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The Thirty Meter Telescope: How California, Canada, China, India and Japan Are Working Together to Build a Next Generation Extremely Large Telescope

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The Thirty Meter Telescope: How California, Canada, China, India and Japan Are Working Together to Build a Next Generation Extremely Large Telescope The Thirty Meter Telescope: How California, Canada, China, India and Japan are Working Together to Build a Next Generation Extremely Large Telescope Gary H Sanders SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory September 18, 2013 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 1 TMT on Mauna Kea TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 2 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 3 Sharper Vision with TMT: Distant Galaxies from Space and Hawaii Island Hubble TMT TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 4 Why build a 30 meter telescope? Light collection ~ diameter2 = D2 – Sets limit on sensitivity of “seeing-limited” observing TMT will have – 144 times the light collection and sharper optical resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope, and – 36 times the light collection of the Palomar telescope – 9 times the light collection of the Keck telescopes TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 5 A Vision of TMT (1908) "It is impossible to predict the dimensions that reflectors will ultimately attain. Atmospheric disturbances, rather than mechanical or optical difficulties, seem most likely to stand in the way. But perhaps even these, by some process now unknown, may at last be swept aside. If so, the astronomer will secure results far surpassing his present expectations.“ - Hale, Study of Stellar Evolution, 1908 (p. 242) writing about the future of the 100 inch. 100 years later, TMT is being designed end-to-end to correct atmospheric disturbances to approach the diffraction limited image quality of a 30 meter aperture TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 6 TMT Aperture Advantage Seeing-limited observations and observations of resolved sources Sensitivity D2 (~ 14 8m) Background-limited AO observations of unresolved sources Sensitivity S2D4 (~ 200 8m) High-contrast AO observations of unresolved sources S2 Sensitivity D4 (~ 200 8m) 1 S Sensitivity 1/ time required to reach a given s/n ratio throughput, S Strehl ratio. D aperture diameter TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 7 Defining Capabilities in the TMT Discovery Space Adaptive Optics needed TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 8 Defining Capabilities in the TMT Discovery Space TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 9 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 10 Summary of TMT Science Objectives and Capabilities 11 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 TMT instrument capabilities (in red) compared to JWST and ALMA NELF is the Noise-Equivalent Line Flux in ergs s-1 cm-2 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 12 Science Technical Requirements TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 13 Science Technical Requirements TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 14 Science Technical Requirements TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 15 Science Flowdown Matrix Parameters Domain Parameter Name Configuration Observing Mode Wavelength range Spectral Resolution Spectral Parameters Relative / absolute Flux/radial velocity Precision Stability timescale Resolution Image quality Strehl ratio / contrast ratio Total areal coverage Geometry Field of view per observation Spatial Parameters Field overlap Relative / absolute Astrometry Precision Stability timescale Sample size Multiplexing Number of observations Tracking Rate TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 16 Baseline 16 Synoptic Signature Cadence Science Flowdown Matrix - A small subsection TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 17 17 Science Flowdown Technical Requirements DOORS object-oriented requirements management System Budgets TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 18 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 19 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 20 Key Telescope Dimensions 28.5 m R 56 m Stay-in Radius 51 m EL AXIS 23 m 16 m 27.6 mTMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 R 28 m 21 TMT as an Agile Telescope: Catching The “Unknown Unknowns” TMT target acquisition time requirement is 5 minutes (i.e., 0.0034 day) TMT is the only agile extremely large telescope and only system with plans to go Source: Figure 8.6, LSST Science Book to 310nm. TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 23 From Science to Subsystems Transients - GRBs/ supernovae/tidal flares/? Fast system response time NFIRAOS Articulated fast switching M3 for fast science fold instrument mirror switching -X Nasmyth +X Nasmyth structure structure Fast slewing and acquisition TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 24 From Science to Subsystems (NFIRAOS + IRIS Imager) LGSF asterism generator + Galactic Center launch telescope High Strehl w/ stable PSF over 15” ➡ MCAO LGSF beam transfer NFIRAOS + IRIS GR Tests Precession of Periapse Relativistic Redshift TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 25 Observing Io with AO on TMT •Keck/AO+NIRC2 •Keck/NGAO •TMT/AO+IRIS Simulations of Io Jupiter-facing hemisphere in H band (Courtesy of Franck Marchis) TMT resolution at 1µm is 7 mas = 25 km at 5 AU (Jupiter) (0.035 AU at 5 pc, nearby stars) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 26 Galactic Center with the IRIS Imager K-band Over t = 30s 100,000 Klim = 25.5 stars Courtesy: L. Meyer (UCLA) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL0117ʹʹ 27 TMT on Mauna Kea TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 28 TMT on Mauna Kea TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 29 The TMT Calotte Enclosure TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 30 Aero-Thermal Effects Modeled Dome seeing Wind through opening M1 seeing M2 buffeting M1 buffeting Wind through vents TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 31 Z65o-A180o 180o Wind speed contours with 100% vents open (flow along x, Uo ~ 5 m/s) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 32 Keck 10-m (400”) Telescope (1992) The technical heritage for TMT TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 33 Keck Observatory,TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 Mauna Kea, Hawaii 34 Keck 10m Segmented Mirror Telescope – 36 segments TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 35 The Keck Breakthrough: Segmented Mirrors TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 36 Full Scale Segment on Segment Support Assembly Prototype of one of the 492 TMT segments TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 37 492 off-axis hyperboloidal segments Segment Size TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 38 Most aspheric TMT M1 Segment before hexing polished by Tinsley TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 39 E-ELT Blank Polished at Tinsley With TMT Stressed Mirror Polishing Process Most aspheric E-ELT M1 Segment before hexing polished by Tinsley 1/27/2012 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 40 And Another High-Asphericity Segment! Canon Type-82 Segment Prototype Most aspheric TMT M1 Segment polished as hexagon by Canon 1/18/2012 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 41 Segment Support Assembly Integration Completed by Canon and TMTJ @Canon TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 42 Nanjing: NIAOT Exercising Stressed Mirror Polishing (SMP) Fixture-1 Fixture-2 Metrology Output TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 43 M1 System – Integrated Testing at JPL TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 44 Telescope Controls Prototyping: Actuators, Edge Sensors, Mirror Supports TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 45 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 46 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 47 Uncoated Edge Sensor Prototypes at GOAL (Pondicherry, India) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 48 Prototype sensors at GOAL Photolithography mask for sensor Test coupon for Indium soldering coating at GOAL process at GOAL TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 49 M1 Segment Support Assembly Leaf Spring Prototypes IPA India leaf spring left – US leaf spring Right TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 50 M3 System Progress at CIOMP, Changchun Conceptual Design Review (CoDR) for the M3 Cell Assembly successfully completed 2013/04/26 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 51 TMT Global Participants – UBC, Vancouver (Sodium LIDAR) Adaptive Optics TIPC, Beijing HIA, Victoria TOPTICA, Munich (Laser Systems) (NFIRAOS) DRAO, Penticton (Laser Systems) (RTC) MIT/LL, Lexington (WFS CCDs) AOA/Xinetics, Devens CILAS, Orleans (Wavefront Correctors) (Wavefront Correctors) IOE, Chengdu (Laser Guide Star Facility) Keck Observatory, Waimea (WFS readout electronics) TMT, Pasadena (Management and SE) Also Rochester Scientific (Berkeley, Sodium Atomic Physics) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 52 TMT Global Participants – First Light Science Instruments USTC, Beijing NAOJ/Canon, Tokyo HIA, Victoria DI, Toronto (MOBIE AGWFS) (IRIS imager, MOBIE (IRIS OIWFS) cameras) (IRIS Science, NSCU) TIPC, Beijing (Cooling) CSEM, Neuchatel (IRMS CSU) UCSC, Santa Cruz (MOBIE) IUCAA, Pune (IR readout electronics) UCLA/CIT IIA, Bangalore (IRIS, IRMS) (IR-GSC) NIAOT, Nanjing UH IfA, Hawaii (MOBIE AGWFS) (MOBIE detector readout electronics) 53 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 First Light Science Instruments and Adaptive Optics Systems Laser Beam Launch Science Transfer instruments Telescope Optics – IRIS IRMS WFOS – IRMS NFIRAOS – WFOS Laser Guide IRIS Star Facility (LGSF) Narrow Field IR Laser System AO System (NFIRAOS) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 54 589 nm Laser Light Produces Artificial Guide Stars sodium layer ∆H =10km D = 30m Elongation 3-4” H=100km at 15m separation LLT TMT TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 55 NFIRAOS Design at HIA (Canada) Dual Conjugate Laser NFIRAOS Science Guide Star (LGS) AO System IRMS Calibration Unit Feed 3 IR Instruments Future 60x60 order system Instrument operating at 800Hz 4 OAP relay to eliminate distortion Operation at -30C to reduce thermal emission Completed preliminary design phase in December IRIS 2011 Very successful review led by panel of external reviewers NFIRAOS Cooled NFIRAOS Optics Electronics Enclosure TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 56 NFIRAOS Opto-Mechanical Overview TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 57 CILAS (France) Deformable Mirrors Hard piezostack technology with high stroke, low hysteresis, operating at -30C 9x9 DM 2006 Sub-scales prototypes on-going 6x60 sub-scale DM CAD model 6x60 DM assembled before polishing 6x60 DM initial test results: 19 m stroke (10m requirement) Order 60x60 DM TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 Hysteresis ≤ 5% (10% requirement) 58 CAD model AO: Deformable Mirror 6x60 Test at CILAS 6x60 DM before polishing Interferometer measurement on half the DM Breadboard showing TMT shape TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 59 CILAS Tip-Tilt Stage Full scale prototype Details of Y axis (front and back view) Full scale prototype demonstrated at -30C Closed loop bandwidth of ~100Hz (>> 20Hz Requirement) TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 60 Keck I and Keck II Guide Star Lasers May 2011 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 61 Gemini South Guide Star Laser 5-Star Artificial Constellation – January 2011 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 62 Refereed Keck AO Science Papers by Year TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 63 Laser Guide Star AO Astronomy Refereed Papers by Year TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 64 TMT.PMO.PRE.13.023.REL01 65 LGSF Design Elements Diagnostics Bench 6 (eventually 9) laser systems LGS Acq.
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