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Reproductive Biology and Life History Strategy of Bithynia Tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bithynia Leachii (Sheppard, 1823)

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Reproductive Biology and Life History Strategy of Bithynia Tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bithynia Leachii (Sheppard, 1823) Reproductive Biology and Life History Strategy of Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823) Vom Fachbereich Biologie der Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. genehmigte Dissertation von Diplom-Biologe Torsten Richter geboren am 19. 10. 1966 in Hannover 2001 Referent: Prof. Dr. K. Wächtler Korreferent: Prof. Dr. H. Brendelberger Tag der Promotion: 16. 2. 2001 Abstract: I studied the life histories of 6 populations of the iteroparous prosobranch snail B. tentaculata and 1 sympatric population of B. leachii for 3 years. Males and females out of 4 populations were kept in cages in the field during their entire lifespan. Data were collected on the principal life history traits. Reproductive traits studied were egg size and - number, spawn size and - number, oviposition site choice, hatching success of eggs and sex ratio of offspring, and the temporal aspects of reproduction. Differences were apparent for all examined traits and at 3 different levels: between species, between populations and also within populations. Additionally, I found several trade-offs between conflicting reproductive demands that differed in their outcome between species and populations. Species level: Compared to B. leachii, B. tentaculata shows some differences in the overall growth pattern, is larger at maturity, attains a larger body size and shows only a slight sexual dimorphism, if any. The females lay fewer but larger spawns containing large eggs. They have a potential longer life span, but are more susceptible to parasitation by trematode larva. In direct comparison of the sympatric populations, B. leachii laid more eggs per reproducing female that had also a higher hatchability. Population level: The populations of B. tentaculata showed several differences that seem to be local adaptations, differing with regard to mean shell height, shell height at maturity, sexual dimorphism and overall growth patterns. They also differed in size and number of eggs and spawns produced, egg hatchability and their reproductive pattern over time. In general, river snails were smaller than snails from standing waters and showed a trade-off with regard to egg number and egg size (producing many but smaller eggs and many but smaller spawns) that resembled the trade-off observed for B. leachii. Individual females also showed different life history strategies within populations. Mostly I observed different reproductive patterns in space and time. Some females had a long reproductive period laying many small spawns, others laid few large spawns within short time and had therefore a long postbreeding period. Key Words: Bithynia, life history, reproduction Abstract: Ich habe 6 B. tentaculata Populationen und eine sympatrische B. leachii Population über einen Zeitraum von 3 Jahren beobachtet. Männchen und Weibchen aus 4 Populationen wurden bis zu ihrem Tod individuell in Käfigen am Entnahmestandort gehältert. Ich habe Daten zu den wichtigsten Aspekten des Lebenszyklus der Tiere gesammelt wie zur Reproduktionsbiologie, u.a. Lebenserwartung, Größe bei Geschlechtsreife, Eigröße und Eizahl, Laichschnurgröße und Laichschnurzahl, Wahl des Eiablageplatzes, Schlupferfolg, Geschlechterverhältnis des Nachwuches und zeitlicher Verlauf der Reproduktionsperiode. Signifikante Unterschiede traten sowohl zwischen den Arten, zwischen den Populationen als auch innerhalb der Populationen auf. Verglichen mit B. leachii hat B. tentaculata einen etwas anderen Wachstumsverlauf, ist bei der Geschlechtsreife als auch als Adulttier größer und zeigt einen schwach ausgeprägten Geschlechts- dimorphismus. Die Weibchen legen wenige, dafür große Laichschnüre mit großen Eiern. Sie haben eine potentiell höhere Lebenserwartung, sind aber auch häufiger parasitiert. Im Vergleich der beiden sympatrischen Populationen legte B. leachii im Verlauf einer längeren Reproduktionsperiode mehr Eier als die größere B. tentaculata. Auch die 6 B. tentaculata Populationen zeigten erhebliche Unterschiede. Sie unterschieden sich in der Durchschnittsgröße, der Größe bei Geschlechtsreife, dem Wachstumsverlauf und dem Vorhandensein eines Sexualdimorphismus. Eizahl und -größe, Laichschnurzahl - und größe, Schlupfraten und zeitlicher Verlauf der Reproduktion waren verschieden. Schnecken aus Fließgewässern waren kleiner und zeigten einen Trade-off, der an B. leachii erinnerte, indem sie ihre reproduktive Investition in zahlreichere, aber kleinere Eier in zahlreichen, aber kleinen Laichschnüren aufteilten. Innerhalb der Populationen zeigten einzelne Weibchen abweichende Reproduktionsverläufe. Zumeist unterschied sich das raumzeitliche Muster der Reproduktion. Es gab Weibchen mit einer langen Laichperiode, in deren Verlauf zahlreiche Laichschnüre mit wenigen Eiern produziert wurden und Weibchen mit kurzer Reproduktionsperiode, in deren Verlauf wenige Laichschnüre mit vielen Eiern gelegt wurden. Dies hatte auch Auswirkungen auf die Dauer der postreproduktiven Phase vor der Überwinterung. Schlagworte: Bithynia, Lebenszyklus, Fortpflanzung Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS...................................................................................................... 5 1. STUDY AREA AND SAMPLING METHOD ......................................................................... 5 2. FIELD STUDY ................................................................................................................ 8 2.1. Population dynamics, sex-ratio and parasitic load............................................. 8 2.2. Population structure and sex-ratio..................................................................... 8 2.3. Parasitic load ....................................................................................................... 9 2.4. Individual life histories and reproduction........................................................... 9 2.5. Size of eggs and juveniles...................................................................................10 2.6. Transplant experiment ......................................................................................11 2.7. Temperature.......................................................................................................11 3. LABORATORY STUDIES................................................................................................11 3.1. Individual life histories and reproduction.........................................................11 3.2. Critical shell height for reproduction...............................................................12 3.3. Sex-ratio of progeny..........................................................................................12 3.4. Shell growth marks and age determination........................................................12 3.5. Female choice of oviposition site .......................................................................13 3.6. Reproductive success of Bithynia tentaculata under the influence of Lymnaea stagnalis..............................................................................................................14 3.7. A simulation of severe dry periods.................................................................... 14 3.8. Parasitation and reproduction ...........................................................................15 4. STATISTICS.................................................................................................................15 III. RESULTS.............................................................................................................................17 1. HABITAT CONDITIONS.................................................................................................17 1.1. Utilizable habitat size........................................................................................17 1.2. Temperature.......................................................................................................18 1.3. Predators............................................................................................................20 1.4. Co-occuring molluscan species..........................................................................20 1.5. Abundance of the molluscan species in different habitats .................................22 2. GROWTH PATTERN, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND SEX-RATIO OF FIELD POPULATIONS .............................................................................................................23 2.1. Some remarks on field sample data.................................................................... 23 2.2. Growth pattern and population dynamics...........................................................23 2.2.1. Introductory remarks.....................................................................................23 2.2.2. Habitats...........................................................................................................24 2.2.3. Years ...............................................................................................................36 2.2.4. Gender effects on growth.................................................................................39 2.2.5. A comparison of gender and habitat ................................................................40 Table of Contents 2.3. Snail abundance.................................................................................................
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