Electromagnetic and Spin Properties of Hyperons
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The Five Common Particles
The Five Common Particles The world around you consists of only three particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons form the nuclei of atoms, and electrons glue everything together and create chemicals and materials. Along with the photon and the neutrino, these particles are essentially the only ones that exist in our solar system, because all the other subatomic particles have half-lives of typically 10-9 second or less, and vanish almost the instant they are created by nuclear reactions in the Sun, etc. Particles interact via the four fundamental forces of nature. Some basic properties of these forces are summarized below. (Other aspects of the fundamental forces are also discussed in the Summary of Particle Physics document on this web site.) Force Range Common Particles It Affects Conserved Quantity gravity infinite neutron, proton, electron, neutrino, photon mass-energy electromagnetic infinite proton, electron, photon charge -14 strong nuclear force ≈ 10 m neutron, proton baryon number -15 weak nuclear force ≈ 10 m neutron, proton, electron, neutrino lepton number Every particle in nature has specific values of all four of the conserved quantities associated with each force. The values for the five common particles are: Particle Rest Mass1 Charge2 Baryon # Lepton # proton 938.3 MeV/c2 +1 e +1 0 neutron 939.6 MeV/c2 0 +1 0 electron 0.511 MeV/c2 -1 e 0 +1 neutrino ≈ 1 eV/c2 0 0 +1 photon 0 eV/c2 0 0 0 1) MeV = mega-electron-volt = 106 eV. It is customary in particle physics to measure the mass of a particle in terms of how much energy it would represent if it were converted via E = mc2. -
Fundamentals of Particle Physics
Fundamentals of Par0cle Physics Particle Physics Masterclass Emmanuel Olaiya 1 The Universe u The universe is 15 billion years old u Around 150 billion galaxies (150,000,000,000) u Each galaxy has around 300 billion stars (300,000,000,000) u 150 billion x 300 billion stars (that is a lot of stars!) u That is a huge amount of material u That is an unimaginable amount of particles u How do we even begin to understand all of matter? 2 How many elementary particles does it take to describe the matter around us? 3 We can describe the material around us using just 3 particles . 3 Matter Particles +2/3 U Point like elementary particles that protons and neutrons are made from. Quarks Hence we can construct all nuclei using these two particles -1/3 d -1 Electrons orbit the nuclei and are help to e form molecules. These are also point like elementary particles Leptons We can build the world around us with these 3 particles. But how do they interact. To understand their interactions we have to introduce forces! Force carriers g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 The gluon, of which there are 8 is the force carrier for nuclear forces Consider 2 forces: nuclear forces, and electromagnetism The photon, ie light is the force carrier when experiencing forces such and electricity and magnetism γ SOME FAMILAR THE ATOM PARTICLES ≈10-10m electron (-) 0.511 MeV A Fundamental (“pointlike”) Particle THE NUCLEUS proton (+) 938.3 MeV neutron (0) 939.6 MeV E=mc2. Einstein’s equation tells us mass and energy are equivalent Wave/Particle Duality (Quantum Mechanics) Einstein E -
Introduction to Particle Physics
SFB 676 – Projekt B2 Introduction to Particle Physics Christian Sander (Universität Hamburg) DESY Summer Student Lectures – Hamburg – 20th July '11 Outline ● Introduction ● History: From Democrit to Thomson ● The Standard Model ● Gauge Invariance ● The Higgs Mechanism ● Symmetries … Break ● Shortcomings of the Standard Model ● Physics Beyond the Standard Model ● Recent Results from the LHC ● Outlook Disclaimer: Very personal selection of topics and for sure many important things are left out! 20th July '11 Introduction to Particle Physics 2 20th July '11 Introduction to Particle PhysicsX Files: Season 2, Episode 233 … für Chester war das nur ein Weg das Geld für das eigentlich theoretische Zeugs aufzubringen, was ihn interessierte … die Erforschung Dunkler Materie, …ähm… Quantenpartikel, Neutrinos, Gluonen, Mesonen und Quarks. Subatomare Teilchen Die Geheimnisse des Universums! Theoretisch gesehen sind sie sogar die Bausteine der Wirklichkeit ! Aber niemand weiß, ob sie wirklich existieren !? 20th July '11 Introduction to Particle PhysicsX Files: Season 2, Episode 234 The First Particle Physicist? By convention ['nomos'] sweet is sweet, bitter is bitter, hot is hot, cold is cold, color is color; but in truth there are only atoms and the void. Democrit, * ~460 BC, †~360 BC in Abdera Hypothesis: ● Atoms have same constituents ● Atoms different in shape (assumption: geometrical shapes) ● Iron atoms are solid and strong with hooks that lock them into a solid ● Water atoms are smooth and slippery ● Salt atoms, because of their taste, are sharp and pointed ● Air atoms are light and whirling, pervading all other materials 20th July '11 Introduction to Particle Physics 5 Corpuscular Theory of Light Light consist out of particles (Newton et al.) ↕ Light is a wave (Huygens et al.) ● Mainly because of Newtons prestige, the corpuscle theory was widely accepted (more than 100 years) Sir Isaac Newton ● Failing to describe interference, diffraction, and *1643, †1727 polarization (e.g. -
Exploring the Spectrum of QCD Using a Space-Time Lattice
ExploringExploring thethe spectrumspectrum ofof QCDQCD usingusing aa spacespace--timetime latticelattice Colin Morningstar (Carnegie Mellon University) New Theoretical Tools for Nucleon Resonance Analysis Argonne National Laboratory August 31, 2005 August 31, 2005 Exploring spectrum (C. Morningstar) 1 OutlineOutline z spectroscopy is a powerful tool for distilling key degrees of freedom z calculating spectrum of QCD Æ introduction of space-time lattice spectrum determination requires extraction of excited-state energies discuss how to extract excited-state energies from Monte Carlo estimates of correlation functions in Euclidean lattice field theory z applications: Yang-Mills glueballs heavy-quark hybrid mesons baryon and meson spectrum (work in progress) August 31, 2005 Exploring spectrum (C. Morningstar) 2 MonteMonte CarloCarlo methodmethod withwith spacespace--timetime latticelattice z introduction of space-time lattice allows Monte Carlo evaluation of path integrals needed to extract spectrum from QCD Lagrangian LQCD Lagrangian of hadron spectrum, QCD structure, transitions z tool to search for better ways of calculating in gauge theories what dominates the path integrals? (instantons, center vortices,…) construction of effective field theory of glue? (strings,…) August 31, 2005 Exploring spectrum (C. Morningstar) 3 EnergiesEnergies fromfrom correlationcorrelation functionsfunctions z stationary state energies can be extracted from asymptotic decay rate of temporal correlations of the fields (in the imaginary time formalism) Ht −Ht z evolution in Heisenberg picture φ ( t ) = e φ ( 0 ) e ( H = Hamiltonian) z spectral representation of a simple correlation function assume transfer matrix, ignore temporal boundary conditions focus only on one time ordering insert complete set of 0 φφ(te) (0) 0 = ∑ 0 Htφ(0) e−Ht nnφ(0) 0 energy eigenstates n (discrete and continuous) 2 −−()EEnn00t −−()EEt ==∑∑neφ(0) 0 Ane nn z extract A 1 and E 1 − E 0 as t → ∞ (assuming 0 φ ( 0 ) 0 = 0 and 1 φ ( 0 ) 0 ≠ 0) August 31, 2005 Exploring spectrum (C. -
Quantum Field Theory*
Quantum Field Theory y Frank Wilczek Institute for Advanced Study, School of Natural Science, Olden Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540 I discuss the general principles underlying quantum eld theory, and attempt to identify its most profound consequences. The deep est of these consequences result from the in nite number of degrees of freedom invoked to implement lo cality.Imention a few of its most striking successes, b oth achieved and prosp ective. Possible limitation s of quantum eld theory are viewed in the light of its history. I. SURVEY Quantum eld theory is the framework in which the regnant theories of the electroweak and strong interactions, which together form the Standard Mo del, are formulated. Quantum electro dynamics (QED), b esides providing a com- plete foundation for atomic physics and chemistry, has supp orted calculations of physical quantities with unparalleled precision. The exp erimentally measured value of the magnetic dip ole moment of the muon, 11 (g 2) = 233 184 600 (1680) 10 ; (1) exp: for example, should b e compared with the theoretical prediction 11 (g 2) = 233 183 478 (308) 10 : (2) theor: In quantum chromo dynamics (QCD) we cannot, for the forseeable future, aspire to to comparable accuracy.Yet QCD provides di erent, and at least equally impressive, evidence for the validity of the basic principles of quantum eld theory. Indeed, b ecause in QCD the interactions are stronger, QCD manifests a wider variety of phenomena characteristic of quantum eld theory. These include esp ecially running of the e ective coupling with distance or energy scale and the phenomenon of con nement. -
On the Mass Spectrum of Exotic Protonium Atom in Oscillator Representation Method
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.74 (2015), pp.43-48 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijast.2015.74.05 On the Mass Spectrum of Exotic Protonium Atom in Oscillator Representation Method Arezu Jahanshir Assistant professor and faculty member of Bueinzahra Technical University, Iran [email protected] Abstract In the given paper one determines the constituent mass of the bound state and binding energy of hadronic exotic system, according to the basis investigation of the asymptotically behavior of the loop function of scalar particles in the external electromagnet field are analytically determined exploration of these states through relativistic and non-perturbative corrections. It is shown that, the mass spectrum of a relativistic bound state of protonium consisting from proton and anti-proton is differing from a mass of initial particles. Keywords: protonium, constituent mass, Hamiltonian, Green function, scalar particles 1. Introduction All of theoretical high energy physician by using mathematical methods and new theories try to understand how bound state arise in the formalism of quantum field theory and to work out effective methods to calculate all characteristics of these bound states, especially their masses, binding energy and spin interactions. The analysis of a bound state is difficult when the interaction have to be considered as relativistic, i.e. when they travel at speeds considerably near the "c". The theoretical criterion is that the coupling constant should be strong [1-6] and masses of intermediate particles gluons in quantum chromodynamic should be big in comparison with masses of constituents. New importance to the exotic hadronic bound state physics was given by the development of quantum chromodynamic, the modern theory of strong interactions. -
A Young Physicist's Guide to the Higgs Boson
A Young Physicist’s Guide to the Higgs Boson Tel Aviv University Future Scientists – CERN Tour Presented by Stephen Sekula Associate Professor of Experimental Particle Physics SMU, Dallas, TX Programme ● You have a problem in your theory: (why do you need the Higgs Particle?) ● How to Make a Higgs Particle (One-at-a-Time) ● How to See a Higgs Particle (Without fooling yourself too much) ● A View from the Shadows: What are the New Questions? (An Epilogue) Stephen J. Sekula - SMU 2/44 You Have a Problem in Your Theory Credit for the ideas/example in this section goes to Prof. Daniel Stolarski (Carleton University) The Usual Explanation Usual Statement: “You need the Higgs Particle to explain mass.” 2 F=ma F=G m1 m2 /r Most of the mass of matter lies in the nucleus of the atom, and most of the mass of the nucleus arises from “binding energy” - the strength of the force that holds particles together to form nuclei imparts mass-energy to the nucleus (ala E = mc2). Corrected Statement: “You need the Higgs Particle to explain fundamental mass.” (e.g. the electron’s mass) E2=m2 c4+ p2 c2→( p=0)→ E=mc2 Stephen J. Sekula - SMU 4/44 Yes, the Higgs is important for mass, but let’s try this... ● No doubt, the Higgs particle plays a role in fundamental mass (I will come back to this point) ● But, as students who’ve been exposed to introductory physics (mechanics, electricity and magnetism) and some modern physics topics (quantum mechanics and special relativity) you are more familiar with.. -
On Particle Physics
On Particle Physics Searching for the Fundamental US ATLAS The continuing search for the basic building blocks of matter is the US ATLAS subject of Particle Physics (also called High Energy Physics). The idea of fundamental building blocks has evolved from the concept of four elements (earth, air, fire and water) of the Ancient Greeks to the nineteenth century picture of atoms as tiny “billiard balls.” The key word here is FUNDAMENTAL — objects which are simple and have no structure — they are not made of anything smaller! Our current understanding of these fundamental constituents began to fall into place around 100 years ago, when experimenters first discovered that the atom was not fundamental at all, but was itself made of smaller building blocks. Using particle probes as “microscopes,” scientists deter- mined that an atom has a dense center, or NUCLEUS, of positive charge surrounded by a dilute “cloud” of light, negatively- charged electrons. In between the nucleus and electrons, most of the atom is empty space! As the particle “microscopes” became more and more powerful, scientists found that the nucleus was composed of two types of yet smaller constituents called protons and neutrons, and that even pro- tons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called quarks. The quarks inside the nucleus come in two varieties, called “up” or u-quark and “down” or d-quark. As far as we know, quarks and electrons really are fundamental (although experimenters continue to look for evidence to the con- trary). We know that these fundamental building blocks are small, but just how small are they? Using probes that can “see” down to very small distances inside the atom, physicists know that quarks and electrons are smaller than 10-18 (that’s 0.000 000 000 000 000 001! ) meters across. -
Three Lectures on Meson Mixing and CKM Phenomenology
Three Lectures on Meson Mixing and CKM phenomenology Ulrich Nierste Institut f¨ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik Universit¨at Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany I give an introduction to the theory of meson-antimeson mixing, aiming at students who plan to work at a flavour physics experiment or intend to do associated theoretical studies. I derive the formulae for the time evolution of a neutral meson system and show how the mass and width differences among the neutral meson eigenstates and the CP phase in mixing are calculated in the Standard Model. Special emphasis is laid on CP violation, which is covered in detail for K−K mixing, Bd−Bd mixing and Bs−Bs mixing. I explain the constraints on the apex (ρ, η) of the unitarity triangle implied by ǫK ,∆MBd ,∆MBd /∆MBs and various mixing-induced CP asymmetries such as aCP(Bd → J/ψKshort)(t). The impact of a future measurement of CP violation in flavour-specific Bd decays is also shown. 1 First lecture: A big-brush picture 1.1 Mesons, quarks and box diagrams The neutral K, D, Bd and Bs mesons are the only hadrons which mix with their antiparticles. These meson states are flavour eigenstates and the corresponding antimesons K, D, Bd and Bs have opposite flavour quantum numbers: K sd, D cu, B bd, B bs, ∼ ∼ d ∼ s ∼ K sd, D cu, B bd, B bs, (1) ∼ ∼ d ∼ s ∼ Here for example “Bs bs” means that the Bs meson has the same flavour quantum numbers as the quark pair (b,s), i.e.∼ the beauty and strangeness quantum numbers are B = 1 and S = 1, respectively. -
Progress and Simulations for Intranuclear Neutron-Antineutron 40Ar Transformations in 18 Joshua L
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 101, 036008 (2020) Progress and simulations for intranuclear neutron-antineutron 40Ar transformations in 18 Joshua L. Barrow * The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Department of Physics and Astronomy, † 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA ‡ Elena S. Golubeva and Eduard Paryev§ Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia ∥ Jean-Marc Richard Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Universit´e de Lyon, CNRS-IN2P3–UCBL, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, Villeurbanne 69622, France (Received 10 June 2019; accepted 29 January 2020; published 18 February 2020) With the imminent construction of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) and Hyper- Kamiokande, nucleon decay searches as a means to constrain beyond standard model extensions are once again at the forefront of fundamental physics. Abundant neutrons within these large experimental volumes, along with future high-intensity neutron beams such as the European Spallation Source, offer a powerful, high-precision portal onto this physics through searches for B and B − L violating processes such as neutron-antineutron transformations (n → n¯), a key prediction of compelling theories of baryogenesis. With this in mind, this paper discusses a novel and self-consistent intranuclear simulation of this process 40 within 18Ar, which plays the role of both detector and target within the DUNE’s gigantic liquid argon time projection chambers. An accurate and independent simulation of the resulting intranuclear annihilation respecting important physical correlations and cascade dynamics for this large nucleus is necessary to understand the viability of such rare searches when contrasted against background sources such as atmospheric neutrinos. -
Exotic Double-Charm Molecular States with Hidden Or Open Strangeness and Around 4.5 ∼ 4.7 Gev
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 102, 094006 (2020) Exotic double-charm molecular states with hidden or open strangeness and around 4.5 ∼ 4.7 GeV † Fu-Lai Wang and Xiang Liu * School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China and Research Center for Hadron and CSR Physics, Lanzhou University and Institute of Modern Physics of CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China (Received 1 September 2020; accepted 16 October 2020; published 10 November 2020) à In this work, we investigate the interactions between the charmed-strange meson (Ds;Ds )inH-doublet à and the (anti-)charmed-strange meson (Ds1;Ds2)inT-doublet, where the one boson exchange model is adopted by considering the S-D wave mixing and the coupled-channel effects. By extracting the effective ¯ potentials for the discussed HsTs and HsTs systems, we try to find the bound state solutions for the corresponding systems. We predict the possible hidden-charm hadronic molecular states with hidden à ¯ PC 0−− 0−þ à ¯ à strangeness, i.e., the Ds Ds1 þ c:c: states with J ¼ ; and the Ds Ds2 þ c:c: states with PC −− −þ J ¼ 1 ; 1 . Applying the same theoretical framework, we also discuss the HsTs systems. Unfortunately, the existence of the open-charm and open-strange molecular states corresponding to the HsTs systems can be excluded. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.102.094006 ¯ ðÞ I. INTRODUCTION strong evidence to support these Pc states as the ΣcD - – Studying exotic hadronic states, which are very type hidden-charm pentaquark molecules [10 16]. different from conventional mesons and baryons, is an Before presenting our motivation, we first need to give a intriguing research frontier full of opportunities and chal- brief review of how these observed XYZ states were lenges in hadron physics. -
Antiproton–Proton Scattering Experiments with Polarization ( Collaboration) PAX Abstract
Technical Proposal for Antiproton–Proton Scattering Experiments with Polarization ( Collaboration) PAX arXiv:hep-ex/0505054v1 17 May 2005 J¨ulich, May 2005 2 Technical Proposal for PAX Frontmatter 3 Technical Proposal for Antiproton–Proton Scattering Experiments with Polarization ( Collaboration) PAX Abstract Polarized antiprotons, produced by spin filtering with an internal polarized gas target, provide access to a wealth of single– and double–spin observables, thereby opening a new window to physics uniquely accessible at the HESR. This includes a first measurement of the transversity distribution of the valence quarks in the proton, a test of the predicted opposite sign of the Sivers–function, related to the quark dis- tribution inside a transversely polarized nucleon, in Drell–Yan (DY) as compared to semi–inclusive DIS, and a first measurement of the moduli and the relative phase of the time–like electric and magnetic form factors GE,M of the proton. In polarized and unpolarized pp¯ elastic scattering, open questions like the contribution from the odd charge–symmetry Landshoff–mechanism at large t and spin–effects in the extraction | | of the forward scattering amplitude at low t can be addressed. The proposed de- | | tector consists of a large–angle apparatus optimized for the detection of DY electron pairs and a forward dipole spectrometer with excellent particle identification. The design and performance of the new components, required for the polarized antiproton program, are outlined. A low–energy Antiproton Polarizer Ring (APR) yields an antiproton beam polarization of Pp¯ = 0.3 to 0.4 after about two beam life times, which is of the order of 5–10 h.