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Hunter Estates. a Comparative Heritage

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Hunter Estates. a Comparative Heritage HUNTER ESTATES A Comparative Heritage Study of pre 1850s Homestead Complexes in the Hunter Region Volume II Appendix 3: Historic Archaeology Report CLIVE LUCAS, STAPLETON & PARTNERS PTY LTD Appendices Hunter Estates Comparative Heritage Study CLIVE LUCAS, STAPLETON & PARTNERS PTY LTD Appendices Appendix 3: Historic Archaeology Report Hunter Estates Comparative Heritage Study CLIVE LUCAS, STAPLETON & PARTNERS PTY LTD Appendices Hunter Estates Comparative Heritage Study NINETEENTH CENTURY RURAL HOMESTEAD COMPLEXES IN THE HUNTER REGION. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Tocal, Tocal Road, Tocal NSW 2421 (Google Maps). Edward A K Higginbotham, MA (Cambridge), PhD (Sydney), MAACAI. EDWARD HIGGINBOTHAM & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD. Archaeology • History • & Heritage A.B.N. 79 072 316 968 NINETEENTH CENTURY RURAL HOMESTEAD COMPLEXES IN THE HUNTER REGION. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Edward Higginbotham MA (Cambridge), PhD (Sydney), MAACAI. EDWARD HIGGINBOTHAM & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD 13 O’Connor Street HABERFIELD, NSW 2045. PO Box 97 HABERFIELD, NSW 2045. Phone. (02) 9716-5154 [email protected] www.higginbotham.com.au For Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners. Draft September 2012 Final Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. CONTENTS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ...........................................................................................iv 1 INTRODUCTION. ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Background................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Brief. .......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Location of site........................................................................................... 1 1.4 Heritage Listings. ....................................................................................... 1 1.5 Study methodology and limitations. ............................................................ 2 1.6 Author identification.................................................................................... 3 2 THE EXTENT OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE. .................................5 2.1 Methodology. ............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Definition of a Nineteenth Century Rural Homestead Complex.................... 5 2.3 Historical sources for mapping the archaeological resource. ....................... 6 2.4 The identification of individual properties. ................................................... 7 2.5 Figures..................................................................................................... 10 3 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL SETTLEMENT IN THE HUNTER REGION....................................................................................................15 3.1 Distribution of rural settlement within the Settled Districts.......................... 15 3.2 Historical settlement typologies. ............................................................... 16 3.3 Settlement hierarchies.............................................................................. 18 3.4 Sample Bias............................................................................................. 18 3.5 Correcting the bias in the surviving evidence. ........................................... 19 3.6 The evolution of the homestead complex and "Settlement Type Dynamics"................................................................................ 21 3.7 Curtilages and archaeological assessment. .............................................. 22 3.8 Principal improvements found on homestead complexes. ......................... 23 3.9 Table. Survey of improvements on 51 homestead complexes in the Goulburn Mulwaree LGA, 2009-2010.......................................................... 25 3.10 Property databases. ................................................................................. 28 3.11 Figures..................................................................................................... 29 4 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT LISTINGS................33 4.1 Introduction to assessment methodology. ................................................. 33 4.2 Preliminary selection of sites for archaeological assessment..................... 34 4.3 Sites requiring further research prior to assessment.................................. 35 4.4 Results of baseline archaeological assessment. ....................................... 36 4.5 Provisional List of sites for site inspection. ................................................ 36 4.6 Provisional List of Archaeological Sites..................................................... 39 4.7 The disturbance of archaeological sites. ................................................... 39 4.8 A note on significance. ............................................................................. 40 4.9 Figures..................................................................................................... 42 ii Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. ...............................................................................44 6 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................45 APPENDIX 1. CADASTRAL MAPS OF EACH LOCAL COUNCIL AREA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTIES ESTABLISHED BEFORE THE 1850S. ..............................................................................................47 APPENDIX 2. BASELINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT. THE FORMAT OF THE DATABASE.................................................................................60 Location and Address. ......................................................................................... 60 Description of House and Outbuildings................................................................. 60 Typology of Sites. ................................................................................................ 62 Description of Farm Layout. ................................................................................. 63 Description of Farm Plantings and Landscaping. .................................................. 64 APPENDIX 3. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF SITES IN THE CLSP HOMESTEAD DATABASE......................................................66 iii Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The author would like to thank Client: Hector Abrahams and Kate Denny, Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners. Aboriginal Dominic Steele, Dominic Steele Consulting Archaeology. Archaeology Historical Research Nicholas Jackson. iv Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Background. This report was commissioned by Hector Abrahams, Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners on 18 May 2012. This report forms part of the Comparative Heritage Study of the Nineteenth Century Rural Homestead Complexes of the Hunter Region, commissioned by the Office of the Environment and Heritage in 2012. 1.2 Brief. The purpose of this report is to provide the results of an historical archaeological desktop survey of the nineteenth century homesteads of the Hunter Region. The report seeks to: 1. Assess the extent of the archaeological resource. 2. Undertake a desktop survey of the previously listed sites to determine condition and integrity. 3. Assess factors affecting protection, conservation and viability. 4. Determine priorities for heritage listing on the State Heritage Register. 1.3 Location of site. The study area comprises twelve local government areas (Figure 1.1). The area includes three regions, namely the Lower Hunter (Port Stephens, Maitland, Newcastle, Cessnock and Lake Macquarie Councils), the Upper Hunter (Dungog, Singleton, Muswellbrook and Upper Hunter Councils) and also the Manning River Regions (Great Lakes, Gloucester and Greater Taree Councils). All councils have Local Environment Plans (LEP), although the Upper Hunter Council has three LEPs relating to the now amalgamated councils of Merriwa, Murrurundi and Scone. 1.4 Heritage Listings. The heritage listings that form the basis of this study have been compiled into a database by Kate Denny, Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners.1 1 Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners, 2012. Homestead Database. 1 Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. The direct antecedent to this database was prepared by Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd (GML) in 2010 and forms part of the Wambo Homestead Complex Heritage Strategy.2 1.5 Study methodology and limitations. This report has been prepared in accordance with standard guidelines.3 The report is confined to a desktop survey and does not include the site survey of the properties on the ground. The report relies upon the database of homesteads provided by Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners. Funding has not allowed the author to inspect the original listings that comprise this database.4 The desktop survey has revealed that the address and cadastral information for a significant number of the listings have changed, including street numbering and road name, lot and deposited plan numbers. In a small number of cases, the address information provided with the original listing has been insufficient to re-locate these properties or has caused mis-identification. Further research is required. This report relies upon the historical documentation gathered by Nicholas Jackson for Clive Lucas Stapleton
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