Pharmacognostic Study of Some Medicinal Plants from Goa

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM GOA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO GOA UNIVERSITY, GOA FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN APPLIED BIOLOGY BY RUDRAJI VISHVANATH GAITONDE, M. Pharm GOA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PANAJI — GOA 64)4 ri.N RESEARCH GUIDE Dr. ARVIND G. UNTAWALE, M. Sc, Ph.D. SCIENTIST AND ASSISTANT DIRECTOR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY ( Council of Scientific and industrial Research ) DONA PAULA, GOA — 403 004, ( INDIA ) MAY, 1988 (1.51 32 pk a_ CONTENTS 0EAkTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 - 21 A Literature Review of the Pharmacological and Phytochemical Aspects of the Medicinal plants. 22 - 46 Pharmacological Review 22 - 34 Phytochemical Review 35 — 46 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 47 — 62 III. MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS 63 - 112 IV. MICROSCOPICAL CHARACIERS OF THE CRUDE DRUGS 113 - 126 Microscopical characters of powdered roots and rhizomes 114 - 117 Microscopical characters of powdered seeds ,116 Microscopical characters of powdered leaves 119 - 122 Microscopical characters of powdered barks 123 - 126 V. CHEMOTAXONOMICAL STUDIES OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS 127 - 190 TLC pattern of methanolic extract of the drugs using eight developing solvents for phenolic plant constituents. 129 - 168 Thin layer chromatographic study of root extracts 129 - 142 Thin layer chromatographic study of seed extracts 143 — 144 Thin layer chromatographic study of leaf extracts 145 — 157 Thin layer chromatographic study of bark extracts 158 — 168 TLC pattern and two dimensional paper chromatographic study of methanolic extract of the drugs for flavonoids. 169 — 190 • CHAPrER PAGE Thin layer chromatographic study and two dimensional paper chromatographic study of root extracts 171 — 176 Thin layer Chromatographic study and two dimensional paper chromatographic study of seed extracts 177 Thin layer chromatographic study and two dimen- ti sional paper chromatographic study of leaf extracts 178 — 184 Thin layer chromatographic study and two dimensional paper chromatographic study of bark extracts 185 — 190 MICROSCOPICAL TESTS FOR THE CONSTITUtNTS OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS. 191 - 195 VII. l'HYTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON MAESA INDICA, WALL — A CASE STUDY. 196 — 209 VIII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 210 — 222 . / RifFERENCES 223 — 257 'APPENDIX OTHER RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr.A.G. Untawale, Scientist and Assistant Director, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR), Dona Paula, Goa for accepting me as his student for Ph.D. degree and guiding patiently during the tenure of my thesis project. I am also grateful to Dr.B.N. Desai, Director, NIO for the facilities rendered to me to work in NIO. My sincere appreciation and gratitude to Dr.T.N. Vasudevan, Reader in Pharmacognosy, University Department of Chemical Technology, (UDCT), Matungn, Bombay for valuable guidance and discussions during the research work of this project. I would like to extend acknowledgements with thanks to Prof.J.Emmanuel, Principal, Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji-Goa for all the facilities and help given during this project. I am thankful to Dr.D.S.Bhakuni, Deputy Director & Head of Medical Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (U.P.) for taking spectral data analysis of the samples. I am equally grateful to Dr.(Mrs.) Solimbi Wahidulla, Dr. Chandra Naik, Scientists, NIO, Goa and Dr.(Mrs.) N.M. Sanghavi, Reader in Pharmaceutical Chemistry UDCT, Bombay for reading and inter- preting spectral data analysis. I am thankful to Mr.V.M. Date and Mr. Mohamed Wahidulla, NIO for their assistance in photography and drawing, Dr.S,G. Torne, Professor (ec Head of Department of Botany, Chowgule College, Margao-Goa and Dr.B.D. Sharma, Deputy Director, Botanical Survey of India, Pune for identifying the herbarium. Lastly I owe to my wife Mrs.Vijaya, for her understanding,.enco- urangement and confidence given to me to complete this work. CERTIFIC.ATE As required under the University Ordinance 19.8(VI), I certify that the thesis entitled "Pharmacognostic study of some medicinal plants from Goa" submitted by Shri Rudraji V. Gaitonde for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Biology is a record of research work done by the candidate during the period of study under my guidance and that it has not previously formed the ba- sis for the award to the candidate of any Degree, Diploma, Associationship, Fellowship or other similar titles. I state that the experimental studies on phytochemical screening, microscopy, chromatography as well as a case study on Maesa indica, embodied in this thesis represent independent work on the part of the candidate. Aq Plf‘tztk- A.G. Untawale (Research Guide) Scientist and Asstt. Director Biological Oceanographic Division National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific and. Industrial Research) Donn Paula, Goa 403 004 (India) STATEMENT As required under the University Ordinance, I state that the work embodied in this thesis is based on the discovery of new relations of facts observed by the others and that the work tends to the general advancement of knowledge. The informntion regarding Pharmacological and Phytochemical aspects of these medicinal plants has been derived from the literature survey, the references for which have been cited in this thesis and also through regular drug sellers. Except the works by Vartak (1966) and Rao (1986, 1987) no much information is available on these plants. The medicinal plants collected from Morlem forest of Sattari taluka, Goa have been reported for the first time. The microscopic work on these powdered crude drugs clearly indicated the diagnostic characters of these druss. The technique utilised for the purpOse is simple and workable. The thin layer chromatographic study employing silica gel G as adsorbent using eight developing solvents and some chromogenic spray reagents proved to be a good technique for the identification of the indigenous drugs based on the fin- ger prints of the phenolic constituents. Two dimensional paper chromatographic study revealed a data on the distribution of flavonoids in these medicinal plants, the results of which helped as markers for the identification of the herbal products. These results can be computerised for the identification and charac- terisation of these crude drugs. The Phytochemical survey of these plants indicated the presence or absence of the active constituents present therein, thus evaluating the plants for further study. The results compared with the previous work indicated the differences between the plants from other localities. Lastly, the case study on roots of Maesa indica gave a methodology for the extraction and separation of the active constituents, thus finding its way for the study of other plants specimens. The thesis thus represents original con- tribution to knowledge and advancement of existing knowledge in the field of pharmacognosy of medicinal plants. Gaitonde (Ph.D. Candidate) Goa College of Pharmacy Panaji, Goa(India) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURES REVIEW From earliest times, mankind has used plants in an attempt to cure diseases and relieve physical suffering. Primitive people in all ages have had some knowledge of medicinal plants derived as a result of trial and error. In all the early civilizations, there was much interest in drug plants. Bio- logical studies have started as early as with the Greeks. The work of Aristole (380 B.C.) on living and non-living things is well known. Theophrastus, a favourite pupil of Aristole is well known (370 - 287 B.C.) for his botanical work. Pliny's work known as Natural History (23 - 79 A.D.) on medicinal plants was then reported, In China, as early as .5000 to 4000 B.C., many drugs were in use. There are Sanskrit writings in existence which tell of the methods of gathering and preparing drugs. The Assyrians, Babylonians and ancient Hebrews were all familiar with their use. Some of the Egyptian papyri written as early as 1600 B.C., record the news of many of the medicinal plants used to- day such as myrrh, cannabis, opium, aloes, hemlock and cassia. The Greeks were familiar with many of the present day drugs, as evidenced by the works of Aris- tole, Hippocrates, Pythagoras and Theophrastus. King Assunbanipal of Assyria, living in the seventh century B.C. ordered that copies be made of Sumerian, Akk- adian and Babylonian documents available to him. Among the 30,000 plates of cuneiform script unearthed from his library, a couple of hundred describe the use of drugs. Some of the original documents are known to have been writtenin in about 4000 B.C. The oldest known herbal is Pen-tsao written by the Emperor Shen Nung (about 2700 B.C.) and contained 365 drugs. The famous medicinal papyrus 2 of Ebers written about 1700 B.C. described hundreds of drugs used by the ancient Egyptians. In 77 B.C., Dioscorides wrote his great treatise,"A Materia Medico", which dealt with the medicinal plants known at that time. Arabs made many advances in the field of medicinal plants. The Spanish.-born Ibn al-Baiter described. 1800 drugs of vegetable origin in the 13th Century. Li Shih-Chen, in China published in A.D. 1597 Pen-Ts'ao-Cant-Nu a gigantic materia medico in 52 Volumes containing about 2000 drugs. After the Dark As were over, there came the period of the herbalists and encyclopedists and the monasteries of Northern Europe produced vast compen- diums of true and false information regarding plants, stressing in partioular the medicinal value and folklore. Kao (1973) described the Chines indigenous therapies and procedures for the advancement of new anti-inflammatory drugs,the bold theory of using purgative in appendicitis in conjunction with herbs and acupuncture, delicate limb and digital connection surgery, the employment of ancient Chinese herbs for the substitution of skin in treating burns and new experimental techniques and concepts that treat an as a whole entity.

Load more