Curtin, J.M.; Aronson, N.E. -
Drugs for Amebiais, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis & Leishmaniasis
Antiprotozoal drugs Drugs for amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis & leishmaniasis Edited by: H. Mirkhani, Pharm D, Ph D Dept. Pharmacology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Contents Amebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis ........................................................................................................... 2 Metronidazole ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Iodoquinol ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Paromomycin ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Mechanism of Action ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Antimicrobial effects; therapeutics uses ......................................................................................................... 3 Leishmaniasis ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Antimonial agents ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Mechanism of action and drug resistance ...................................................................................................... -
Mucosal Leishmaniasis with Primary Oral Involvement: a Case Series and a Review of the Literature
Oral Diseases (2014) doi:10.1111/odi.12268 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved www.wiley.com REVIEW ARTICLE Mucosal leishmaniasis with primary oral involvement: a case series and a review of the literature MD Mignogna1, A Celentano1, S Leuci1, M Cascone1, D Adamo1, E Ruoppo1, G Favia2 1Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples; 2Head Oral Surgery Unit, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy OBJECTIVE: To analyze retrospectively a case series of Introduction primary oral leishmaniasis and to review the literature on head–neck primary mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) in Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by several pro- immunocompetent patients. tozoan species of the genus Leishmania, belonging to the SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A PUBMED search was family Trypanosomatidae. After malaria and African try- ‘ ’ carried out from 1950 to 2013. Clinical records of panosomiasis ( sleeping sickness ), the leishmaniases are patients with primary head–neck mucosal manifesta- the third most important group of vectorborne diseases tions of leishmaniasis were analyzed. In addition, clinical and are ranked ninth in terms of the global burden of dis- records between 2001 and 2012 of patients with pri- ease of all infectious and parasitic diseases (Prabhu et al, mary oral manifestations were collected in two indepen- 1992; Stockdale and Newton, 2013). dent hospitals. The leishmaniases are widely dispersed, with transmis- fi RESULTS: Our multicenter case series revealed seven sion to humans on ve continents, and are endemic in 98 patients with oral leishmaniasis. The most commonly countries. -
Semi-Quantitative, Duplexed Qpcr Assay for the Detection of Leishmania Spp
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Article Semi-Quantitative, Duplexed qPCR Assay for the Detection of Leishmania spp. Using Bisulphite Conversion Technology Ineka Gow 1,2,*, Douglas Millar 2 , John Ellis 1 , John Melki 2 and Damien Stark 3 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; [email protected] 2 Genetic Signatures Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (J.M.) 3 Microbiology Department, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; +61-466263511 Received: 6 October 2019; Accepted: 28 October 2019; Published: 1 November 2019 Abstract: Leishmaniasis is caused by the flagellated protozoan Leishmania, and is a neglected tropical disease (NTD), as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Bisulphite conversion technology converts all genomic material to a simplified form during the lysis step of the nucleic acid extraction process, and increases the efficiency of multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) reactions. Through utilization of qPCR real-time probes, in conjunction with bisulphite conversion, a new duplex assay targeting the 18S rDNA gene region was designed to detect all Leishmania species. The assay was validated against previously extracted DNA, from seven quantitated DNA and cell standards for pan-Leishmania analytical sensitivity data, and 67 cutaneous clinical samples for cutaneous clinical sensitivity data. Specificity was evaluated by testing 76 negative clinical samples and 43 bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal species. The assay was also trialed in a side-by-side experiment against a conventional PCR (cPCR), based on the Internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1 region). -
Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA Virus 2 in Leishmania Major from Uzbekistan
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania major from Uzbekistan 1, 2,3, 1,4 2 Yuliya Kleschenko y, Danyil Grybchuk y, Nadezhda S. Matveeva , Diego H. Macedo , Evgeny N. Ponirovsky 1, Alexander N. Lukashev 1 and Vyacheslav Yurchenko 1,2,* 1 Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (N.S.M.); [email protected] (E.N.P.); [email protected] (A.N.L.) 2 Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic; [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (D.H.M.) 3 CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic 4 Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-597092326 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 19 September 2019; Accepted: 18 October 2019; Published: 21 October 2019 Abstract: Here we report sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two new isolates of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) found in Leishmania major isolated from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south Uzbekistan. These new virus-infected flagellates were isolated in the same region of Uzbekistan and the viral sequences differed by only nineteen SNPs, all except one being silent mutations. Therefore, we concluded that they belong to a single LRV2 species. New viruses are closely related to the LRV2-Lmj-ASKH documented in Turkmenistan in 1995, which is congruent with their shared host (L.