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Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014

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Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014 Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014 unite for children The reproduction of any part of this publication does not require authorisation, unless it is for commercial purposes. However, identification of the source is required. This publication and background documents are available at the follwiong web site: http://sitan.unicef.org.mz UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund Av do Zimbabwe, 1440 P.O Box 4713, Maputo Mozambique email: [email protected] © UNICEF, Maputo, Mozambique, 2014 ISBN 978-92-806-4779-2 Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014 Cabo Delgado Niassa Cabo Delgado Niassa Nampula Nampula Tete Tete Zambezia Zambezia Sofala Sofala Manica Inhambane Gaza Manica Maputo Inhambane Gaza Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014 3 Maputo Preface The purpose of the report Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014 is to analyse, in an objective manner, the current situation of the more than 12 million children in the country, as well as the progress made in achieving their rights in recent years. The approach used examines not only the basic indicators related to the welfare of children, but also trends, direct and indirect determinants of advances, and patterns of disparities, as well as the main chal- lenges to that all children enjoy all their rights. Since the publication of the Child Poverty and Disparities in Mozambique 2010, produced by the United Nations System, significant changes have occurred in both the international and the national contexts. The international financial crisis has increased inequalities and contributed to stagnation in social progress in several countries. This initiated an era of fiscal austerity in many countries which are traditional aid part- ners. At the same time, several African countries, including Mozambique, saw a great increase in foreign direct investment, and discoveries of large reserves of natural resources opened discussions about new possibilities of inclusive economic development. Through collaboration between the National Council on Children’s Rights and the United Nations Chil- dren’s Fund, this report brings an opportunity for a reflection on how these contexts have impacted the lives of children. The study shows that over the past decade the situation of children in Mozambique has improved significantly: more children are surviving, are having their births registered, are enjoying access to adequate water sources and sanitation, are entering primary school and are accessing the social pro- tection system. However, there is still a great deal to be done. Chronic under-nutrition still affects a very high percentage of children, many women still die in childbirth, half of all girls still marry before they are 18 years old, and half of the children who begin primary education do not finish it. The advances of the last decade are encouraging and have created a solid base for greater progress con- tinued investment in human capital is essential for equitable and sustainable development and for pover- ty reduction. This this begins with investment in children. At the same time, the potential for more con- sistent and rapid advances in the years to come should be explored. This report aims to be not simply a reference document, but an instrument of advocacy, a platform around which all those who are working for a developed Mozambique for all its citizens can express their vision, their strategy and their policies. Koenraad Vanormelingen Representative UNICEF Mozambique 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Map of Mozambique 3 List of figures, boxes and maps 6 Abbreviations and acronyms 7 Executive summary 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Conceptual framework 12 CHAPTER 2 Trends and disparities in child wellbeing 14 2.1 The pace of progress 15 2.2 Geographic inequity 27 CHAPTER 3 What is holding back faster progress? 35 3.1 Poverty and child vulnerability 36 3.2 Climate change and natural disasters 48 3.3 Information deprivation, socio-cultural factors and gender relations 56 3.4 Weaknesses in the supply and quality of basic social services 63 3.5 The enabling environment of laws, policy, institutions and financing 73 CHAPTER 4 Conclusions 79 REFERENCES 83 STATISTICAL APPENDIX 87 Situation Analysis of Children in Mozambique 2014 5 LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND MAPS FIGURE 1.1 Mozambique: the 3rd highest rate of PAG. 11 BOX 3.2 Social transfers, children and PAG. 47 economic growth among Sub-Saharan human capital African non-oil producing countries, FIGURE 3.5 Coverage of the Social Transfer PAG. 48 2004-2012 (%) Programmes (by thousands of FIGURE 1.2 Conceptual framework PAG. 12 households), 2008-2013 FIGURE 2.1 Infant mortality rates, 1997-2011 (per PAG. 15 MAP 3.1 Climate related risks in Mozambique PAG. 50 1,000 live births) BOX 3.3 Knowledge, attitudes and practices PAG. 57 FIGURE 2.2 Prevalence of fever, acute respiratory PAG. 15 (KAP) concerning health, hygiene infections and diarrhoea among and nutrition children under 5 years old, 2003-2011 FIGURE 3.6 Social indicators by level of education PAG. 58 (%) of women or mothers, 2011 FIGURE 2.3 Child under-nutrition, 2008-2011 (% of PAG. 17 FIGURE 3.7 Population without access to mass PAG. 59 children under 5) media, 2011 (% of men and women BOX 2.1 Factors associated with chronic PAG. 19 aged 15 to 49 years) under-nutrition in Mozambique BOX 3.4 Premature marriage – a violation of PAG. 61 FIGURE 2.4 Use of improved sources of drinking PAG. 21 fundamental rights on a large scale water and of improved bathrooms/ FIGURE 3.8 Rates of neonatal (< 1 month), PAG. 62 latrines (% of population), 1990-2011 infant (< 1 year) and child (< 5 years) FIGURE 2.5 Primary Education: repetition, drop-out PAG. 24 mortality, according to the age of the and conclusion, 2004-2012 mother and the intervals between BOX 2.2 Low and declining levels of learning PAG. 24 pregnancies, 2011 among pupils in primary education FIGURE 3.9 Overall fertility rate, 1997-2011 PAG. 63 FIGURE 2.6 Marriage of girls before their 15th and PAG. 26 FIGURE 3.10 Trends in expenditure on the social PAG. 77 18th birthdays sectors, 2008-2013 FIGURE 2.7 Urban-rural disparities in human and PAG. 27 FIGURE 3.11 Per capita expenditure on health in PAG. 77 child welfare, 2011 2013 and under-5 mortality rates in FIGURE 2.8 Urban-rural disparities in the use of PAG. 27 2011, by provinces basic social services, 2011 FIGURE 2.9 Disparities between provinces: under-5 PAG. 29 mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births), 2011 FIGURE 2.10 Disparities between provinces: % PAG. 29 of children under 5 with chronic malnutrition, 2011 FIGURE 2.11 Disparities between provinces: % of PAG. 30 births in health facilities, 2011 FIGURE 2.12 Inequalities between provinces: net PAG. 30 school attendance rates (%), 2011 MAP 2.1 HIV prevalence per province, 2009 (% PAG. 31 of population aged 15-49 years) FIGURE 3.1 Incidence and depth of poverty, PAG. 36 2002/03-2008/09 FIGURE 3.2 Inequalities in human and child PAG. 41 welfare, by quintiles of wealth, 2011 FIGURE 3.3 Inequalities in the use of services, PAG. 44 by quintiles of wealth, 2011 BOX 3.1 Costs and distance as barriers in PAG. 45 access to health facilities and to birth registration FIGURE 3.4 Reasons given by women for not going PAG. 46 to health facilities, 2011 (% of women aged between 15 and 49 years) 6 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADE Apoio directo à escolar (direct school grant) MIS Management information system AIAS Administração de Infraestruturas de MISAU Ministry of Health Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento MMAS Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Social Welfare (Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure MT Metical/meticais Administration) NAR Net attendance ratio AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome NGO Non-governmental organization APE Agentes polivalentes elementares (community health workers) NUMCOV Núcleo Multissectorial para as Criança Órfãs e Vulneráveis (Multisector Nucleus for Orphans and ARI Acute respiratory infections Vulnerable Children) ART Anti-retroviral therapy ORT Oral rehydration therapy CENOE National Emergency Operational Centre OVCs Orphans and vulnerable children CFMP Cenário Fiscal de Médio Prazo (Medium Term PAMRDC Plano de Acção Multissectorial para a Redução da Fiscal Framework) Desnutrição Crónica (Multi-sector Action Plan for CLGRC Comités Locais de Gestão de Risco de the Reduction of Chronic Under-nutrition) Calamidades (Local Disaster Risk Management PARP Poverty Reduction Action Plan Committees) PASD Programa de Apoio Social Directo (Direct Social CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation Assistance Programme) CMAM Central Medical Stores PASP Programa de Acção Social Produtiva (Productive CNAC Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Criança Social Action Programme) (National Council on Children’s Rights) PESOD District economic and social plans CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child PFL Persons with Functional Limitations CSO Civil society organization PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (of C4D Communication for development HIV) DHS Demographic and Health Survey, 1996/97, 2003 PQG Programa Quinquenal do Governo (Government and 2011 5-Year Programme) DNA National Water Directorate PRONASAR National Programme for Rural Water Supply and DNRN National Directorate of Registry and Notary Sanitation Offices PSSB Programa de Subsídio Social Básico (Basic Social DPT Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus Grant Programme) DRA Demand-responsive approach RED Reach Every District ECD Early childhood development SACMEQ Southern African Consortium for Monitoring EPI Expanded Programme
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