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A Review on Ethnopharmacological Potential of Ricinus Communis Linn

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A Review on Ethnopharmacological Potential of Ricinus Communis Linn 76 ISSN: 2347 - 7881 Review Article A Review on Ethnopharmacological Potential of Ricinus Communis Linn. KM Preeti, Ansu Bala Verma, Department of Pharmacology, Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India [email protected] ABSTRACT In recent years, Ricinus communis Linn. has become a subject of interest because of its beneficial effects on human health. The present ethnopharmacological review was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic properties of Ricinus communis by scientific evidences. It belongs to the family Euphobiaceae which is commonly known as castor. Ricinus communis is found though out the hotter parts of India. This plant is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathic and Allopathic system of medicine as cathartic. Traditionally this plant is used as laxative, purgative, fertilizer and fungicides etc. whereas the plant possess beneficial effects as antioxidant, antifertility, anti-inflammatory , antimicrobial, CNS stimulant, antidiabetic, insecticidal, larvicidal, antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, lipolytic, wound healing and central analgesic and many other medicinal properties. The extracts or the isolated compounds of this plant have been found to have potent activity against various ailments. The aim of present article is to explore the pharmacological or medicinal importance of the plant Ricinus communis linn. Keywords: Ricinus communis, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical Constituents. INTRODUCTION R.communis is a small wooden tree which grows Erand has been freely used all over India since to about 6 meters in height and found in South centuries. In day to day life, it is commonly used Africa, India, Brazil, and Russia. Stems of Ricinus as a purgative. The botanical name of erand is communis have Anticancer, Antidiabetic and Ricinus communis and it belongs to family Antiprotozoal activity.[3] In the Indian system of Euphorbiaceae. [1] The seeds, seed oil, leaves medicine, the leaf, root and seed oil of this and the roots of erand have great medicinal plant have been used for the treatment of value. The plant is equally useful, both inflammation and liver disorders [4], as they internally as well as externally. Externally, have been found to be anti-nociceptive [5], [6] [7] [8] castor is effectively used in the diseases of vata hepatoprotective , laxative and diuretic . associated with pain and swellings. Internally, erand is used as a potent drug in treating Morphology diseases of vata viz. arthritis, sciatica, facial The castor oil plant is a fast-growing, suckering palsy, paralysis, bodyache, tremors, headache perennial shrub or occasionally a soft wooded etc.[2] The plant is native of India and cultivated small tree up to 6 meter or more, but it is not throughout the country in gardens and fields hardy in nature. This plant was cultivated for [9] and also grows wild in waste places. leaf and flower colors and for oil production. How to cite this article: KM Preeti, AB Verma, A Review on Ethnopharmacological Potential of Ricinus Communis Linn., PharmaTutor, 2014, 2(3), 76-85 PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 3 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 77 ISSN: 2347 - 7881 Leaves are alternate, curved, cylindrical, greenish, deeply-grooved, tricoccus capsule, purplish petioles, sub peltate, drooping, stipules less than an inch long, with the prominences of large, ovate, yellowish, united into a cap the ovary becomes sharp, weak, spreading enclosing the buds, deciduous, blade 6-8 inches spines, 3-celled, dehiscing loculicidally and across, palmately cut for three quarters of its septicidally into 6 valves. Seeds are ovoid, depth into 7-11 lanceolate, acute, coarsely flattened, nearly ⅝ inch long by ¼ broad, serrate segments, smooth blue green, paler smooth, shining, pinkish- grey, prettily mottled beneath, red and shining when young. Flowers with dark brown, caruncle large, subglobular, are monoecious, large, arranged on the thick raphe faintly raised, running down centre of rachis of an oblong, spicate panicle, which is at ventral surface, embryo large in axis of the first terminal but becomes lateral by the growth endosperm, cotyledons foliaceous, broadly of an axillary bud beneath it; male flowers ovate, with a cordate base, veined.[10] Roots are shortly stalked, on branched peduncles at the light in weight almost straight with few rootlets, base of the panicle, pedicels articulated about outer surface dull yellowish brown, nearly the middle; female flowers sessile, at the upper smooth but marked with longitudinal wrinkels. part; bracts broadly triangular. Fruit is blunt, [11] Figure1: Plant Figure2 :Fruit Vernacular names Kingdom: Plantae English : Castor, Castor-oil plant Order: Malpighiales Hindi : Arand, Arand, Andi, Rend Family: Euphorbiaceae Sanskrit : Gandharvahasta, Vatari Sub Family: Acalyphoideae Gujrat: Erandio, Erando Tribe: Acalypheae Assam: Eda, Era Sub Tribe: Ricininae Kanada: Haralu, Oudala, Gida Genus: Ricinus Malyalam: Avanakku Species: communis Marathi: Errand Bengali: Bherenda [12] Benefits of the plant Castor oil is widely used as a catharatic, and Taxonomical classification also for lubrication and illumination. The oil as PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 3 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 78 ISSN: 2347 - 7881 such or after modification finds extensive extract the worm. Fresh juice of leaves is applications in industry, particularly in USA. reported to be used as an emetic in the Bulk of the commercial oil is generally poisoning by narcotics like opium; it is also processed in a number of ways and then used considered useful in jaundice. Leaves are for different purposes. The treated oil finds use considered lactagogue and are applied as in products like paints, enamels and varnishes, poultice over the breasts or taken internally in oiled fabrics, linoleum, patent leather, fly- the form of juice. Roots are administered in the paper, typewriting and printing inks, greases form of a decoction for lumbago and allied and special lubricants, polishes, waxes, cutting, complaints, in the form of a paste for dielectric and condenser oils, softening agent toothache. Root bark is reported to be a for gelatin in rayon sizing, nitrocellulose-baking powerful purgative. [13,14,15] finishes, hydraulic brake fluids, urethane foams and rubber substitutes, cosmetics, Phytochemical constituents pharmaceuticals and insecticidal formulations. The presences of various phytoconstituents in Oil from the perennial types is used for different parts of Ricinus communis Linn have illumination and lubrication while that from the been reported. annual types is preferred for medicinal use. Fatty acid Castor oil is often given orally, alone or with Seed oil of castor-plant showed the presence of quinine sulphate to induce labour in pregnancy fatty acid , ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoctadec-9- at term. The oil can be used as a vehicle for enoic acid). Ricinoleic acid comprises over 84% parenteral administration of steroidal while other fatty acids present were linoleic hormones. It is used in the preparation of liquid (7.3%), oleic (5.5%), palmitic (1.3%), stearic disinfectants like phenyls. It is an excellent (1.2%) and linolenic (0.5%), respectively. [16] illuminant and has been used in lamps from very early times in India. It is used in soap Essential oil making. Castor cake is used as manure in India. The GC-MS analyses of R. Communis essential It is rich in nitrogen and other minerals, and has oil using capillary columns has shown been found to be suitable as manure for paddy, compounds like @-thujone (31.71%), @-pinene sugarcane, tobacco etc. Leaves are occasionally (16.88%), camphor (12.92%) and camphene fed to cattle. They are reported to increase the (7.48%). [17] yield of milk. The powdered leaves are used for repelling aphids, mosquitoes, white flies and Triterpenoid saponin rust mites. The insectisidal activity is probably The Seeds of Ricinus communis showed the due to the presence of the alkaloid ricinine in presence of Triterpenoid Saponin, 3-O-*β -D- them. Expressed juice and aqueous and alkaline glucoronopyranosyl-(1→ 3)-α –L- extracts of the leaves were active against rhamnopyranosyl-(1→ 2)β- D-glucopyranosyl]- mycobacteria and yeast. Leaves are said to use 4α,20α-hydroxy methyl olean-12-ene-28-oic in the form of a poultice or fomentation on acid. [18] sores, boils and swellings. Leaves coated with oil and warmed, are commonly applied over the Triacylglycerols abdomen to give relief in the flatulence in the Five types of castor bean seed oil children. An infusion of leaves is used for triacylglycerols were identified as triricinolein, stomache-ache, and as a lotion for the eye. RRR (84.1%),diricinoleoylstearoylglycerol, RRS Pounded leaves are said to give relief in caries, (8.2%), diricinoleoyloleoyl-glycerol, RRO (5.6%), and are applied over guineaworm sores to diricinoleoyllinoleoylglycerol, RRL (1.2%) and PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 3 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 79 ISSN: 2347 - 7881 diricinoleoylpalmitoyl-glycerol, RRP (0.9%) Anthocyanins respectively. [16] The stem bark of the castor plant showed the presence of Anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-β- Flavonoid xylopyranoside-5-O-β- glucopyranoside (21 %) , The dried leaves of R. communis showed the cyanidin 3-O-β xylopyranoside-5-O-(6'''-O- presence of six flavones glycosides kaempferol- malonyl-β- glucopyranoside) (79 %) and 3-Oβ-D-xylopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D- cyanidin 3-O-β-xylopyranoside-5-O-(6'''- glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D xylopyrano
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