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Stock Exchange Listing Agreements As a Vehicle for Corporate Governance
1981] STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING AGREEMENTS AS A VEHICLE FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INTRODUCTION After nearly two hundred years of operation, stock exchanges remain largely unexplored as vehicles for regulating the internal affairs of corporations whose stocks they list for trading. Such regulation would seek to establish uniform, easily comprehensible standards of corporate conduct and to communicate them to every investor. The standards would be implemented by requiring that corporations conform to them as a prerequisite to having their securities traded on an exchange. As a result, investors could more accurately assess the value of corporate equity securities than they can today, and would be less likely to base an investment decision on a misunderstanding of their potential rights as shareholders.1 In evaluating the price of an equity security today, investors face fifty state corporation laws and as many state judicial systems, which together determine the bundle of rights the investor pur- chases. This problem stems from the principle that state law defines the rights and obligations a corporation owes to its share- holders.2 Investors who have neither the expertise to school them- selves in the nuances of state corporation law nor the resources to hire an attorney for that purpose 3 may choose "safer" invest- ments,4 or equally risky but more understandable investments,5 or I Stock exchanges currently regulate some aspects of internal corporate affairs, see, e.g., note 40 infra, but this Comment advocates greater supervisory powers. Furthermore, because of the relative obscurity of listing agreement provisions, investors do not generally appreciate the specifies of current exchange regulations. -
Why Are the First Day Returns of China's Ipos So High?
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Business and Law 2005 Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High? S. Ma University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers Part of the Business Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ma, S.: Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High? 2005. https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/474 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High? Abstract We investigate the causes of the high first day returns of Chinese firms making an initial public offering (IPO) of A-shares from 1991 to 2003 on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Our results show an average underpricing of 175.21 percent. We argue that the IPO underpricing is an interaction of ex-market underpricing and on-market overpricing. The high first day returns of China’s IPOs are most likely generated from on-market overpricing. Government intervention, market speculation, special ownership structure, strategy of proceeds maximization and risk concerns are the main drivers of the high first day returns. However, the high first day returns have decreased significantly in ecentr years. We explained this change by testing the risk composition hypothesis, the realignment of incentives hypothesis and the changing issuer objective hypothesis, which shows that the reduction in risk, senior managerial shares and seasoned offerings mitigate the first day returns. -
“Dividend Policy and Share Price Volatility”
“Dividend policy and share price volatility” Sew Eng Hooi AUTHORS Mohamed Albaity Ahmad Ibn Ibrahimy Sew Eng Hooi, Mohamed Albaity and Ahmad Ibn Ibrahimy (2015). Dividend ARTICLE INFO policy and share price volatility. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 12(1-1), 226-234 RELEASED ON Tuesday, 07 April 2015 JOURNAL "Investment Management and Financial Innovations" FOUNDER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES 0 0 0 © The author(s) 2021. This publication is an open access article. businessperspectives.org Investment Management and Financial Innovations, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2015 Sew Eng Hooi (Malaysia), Mohamed Albaity (Malaysia), Ahmad Ibn Ibrahimy (Malaysia) Dividend policy and share price volatility Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between dividend policy and share price volatility in the Malaysian market. A sample of 319 companies from Kuala Lumpur stock exchange were studied to find the relationship between stock price volatility and dividend policy instruments. Dividend yield and dividend payout were found to be negatively related to share price volatility and were statistically significant. Firm size and share price were negatively related. Positive and statistically significant relationships between earning volatility and long term debt to price volatility were identified as hypothesized. However, there was no significant relationship found between growth in assets and price volatility in the Malaysian market. Keywords: dividend policy, share price volatility, dividend yield, dividend payout. JEL Classification: G10, G12, G14. Introduction (Wang and Chang, 2011). However, difference in tax structures (Ho, 2003; Ince and Owers, 2012), growth Dividend policy is always one of the main factors and development (Bulan et al., 2007; Elsady et al., that an investor will focus on when determining 2012), governmental policies (Belke and Polleit, 2006) their investment strategy. -
BROKER‐DEALER MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION The
BROKER‐DEALER MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION The Nasdaq Stock Market (“NQX”), Nasdaq BX (“BX”), Nasdaq PHLX (“PHLX”), Nasdaq ISE (“ISE”), Nasdaq GEMX (“GEMX”), Nasdaq MRX (“MRX”) (Collectively “Nasdaq”) A. Applicant Profile Full legal name of Applicant Organization (must be a registered broker dealer with the Securities and Exchange Commission): Date: CRD No. SEC No. 8‐ Main office address: Type of Main phone: Organization Corporation Partnership LLC Name of individual completing application: Email Address: Phone: Application Type Initial Nasdaq Application Amendment Add Nasdaq affiliated exchange/trading platform Change in business activity Full Membership ‐ Applicant is seeking membership Waive‐In Membership ‐ Applicant must be approved to a Nasdaq affiliated exchange for the first time. Refer to on at least one Nasdaq affiliated exchange or FINRA required supplemental material in Section M NOTE: FINRA members applying to Nasdaq for the first time are eligible to waive‐in on NQX, BX, ISE, GEMX and MRX. Approved members of NQX, BX, PHLX, ISE, GEMX or MRX may be eligible for waive‐in on additional Nasdaq affiliated exchanges. Indicate which Nasdaq SRO(s) Applicant is seeking membership on (check all that apply): The Nasdaq Stock Market Nasdaq BX Nasdaq PHLX ISE Equity Equity Equity GEMX Options Options Options MRX Indicate Nasdaq SRO(s) on which Applicant is an approved member, if applicable: The Nasdaq Stock Market Nasdaq BX Nasdaq PHLX ISE Equity Equity Equity GEMX Options Options Options MRX If Applicant is applying to PHLX, will PHLX be the Designated Examining Authority (“DEA”)? Yes ~ Must provide ALL required supplemental material with this application as outlined in Sections M and N No ~ Provide the SRO assigned as DEA for Applicant Organization ________________________________ Nasdaq Exchange Broker Dealer Membership Application 6/2021 1 | Page B. -
Initial Public Offerings
November 2017 Initial Public Offerings An Issuer’s Guide (US Edition) Contents INTRODUCTION 1 What Are the Potential Benefits of Conducting an IPO? 1 What Are the Potential Costs and Other Potential Downsides of Conducting an IPO? 1 Is Your Company Ready for an IPO? 2 GETTING READY 3 Are Changes Needed in the Company’s Capital Structure or Relationships with Its Key Stockholders or Other Related Parties? 3 What Is the Right Corporate Governance Structure for the Company Post-IPO? 5 Are the Company’s Existing Financial Statements Suitable? 6 Are the Company’s Pre-IPO Equity Awards Problematic? 6 How Should Investor Relations Be Handled? 7 Which Securities Exchange to List On? 8 OFFER STRUCTURE 9 Offer Size 9 Primary vs. Secondary Shares 9 Allocation—Institutional vs. Retail 9 KEY DOCUMENTS 11 Registration Statement 11 Form 8-A – Exchange Act Registration Statement 19 Underwriting Agreement 20 Lock-Up Agreements 21 Legal Opinions and Negative Assurance Letters 22 Comfort Letters 22 Engagement Letter with the Underwriters 23 KEY PARTIES 24 Issuer 24 Selling Stockholders 24 Management of the Issuer 24 Auditors 24 Underwriters 24 Legal Advisers 25 Other Parties 25 i Initial Public Offerings THE IPO PROCESS 26 Organizational or “Kick-Off” Meeting 26 The Due Diligence Review 26 Drafting Responsibility and Drafting Sessions 27 Filing with the SEC, FINRA, a Securities Exchange and the State Securities Commissions 27 SEC Review 29 Book-Building and Roadshow 30 Price Determination 30 Allocation and Settlement or Closing 31 Publicity Considerations -
Enterprise License
ENTERPRISE LICENSE OVERVIEW The Enterprise License options may not be available to all firms. Distributors may still be liable for the applicable distributor fees. For some products, there may be a minimum subscription length. Fees outlined below are monthly, and apply per Distributor unless otherwise noted. For additional information, please contact your Account Manager for details. ENTERPRISE LICENSES OFFERED: Enterprise Enterprise Description # Nasdaq U.S. NASDAQ DEPTH [TOTALVIEW/LEVEL 2] DISPLAY PROFESSIONAL AND NON PROFESSIONAL Stock [INTERNAL & EXTERNAL]: Permits Distributor to provide Nasdaq Depth through any electronic system Market 1 approved by Nasdaq to Professional and Non-Professional Subscribers who are natural persons and with whom the broker-dealer has a brokerage relationship. Use of the data obtained through this license by any Professional Subscriber shall be limited to the context of the brokerage relationship between that person and the broker-dealer. A Professional Subscriber who obtains data under this subsection may not use that data within the scope of any professional engagement. A separate enterprise license would be required for each discrete electronic system that is approved by Nasdaq and used by the broker-dealer. In addition to the Enterprise License fee, the applicable subscriber fees still apply. Distributors are exempt from payment of the Enhanced Display Solutions Distributor Fee. Distributors remain liable for the Enhanced Display Solutions (EDS) Subscriber Fees (see www.nasdaqtrader.com for pricing detail). Price: 25,000 USD PER MONTH + Subscriber fees of 60 USD or 9 USD per month for professionals or non-professionals respectively or EDS Subscriber fee for Nasdaq Depth Data U.S. -
China Client Alert
China Client Alert Hong Kong Regulator issues Guidelines on IPO Cornerstone Investments Last month, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange ("HKEx") issued new guidelines for cornerstone investments (the “Guidance Letter”). In the Guidance Letter, HKEx sets out its general policies on IPO cornerstone investments and expresses its concerns over side arrangements made between cornerstone investors and listing applicants. Paul, Weiss Asia Offices Highlights of HKEx's policies on IPO Cornerstone Investments: A) Principles for Approving IPO Cornerstone Investments BEIJING Unit 3601, Fortune Plaza Office HKEx approves a preferential placing to cornerstone investors Tower A based on the following principles: No. 7 Dong Sanhuan Zhonglu Chao Yang District, Beijing 100020 • Placing price is at IPO price, People’s Republic of China • +86 10 5828 6300 IPO shares are subject to lock-up (at least 6 months), • Investor has no board representation, HONG KONG Hong Kong Club Building, 12th Flo0r • Investor is independent of listing applicant, its connected persons 3A Chater Road, Central and their respective associates, Hong Kong • Details of placing arrangements are disclosed in the prospectus, +852 2846 0300 and TOKYO • IPO shares are counted as part of the public float so long as the Fukoku Seimei Building investor is a member of the public under Hong Kong Listing Rules. 2-2, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011, B) Reclassification of Cornerstone Investors as Pre-IPO Japan Investors +81 3 3597 8101 HKEx may reclassify a cornerstone investor as a pre-IPO investor if, with respect to acquisition of IPO shares, such investor (whether by way of side letters or otherwise): (i) receives any direct or indirect benefit (other than a guaranteed allocation of IPO shares), for example: • waiver of brokerage commission, • ©2013 Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & put option for other person to buy back shares after listing, Garrison LLP. -
The Time-Varying Liquidity Risk of Value and Growth Stocks
EDHEC-Risk Institute 393-400 promenade des Anglais 06202 Nice Cedex 3 Tel.: +33 (0)4 93 18 32 53 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.edhec-risk.com The Time-Varying Liquidity Risk of Value and Growth Stocks April 2010 Ferhat Akbas Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station Ekkehart Boehmer Affiliate Professor, EDHEC Business School Egemen Genc Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon, Eugene Ralitsa Petkova Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station Abstract We study the liquidity exposures of value and growth stocks over business cycles. In the worst times, value stocks have higher liquidity betas than in the best times, while the opposite holds for growth stocks. Small value stocks have higher liquidity exposures than small growth stocks in the worst times. Small growth stocks have higher liquidity exposures than small value stocks in the best times. Our results are consistent with a flight-to-quality explanation for the countercyclical nature of the value premium. Exposure to time-varying liquidity risk captures 35% of the small- stock value premium and 100% of the large-stock value premium. We thank seminar participants at Texas A&M University and the University of Oregon for helpful comments and suggestions. EDHEC is one of the top five business schools in France. Its reputation is built on the high quality of its faculty and the privileged relationship with professionals that the school has cultivated since its establishment in 1906. EDHEC Business School has decided to draw on its extensive knowledge of the professional environment and has therefore focused its research on themes that satisfy the needs of professionals. -
Performance Update
Performance Update A Multi-Cap Value Fund Seeking Long-Term Capital Appreciation * Mark Boyar Overview of 2nd Quarter 2021 Mark began his career as a securities analyst in 1968. In 1975, he founded Asset Analysis Focus, a subscription-based, institutional Compared with the first quarter of 2021, when the Georgia Senate research service focused on value investing. He quickly began runoff elections secured Democratic control of Congress (via the vice- managing money for high net worth clients and later formed Boyar presidential tiebreaker), protestors descended on the Capitol Building, Asset Management, a registered investment advisor, in 1983. He began and Archegos Capital imploded, the second quarter of 2021 was managing the Boyar Value Fund in 1998. His opinions are often sought tranquil. This calmness was reflected in the stock market, with the by such media outlets as Barron’s, Business Week, CNBC, Forbes, VIX (a measure of stock market volatility) ending the first half of 2021 Financial World, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. at 15.8. (In March 2020, at the height of the pandemic, that level reached 82.7.) Top Ten Equity Holdings Will the calm in the markets continue? Not necessarily, according to Nicholas Colas, cofounder of DataTrek Research, who notes that Holdings during the summer months, when trading desks are thinly staffed, any surprising developments “hit the market harder than they otherwise might . and since volatility and returns have a negative correlation, this dynamic can make for difficult investment environments.” History bears this out, says Akane Otani, writing in the Wall Street Journal: July delivers average gains of 1.6%, but according to the Stock Traders Almanac, historical August returns have been so poor that “August's a good month to go on vacation: trading stocks will lead to frustration.” The S&P 500 finished the second quarter of 2021 selling for 21.5x earnings (fwd.) versus 19.2x at the February 19, 2020, pre-COVID peak and 13.3x at the March 23, 2020, pandemic low. -
NYSE Listed Company Compliance Guidance Letter
NYSE Regulation 11 Wall Street New York, New York 10005 TO: NYSE Listed Company Executives FROM: NYSE Regulation RE: Listed Company Compliance Guidance for NYSE Issuers DATE: January 14, 2021 Each year, the staff of NYSE Regulation prepares a guidance memo for important rules and policies applicable to companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE” or the “Exchange”). A complete text of Exchange rules can be found online in the NYSE Listed Company Manual (“Listed Company Manual”). We have included items that are new below, with important reminders in the sections that follow. Please note that this memo is applicable to all listed issuers, with any rule or policy differences for Domestic vs. Foreign Private Issuers (“FPIs”) identified within. We encourage you to provide a copy of this memo to appropriate executives and outside advisers who handle matters related to your listing on the NYSE. We have also provided department contact information below. Please do not hesitate to contact the staff with any question or concern you may have. What’s New In response to the market and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NYSE filed with the SEC temporary rules that provided relief to listed companies from certain quantitative and shareholder approval rules in the Listed Company Manual, most of which expired on July 1, 2020. However, the relief pertaining to shareholder approval remains in effect through March 31, 2021. The shareholder approval relief generally waives related party limitations and bona fide private financing requirements in Listed Company Manual Section 312.03 for market price transactions. -
Sec Formalizes Its Position on Pipe Transactions
June 2007 SEC FORMALIZES ITS POSITION ON PIPE TRANSACTIONS By Jeffrey T. Hartlin, Elizabeth A. Brower and Michael L. Zuppone Private investment in public equity offerings, labeled primary offering made on behalf of the issuer, in which “PIPEs” by market participants, have become a case the PIPE investors would be viewed as effectively permanent alternative for raising equity capital by public acting as statutory underwriters with respect to the companies in need of financing. Pursuant to informal resale of their shares to the public. guidance issued by the Staff of the Securities and BACKGROUND Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in the mid 1990s, PIPEs have been treated as completed private placements not PIPE transactions have two components. The first subject to integration with subsequent registered component involves the original issuance of the secondary offerings by selling securityholders. Under securities – i.e., the private placement of securities by a this guidance, PIPE investors have been able to have the public company to one or more accredited investors in shares issued in (or the shares underlying convertible reliance on the statutory private placement exemption securities issued in) the PIPE transaction registered for provided by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act and/or public resale into the trading market concurrently with private offering exemption provided by Regulation D or soon after the closing of the PIPE transaction. under the Securities Act. The securities sold in PIPEs Recently, as described below, the treatment of PIPEs may include common stock, straight or convertible investors in registered offerings as just selling preferred stock, convertible debt or a combination of securityholders, as opposed to statutory underwriters, these securities, as well as warrants that are issued to has been called into question in certain circumstances. -
The Copeland Review Second Quarter 2020
The Copeland Review Second Quarter 2020 “We believe that stocks with sustainable dividend growth consistently outperform the market with less risk. ” (Don’t) Press Your Luck! "Today, these three players are after Big Bucks, but they'll have to avoid the Whammy, as they play the most exciting game of their lives! Big bucks, big bucks, no Whammies, come on!” - Press Your Luck, 1980s, 2019 and ‘20 Game Show One quarter ago, both the S&P 500 Index and are frequently driven by the most impaired, As our country works through this the MSCI World Ex US Index were down -20% lowest quality, highest risk stocks. So far, this period, we would like to express our year-to-date, on a total return basis, while the category has done well, along with thematic continued appreciation of everyone on Nasdaq Composite Index was down -14%. biotech and technology stocks, many of the front lines dealing with COVID-19. Now, having staged a remarkable rebound, the which are not profitable. Going forward, we Our hearts truly go out to you as well S&P 500 Index finds itself down only -4% and believe dividend growers can use their finan- and to those individuals and families directly impacted by the virus. the MSCI World Ex US Index is off only- 10% as cial strength to win the next stage of recov- of the end of June. Even more incredible, the ery while also proving more resilient should Nasdaq Composite Index rallied into positive things go south again, especially considering territory and now stands up +13% as of June that the valuations of dividend growth stocks Chart 1.