AMFI Vol 1, Issue 5, September 2020

ISSN: 2582-6980 Agri Mirror: Future India ISSN: 2582-6980 Vol 1: Issue 5 September 2020 Editorial Team Editorial Team Name Editor-in-Chief Ashish Khandelwal Senior Editor Kuleshwar Sahu Sudhir Kumar Jha Sonica Priyadarshini Dr R Vinoth Dr M. K. Verma Associate Editor Asish Kumar Padhy Praveen Verma Rakesh Kumar Priyank Sharma Ashish Gautam Tapas Paul Utpalendu Debnath Anurag Bhargav Sukriti Singh Vikas Lunawat DRK Saikanth B. Maruthi Prasad Preeti Sagar Negi Anusha N M Naseeb Choudhury Pankaj Thakur V Guhan Mohan Krishna Chowdry A Advisor Dr Sahadeva Singh Dr M. C. Yadav Dr P. Adiguru Dr. Sandeep Kumar Treasurer Preeti Sagar Negi Reviewers Name Name V.Vediyappan Anil Kumar Mishra Jai Hind Sharma Buddheswar Kar Gopalakrishnan Ankit Soni Rakesh Kumar Dr. Piyush Vagadia yoti Prakash Singh Dinesh G K Dr. Vanita Pandey Saurarabh Pratap Singh Ashish Khandelwal Kuleshwar Prasad Sahu Dr. Dushyant Yadav Sudhir Kumar Agri Mirror: Future India ISSN: 2582-6980 Vol 1: Issue 5 September 2020 Dr. Dushyant Kumar Sharma Yogesh Kumar Agarwal Dr. A. K. Verma Dr. Manoj Shrivastava Tapas Paul Dr. Ritika Joshi Dr. Tarachand Kumawat Ravindra Kumar Rekwar Saikanth D R K Anurag Bhargav Dr. Pankaj Ojha Jayaraj M M. Murugan Rahul Sadhukhan Dr. R. Vinoth Sonica Priyadarshini Asish Kumar Padhy Nitesh Kumar Verma Dr. A. Nishant Bhanu Dr. Anindita Datta Ashish Gautam Praveen verma Neeraj Kumar Dixit Jagdeesh Kurmi Dr. Kamal Gandhi Dr. A. Palanisamy Sharath S Yeligar Srishti Upadhyay N S Praveen Kumar Monisha Rawat Alka Dixit Cover page designed by - 1. Mr. Kirubakaran C 2. Mr. Mohan Krishna Chowdry A Agri Mirror: Future India ISSN: 2582-6980 Vol 1: Issue 5 September 2020 INDEX Article ID No. Title Page No. 57 Vegetable Production in a Changing Climate 1-6 58 Reasons for Area Decline in Ground Nut Cultivation of Tamil Nadu 7-9 59 Global Dimming – An Unexplored Phenomenon 10-12 60 Science of Artificial Rain Formation 13-17 61 Two Line System of Rice Hybrid Seed Production 18-20 62 Cultivation of Three Different Edible Mushroom Species in India 21-25 63 Livestock Waste and Their Traditional Methods of Management 26-28 64 Breeding Objective of Sugarcane Concerned With Yield and Quality Traits 29-33 65 Concept of Crop Plants’ Water Use Efficiency 34-36 66 An Extension Approach for Agrometeorological Services 37-41 67 Hazardous Heavy Metals: A Blind Evil 42-44 68 Time Domain Analysis and Frequency Domain Analysis for Forecasting 45-48 the Price Volatility of the Agricultural Crops 69 Impact of Hydrogel Polymer in Water Stress Agriculture 49-53 70 Medicinal Uses of Insects 54-58 71 Spine Gourd (Momordica Dioica Roxb. Ex Willd.): A Potential Crop By 59-62 Value But Not Commercial in Production 72 Soil Borne Diseases - A Threatening to Crop Production 63-66 73 Insects as Biological Sniffers 67-73 74 Floral Biology of Tamarind and Its Medicinal Importance 74-79 75 Root Knot Nematode : An emerging threat to Kiwi Plantation 80-83 76 Conservation Tillage and Its Impact on Soil Quality 84-87 Agri Mirror: Future India ISSN: 2582-6980 Vol 1 Issue 5: September 2020 Vegetable Production in a Changing Climate Guhan.V, and N.Kowshika Article ID: 57 Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003. Corresponding Author: Introduction The 20th century bears testimony to the indubitable fact of climate change as evidenced by increases in global temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns and rates (IPCC, 2001; Jung et al., 2002). Climate change is one of the most pressing global problems of recent times and it has become a more complex issue than it was before. Climate change is defined as a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability persisting for an extended period (typically decade or longer). It may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of atmosphere or in land use (IPCC, 2001). Rising fossil fuel burning and land use changes have emitted, and are continuing to emit greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, CFCs, N2O and O3into the earth’s atmosphere. A rise in these gases has caused a rise in the amount of heat from the sun withheld in the Earth’s atmosphere that would normally be radiated back into space. This increase in heat has led to an enhanced greenhouse effect, resulting in climate change. Climate change and crop production Climate change and its variability are posing major challenges influencing the performance of agriculture, including annual and perennial horticulture crops. The issue of climate change and variability has thrown up greater uncertainties and risks, further imposing constraints on horticultural production systems. Under changing climatic conditions, the rise in temperature would lead to higher respiration rate; alter photosynthesis rate and partitioning of photosynthetic to economic parts. It could also alter the phenology, shorten the crop duration, days to flowering and fruiting, hasten fruit maturity, ripening and senescence. The sensitivity of individual crop to temperature depends on inherent tolerance and growing habits. Indeterminate crops are less sensitive to heat stress conditions due to extended flowering compared to determinate crops. The temperature rise may not be evenly distributed between day and night and between different seasons (Rao et al. 2010). In tropical regions even moderate warming may lead to disproportionate declines in yield. In high latitudes, crop yields may improve as a result of a small increase in temperatures. In developing countries, which are predominantly located in lower latitudes, temperatures are already closer to or beyond thresholds and further warming would reduce rather than increase productivity. The impact of climate change is likely to differ with region and type of the crop. Climate change might result in price hike of fruits and vegetable crops. Challenges ahead are to have sustainability and competitiveness, to achieve the targeted production to www.aiasa.org.in 1 Agri Mirror: Future India ISSN: 2582-6980 Vol 1 Issue 5: September 2020 meet the growing demands in the environment of declining land, water and threat of climate change, which needs climate smart horticulture interventions, which are highly location-specific and knowledge-intensive for improving production in the challenged environment (Malhotra and Srivastava 2014, Malhotra 2015). To quantify the impacts of climate change on horticultural crops, we need detailed information on physiological responses of the crops, effects on growth and development, quality and productivity. The various impacts need to be addressed in concerted and systematic manner in order to prepare the horticulture sector to face the imminent challenges of climate change. Vegetable production in a changing climate Vegetables are known as protective food as they supply essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals to the human body and are the best resource for overcoming micronutrient deficiencies. The worldwide production of vegetables has doubled over the past quarter century and the value of global trade in vegetables now exceeds that of cereals. Yields in Asia are highest in the east where the climate is mainly temperate and sub-temperate. India is the second largest producer of vegetables (17.3 t/ha) after China (22.5 t/ha). In the past two decades, the vegetable production in India has been increased 2.5 times from 58.5 mt in 1991-92 to 146.5 mt in 2010-11(Kumar et al., 2011). The annual growth rate in domestic demands for vegetables is estimated as 3.03% (Chand, 2008). Other independent estimates (Acharya, 2007) also show that about 76% vegetables are consumed fresh, whereas 22% is lost or gets wasted in the marketing channel. About 127.2 Mt of vegetables will be required by 2020–21. Further, the estimated demands by 2050 are likely to be 199 Mt. In the horticultural crop sector, impressive growth in vegetables helped in improving nutritional security and increased export earnings. Share of fruits, vegetables and flowers helped in increasing agricultural export basket considerably. Further, growth in the horticulture sector is likely to be through enhancement of productivity, quality assurance and reduction of post-harvest losses and value-addition. The consequences of the climate change badly hit the vegetable production. Under changing climatic situations crop failures, shortage of yields, reduction in quality and increasing pest and disease problems are common and they render the vegetable cultivation unprofitable. This ultimately questions the availability of nutrient source in human diet. The failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. High temperatures and inadequate rainfall at the time of sowing and heavy rainfall at the time harvesting cause severe crop losses in Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Karnataka. According to Network Project on Climate Change (Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability of Indian Agriculture to Climate Change), the maximum and minimum temperature (1960-2003) analysis for northwest region of India showed that the minimum temperature is increasing at annual, kharif and rabi season time scales. The rate of increase of minimum temperature during rabi is much higher than during kharif, in annual, kharif and rabi time scales but very sharp rise was observed from

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