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Creating a Compiler for the Semi-Structured Language of Blazons Michael Mulder University of Twente P.O

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Creating a Compiler for the Semi-Structured Language of Blazons Michael Mulder University of Twente P.O Creating a Compiler for the Semi-Structured Language of Blazons Michael Mulder University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede The Netherlands [email protected] ABSTRACT 1. How can we model the domain of blazonry as a A blazon is a textual, semi-structured description of the domain-specific language, using software language visual representation of a coat of arms. There is no formal engineering methods? tool to create such a visual representation given a blazon, 2. What are the rules of blazonry that could be seen as yet there is a lot of demand for these drawings. In this typing rules or its static semantics? project we research all steps needed to create a compiler that can turn blazons into their visual representation. Our 3. How can we construct a semi-structured, error- focus during this research was creating a flexible and eas- correcting parser of the blazon language? ily extendable compiler that can understand the different ways a blazon can be expressed. (a) How can we maximize the usefulness and infor- mativeness of the parser's error messages? (b) How can we maximize the set of accepted in- Keywords puts? Blazonry, Semi-parsing, Semi-structured languages, Com- 4. How can we create a code generator that can draw piler Construction, Domain Specific Languages Scalable Vector Graphics [3] coats of arms given a parsed blazon? 1. INTRODUCTION A blazon is a formal semi-structured textual description We will start this paper be explaining the methods we of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the used to get our results in section 2. The result we found reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. To blazon is using these methods will be discussed in section 3 until to create such a description. Blazonry is the art of creating section 7. In section 8 we will discuss the effectiveness of such blazons, linking textual semi-structured descriptions our approach. section 9 will discuss possible future work of coats of arms to their visual representation. and what obstacles we foresee. Lastly we will answer our research question in section 10. There is quite an active online community of heraldry and blazonry enthusiasts. This community includes re- All the code discussed in this paper can be found on GitHub. searchers researching medieval heraldry, people looking to learn more about family crests, and general enthusiasts. In this community there is a demand for the drawing of 2. METHODOLOGY coats of arms. Many older coats of arms only have small, The goal of this research is to create a complete compiler. bad quality pictures, or even only a description. If some- To create this we will follow general steps to create a com- one want to get a better illustration they have to either piler [1,5]. We will start by defining the language we wish learn how to (digitally) draw or they have to post a re- to parse. Next we will write a scanner and parser, design quest on an online board in the hope that someone else an intermediate representation, and write a code genera- will pick it up and provide them with an illustration. Our tor. We will also introduce a static checker that checks the goal is to create an online tool which can help with this intermediate representation for typing rules. These steps process. This will eliminate the need of users to have to closely correspond to our research questions and will also learn image processing or having to ask someone to draw correspond to the structure of this document. their shield. Instead the user will be able to enter a blazon We will start with the language definition in section 3. into the tool and create their own drawing. The definition of the language is an important basis on In this project we will research different aspects needed for which every next step will be built. To do this we analyzed the creation for this tool. To guide this research we have the domain of blazonry using literary research. This step determined the following research questions: corresponds to our first research question. Next we will create a scanner and parser, as detailed in Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for section 4. We started by researching ways of semi-parsing, personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that as can be read in subsection 4.1. After the research of copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy oth- the background we attempted to apply these principles to erwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires create our own parser, as detailed in subsection 4.2. The prior specific permission and/or a fee. part of the process will answer the third research question. 34th Twente Student Conference on IT Jan. 29nth, 2021, Enschede, The Netherlands. Our parser has to parse the input to some form of interme- Copyright 2021, University of Twente, Faculty of Electrical Engineer- diate structure, which is also used by the static checker and ing, Mathematics and Computer Science. code generator. We designed and edited this intermediate 1 structure while working on the other parts of the com- word \party" can also be used to indicate a partition, this piler. This was a continuous process because as the other changes nothing in the meaning. So instead of \Per pale parts developed the requirements for the intermediate rep- Vair Or" one could also say \Party per pale Vair Or" and resentation changed. Our final design will be discussed in achieve the exact same result. section 5. After the field the ordinaries will be named. Ordinaries The final essential step of a compiler is the code generator. are a number of standardized shapes that can take a main In our case we will generate an SVG, this will answer our position on the shield. We already mentioned the bend fourth research question. To create a code generator we before, that is an excellent example of an ordinary. In researched ways to describe different parts of the shield Figure 8a we show the bend and in Figure 8c the pale. in the SVG language and looked for the best way to do Figure 8b we also show the word \sinister", which is a so programmatically. The process of how we did this is modifier word that flips the figure that precedes it. We detailed in section 6. can also use this word to flip the division of the field, see In order to improve the usability of our tool, and to answer Figure 7b. Furthermore it is also possible to specify special the second research question, we will also create a static partition lines. Because there was no time to implement checker that checks the intermediate representation to see this in our code-generator we will not go into the different if it follows the rules of blazonry. To answer this question possibilities. we continued our analysis of blazonry into the domain of After the field and ordinaries figures can be added on top, heraldry to find these rules. Next we defined these rules in we call these \charges". Charges can be smaller variants a way that a static checker can check them and built this of the ordinaries, like a bendlet is a smaller variant of the checker. These rules and the description of the checker bend, or figures, like flowers or animals. There are a num- can be found in section 7. ber of standard figures that are widely recognized, but in theory the amount of figures in unlimited. In general weapons, animals, crosses and human arms are quite com- 3. THE DOMAIN OF BLAZONRY mon. Each of these figures can be described into more de- The language of blazonry is based on English, but with an tail if needed. Take animal figures for example, \displayed" uncommon word order in some places, and with French means spread wings, \passant" means walking, etc [4,6]. words dominating its vocabulary. We recognize 7 colors and 2 furs. The colors are divided into 5 tinctures and 2 metals. It is a general rule of heraldry that a shield is not 4. IMPLEMENTATION OF PARSING supposed to have tinctures upon tincture or metals upon metals. So if the background is blue, anything placed on 4.1 Background on Semi-Parsing the background must be colored as a metal, anything that In the domain of semi-parsing a number of different ap- is in turn placed upon that must again be colored as a tinc- proaches have been developed [9]. For our application we ture. See Table 1 for an overview of the colors, also see decided to look into iterative lexical analysis [2] and hier- Figure 6b and Figure 6c for depictions of the furs. We'll archical lexical analysis [7,8]. Both approaches use lexical use color to mean any tincture, metal, or fur, unless speci- analysis to generate source code models. fied otherwise. We'll write the names of colors with capital Lightweight Source Model Extraction (LSME), [7,8], uses letters for clarity, this is not required in real blazons. hierarchical regular expressions to extract unit level mod- els. Iterative Lexical Analysis (ILA) [2] also uses a hierar- Heraldic name English name chical approach to regular expression matching. But while Metals LSME was designed to build high level models, ILA is Or Gold / Yellow more focused on building low level models.
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