Crystallization Kinetics in Antimony and Tellurium Alloys Used for Phase Change Recording
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Niobium Doped BGO Glasses: Physical, Thermal and Optical Properties
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 3, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 80-87 www.iosrjournals.org Niobium doped BGO glasses: Physical, Thermal and Optical Properties Khair-u-Nisa1, Ejaz Ahmed2, M. Ashraf Chaudhry3 1,2,3Department of Physics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (60800), Pakistan. Abstract: IR- transparent niobium substituted heavy metal oxide glass system in formula composition (100-x) BGO75- xNb2O5; 5 ≤ x ≤ 25 was fabricated by quenching and press molding technique. Glassy state was confirmed by XRD. Density ρexp varied 6.381 g/cc-7.028 g/cc ±0.06%. Modifying behavior of Nb2O5 was corroborated by rate of increase in theoretical volume Vth, measured volume Vexp and oxygen molar volume -2 5+ 4+ VMO . Nb had larger cation radius and greater polarizing strength as compared to Ge ions. It replaced 4+ o Ge sites introducing more NBOs in the network. Transformation temperatures Tg, Tx and Tp1 were 456 -469 C ±2 oC, 516 -537 oC ±2 oC and 589 -624 oC ±2 oC respectively. In the range from room temperature to 400 oC -6 -1 -6 -1 the coefficient of linear thermal expansion α was 5.431±0.001*10 K to 7.333±0.001*10 K . ΔT = Tx-Tg and ΔTP1 = TP1-Tg varied collinearly with increase in niobium concentration and revealed thermal stability against devitrification. The direct bandgap Eg values lay in 3.24 -2.63 eV ±0.01 eV range and decreased due to impurity states of Nb5+ within the forbidden band. Mobility edges obeyed Urbach law verifying amorphousness of the compositions. -
Lecture 4 (Pdf)
GFD 2006 Lecture 4: Interfacial instability in two-component melts Grae Worster; notes by Shane Keating and Takahide Okabe March 15, 2007 So far, we have looked at some of the fundamentals associated with solidification of pure melts. When we try to solidify a solution of two or more components, salt and water, for example, the character of the solidification changes considerably. In particular, the presence of salt can depress the temperature at which ice and salt water can coexist in thermal equilibrium. This has an important consequence for the growth of sea ice: unless there is some other mechanism for the transport of the salt field, such as convection, the growth of the ice is limited by the rate at which excess salt can diffuse away from the interface. Finally, we will discuss the morphological instability in two-component melts. We shall see that the solute field is destabilizing and can give rise to morphological instability even when the liquid phase is not initially supercooled. 1 Two-component melts 1.1 A simple demonstration We shall begin with a simple demonstration. Crushed ice at 0◦C is placed in a cup with a thermometer. We add a handful of salt at room temperature and stir briskly. The ice begins to melt, but what happens to the temperature? We notice that there is some melt water in the cup, which helps bring the ice and salt into contact, and see a fairly rapid decrease in the temperature measured by the thermometer: after a few minutes, it reads almost 10 C. -
Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Nitride Films
INL/JOU-17-42260-Revision-0 Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Nitride Films Dennis D. Keiser, Jr, Delia Perez-Nunez, Sean M. McDeavitt, Marie Y. Arrieta July 2017 The INL is a U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Battelle Energy Alliance INL/JOU-17-42260-Revision-0 Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Nitride Films Dennis D. Keiser, Jr, Delia Perez-Nunez, Sean M. McDeavitt, Marie Y. Arrieta July 2017 Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 http://www.inl.gov Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517 Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Nitride Films a b c c Marie Y. Arrieta, Dennis D. Keiser Jr., Delia Perez-Nunez, * and Sean M. McDeavitt a Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 b Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401 c Texas A&M University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, College Station, Texas 77840 Received November 11, 2016 Accepted for Publication May 23, 2017 Abstract — – A fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FB-CVD) process was designed and established in a two-part experiment to produce zirconium nitride barrier coatings on uranium-molybdenum particles for a reduced enrichment dispersion fuel concept. A hot-wall, inverted fluidized bed reaction vessel was developed for this process, and coatings were produced from thermal decomposition of the metallo-organic precursor tetrakis(dimethylamino)zirconium (TDMAZ) in high- purity argon gas. Experiments were executed at atmospheric pressure and low substrate temperatures (i.e., 500 to 550 K). Deposited coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and wavelength dis-persive spectroscopy. -
Reduction of Rocksalt Phase in Ag-Doped Ge2sb2te5: a Potential Material for Reversible Near-Infrared Window
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 10, 054070 (2018) Reduction of Rocksalt Phase in Ag-Doped Ge2Sb2Te5: A Potential Material for Reversible Near-Infrared Window Palwinder Singh,1,2 A.P. Singh,3 Jeewan Sharma,4 Akshay Kumar,4 Monu Mishra,5 Govind Gupta,5 and Anup Thakur2,* 1 Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India 2 Advanced Materials Research Lab, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India 3 Department of Physics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, India 4 Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140407, India 5 Advanced Materials and Devices Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India (Received 15 July 2018; revised manuscript received 1 November 2018; published 30 November 2018) Phase-change materials are attracting much attention in the scientific and engineering communities owing to their applications and underlying basic phenomena. Ge2Sb2Te5 is reversible-phase-change mate- rial (amorphous to crystalline and vice versa) that is used for optical data storage and phase-change random-access memory and has recently been explored for use as a reversible near-infrared (NIR) win- dow [Singh et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 261102 (2017)]. For a reversible NIR window, large transmission contrast between two phases and low phase-transition temperature are required to reduce the power con- ( ) = sumption. In the present work, phase transition in thermally deposited Ge2Sb2Te5 100−xAgx (x 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10) thin films is achieved by vacuum thermal annealing. Transmission sharply decreases with phase transition in the NIR region. -
Predicting Polymers' Glass Transition Temperature by a Chemical
polymers Article Predicting Polymers’ Glass Transition Temperature by a Chemical Language Processing Model Guang Chen 1 , Lei Tao 1 and Ying Li 1,2,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (L.T.) 2 Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We propose a chemical language processing model to predict polymers’ glass transition temperature (Tg) through a polymer language (SMILES, Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) embedding and recurrent neural network. This model only receives the SMILES strings of a polymer’s repeat units as inputs and considers the SMILES strings as sequential data at the character level. Using this method, there is no need to calculate any additional molecular descriptors or fingerprints of polymers, and thereby, being very computationally efficient. More importantly, it avoids the difficulties to generate molecular descriptors for repeat units containing polymerization point ‘*’. Results show that the trained model demonstrates reasonable prediction performance on unseen polymer’s Tg. Besides, this model is further applied for high-throughput screening on an unlabeled polymer database to identify high-temperature polymers that are desired for applications in extreme environments. Our work demonstrates that the SMILES strings of polymer repeat units can be used as an effective feature representation to develop a chemical language processing model for predictions of polymer Tg. The framework of this model is general and can be used to construct structure–property relationships for other polymer properties. Citation: Chen, G.; Tao, L.; Li, Y. -
Phase-Change Properties of Gesbte Thin Films Deposited by Plasma
Song et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:89 DOI 10.1186/s11671-015-0815-5 NANO EXPRESS Open Access Phase-change properties of GeSbTe thin films deposited by plasma-enchanced atomic layer depositon Sannian Song1*, Dongning Yao1, Zhitang Song1, Lina Gao2, Zhonghua Zhang1,LeLi1, Lanlan Shen1, Liangcai Wu1, Bo Liu1, Yan Cheng1 and Songlin Feng1 Abstract Phase-change access memory (PCM) appears to be the strongest candidate for next-generation high-density nonvolatile memory. The fabrication of ultrahigh-density PCM depends heavily on the thin-film growth technique for the phase-changing chalcogenide material. In this study, Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and GeSb8Te thin films were deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) method using Ge [(CH3)2 N]4,Sb[(CH3)2 N]3,Te (C4H9)2 as precursors and plasma-activated H2 gas as reducing agent of the metallorganic precursors. Compared with GST-based device, GeSb8Te-based device exhibits a faster switching speed and reduced reset voltage, which is attributed to the growth-dominated crystallization mechanism of the Sb-rich GeSb8Te films. These results show that ALD is an attractive method for preparation of phase-change materials. Keywords: Phase-change memory; Atomic layer deposition; Microstructure; Electric properties Background of the limited on-current drive capability of the cell tran- Phase-change memory (PCM) has been regarded as one sistor [6]. It has been reported that a confined cell struc- of the most promising nonvolatile memories for the next ture where the phase-change material is formed inside a generation because of the advantages of high speed, low contact via is expected to be essential for the next- power, good endurance, high scalability, and fabrication generation PCM device because it requires lower switch- compatibility with complementary metal-oxide semicon- ing power [7,8]. -
Colorless and Transparent High – Temperature-Resistant Polymer Optical Films – Current Status and Potential Applications in Optoelectronic Fabrications
Chapter 3 Colorless and Transparent high – Temperature-Resistant Polymer Optical Films – Current Status and Potential Applications in Optoelectronic Fabrications Jin-gang Liu, Hong-jiang Ni, Zhen-he Wang, Shi-yong Yang and Wei-feng Zhou Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60432 Abstract Recent research and development of colorless and transparent high-temperature- resistant polymer optical films (CHTPFs) have been reviewed. CHTPF films possess the merits of both common polymer optical film and aromatic high-temperature- resistant polymer films and thus have been widely investigated as components for microelectronic and optoelectronic fabrications. The current paper reviews the latest research and development for CHTPF films, including their synthesis chemistry, manufacturing process, and engineering applications. Especially, this review focuses on the applications of CHTPF films as flexible substrates for optoelectrical devices, such as flexible active matrix organic light-emitting display devices (AMOLEDs), flexible printing circuit boards (FPCBs), and flexible solar cells. Keywords: colorless polymer films, high temperature, synthesis, flexible substrates 1. Introduction Various polymer optical films have been widely applied in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices [1]. Recently, with the ever-increasing demands of high reliability, high integration, high wiring density, and high signal transmission speed for optoelectronic fabrications, the service temperatures of polymer optical films have dramatically increased [2, 3]. For instance, © 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
3 About the Nature of the Structural Glass Transition: an Experimental Approach
3 About the Nature of the Structural Glass Transition: An Experimental Approach J. K. Kr¨uger1,2, P. Alnot1,3, J. Baller1,2, R. Bactavatchalou1,2,3,4, S. Dorosz1,3, M. Henkel1,3, M. Kolle1,4,S.P.Kr¨uger1,3,U.M¨uller1,2,4, M. Philipp1,2,4,W.Possart1,5, R. Sanctuary1,2, Ch. Vergnat1,4 1 Laboratoire Europ´een de Recherche, Universitaire Sarre-Lorraine-(Luxembourg) [email protected] 2 Universit´edu Luxembourg, Laboratoire de Physique des Mat´eriaux,162a, avenue de la Fa¨ıencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg 3 Universit´eHenriPoincar´e, Nancy 1, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, Nancy, France 4 Universit¨atdes Saarlandes, Experimentalphysik, POB 151150, D-66041 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany 5 Universit¨at des Saarlandes, Werkstoffwissenschaften, POB 151150, D-66041 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany Abstract. The nature of the glassy state and of the glass transition of structural glasses is still a matter of debate. This debate stems predominantly from the kinetic features of the thermal glass transition. However the glass transition has at least two faces: the kinetic one which becomes apparent in the regime of low relaxation frequencies and a static one observed in static or frequency-clamped linear and non-linear susceptibilities. New results concerning the so-called α-relaxation process show that the historical view of an unavoidable cross-over of this relaxation time with the experimental time scale is probably wrong and support instead the existence of an intrinsic glass transition. In order to prove this, three different experimental strategies have been applied: studying the glass transition at extremely long time scales, the investigation of properties which are not sensitive to the kinetics of the glass transition and studying glass transitions which do not depend at all on a forced external time scale. -
Lecture #16 Glass-Ceramics: Nature, Properties and Processing Edgar Dutra Zanotto Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil [email protected] Spring 2015
Glass Processing Lecture #16 Glass-ceramics: Nature, properties and processing Edgar Dutra Zanotto Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil [email protected] Spring 2015 Lectures available at: www.lehigh.edu/imi Sponsored by US National Science Foundation (DMR-0844014) 1 Glass-ceramics: nature, applications and processing (2.5 h) 1- High temperature reactions, melting, homogeneization and fining 2- Glass forming: previous lectures 3- Glass-ceramics: definition & applications (March 19) Today, March 24: 4- Composition and properties - examples 5- Thermal treatments – Sintering (of glass powder compactd) or -Controlled nucleation and growth in the glass bulk 6- Micro and nano structure development April 16 7- Sophisticated processing techniques 8- GC types and applications 9- Concluding remmarks 2 Review of Lecture 15 Glass-ceramics -Definition -History -Nature, main characteristics -Statistics on papers / patents - Properties, thermal treatments micro/ nanostructure design 3 Reading assignments E. D. Zanotto – Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., October 2010 Zanotto 4 The discovery of GC Natural glass-ceramics, such as some types of obsidian “always” existed. René F. Réaumur – 1739 “porcelain” experiments… In 1953, Stanley D. Stookey, then a young researcher at Corning Glass Works, USA, made a serendipitous discovery ...… 5 <rms> 1nm Zanotto 6 Transparent GC for domestic uses Zanotto 7 Company Products Crystal type Applications Photosensitive and etched patterned Foturan® Lithium-silicate materials SCHOTT, Zerodur® β-quartz ss Telescope mirrors Germany -
Technical Glasses
Technical Glasses Physical and Technical Properties 2 SCHOTT is an international technology group with 130 years of ex perience in the areas of specialty glasses and materials and advanced technologies. With our highquality products and intelligent solutions, we contribute to our customers’ success and make SCHOTT part of everyone’s life. For 130 years, SCHOTT has been shaping the future of glass technol ogy. The Otto Schott Research Center in Mainz is one of the world’s leading glass research institutions. With our development center in Duryea, Pennsylvania (USA), and technical support centers in Asia, North America and Europe, we are present in close proximity to our customers around the globe. 3 Foreword Apart from its application in optics, glass as a technical ma SCHOTT Technical Glasses offers pertinent information in terial has exerted a formative influence on the development concise form. It contains general information for the deter of important technological fields such as chemistry, pharma mination and evaluation of important glass properties and ceutics, automotive, optics, optoelectronics and information also informs about specific chemical and physical character technology. Traditional areas of technical application for istics and possible applications of the commercial technical glass, such as laboratory apparatuses, flat panel displays and glasses produced by SCHOTT. With this brochure, we hope light sources with their various requirements on chemical to assist scientists, engineers, and designers in making the physical properties, have led to the development of a great appropriate choice and make optimum use of SCHOTT variety of special glass types. Through new fields of appli products. cation, particularly in optoelectronics, this variety of glass types and their modes of application have been continually Users should keep in mind that the curves or sets of curves enhanced, and new forming processes have been devel shown in the diagrams are not based on precision measure oped. -
Movement Between Bonded Optics
MOVEMENT BETWEEN BONDED OPTICS Andrew Bachmann, Dr. John Arnold and Nicole Langer DYMAX Corporation, September 13, 2001 INTRODUCTION Controlling the movement of bonded optical parts depends, in large measure, on the properties of the adhesives used. Common issues include both shrinkage during cure and expansion during thermal excursions. Designers have historically had to limit their designs to optics whose thermal range fell below the then-available “high” glass transition temperature (Tg) epoxies; i.e., operating below the adhesive’s Tg. However, many of today’s optical devices employ even higher operating temperatures and require greater resistance to environmental conditions. The common minus 50ºC to plus 200ºC microelectronic test operating range challenges even classical “High Tg” optical epoxies. The NO SHRINK™ family of Optical Positioning adhesives features low total movement between bonded parts either on cure or when the optical device is thermally cycled. NO SHRINK™ products are based on novel, patent- applied-for technology. This technology was incorporated into light curing urethane-acrylics to create products with thermal characteristics that are different from those of older technology adhesives. Table 1. Dimensional changes (measured at 25ºC) Adhesive OP-60-LS Adhesive OP-64-LS < 0.1% (during UV Cure) < 0.1% (during UV Cure) < 0.1% (after 24 hr, 120°C) < 0.1% (after 24 hr, 120°C) Tg ~ 50ºC Tg ~ 125ºC “Rules of thumb” for comparing epoxy resins are not accurate for comparing other resins or other resins with epoxies. Novel NO SHRINK™ UV and visible light curing adhesives exhibit less total movement over a temperature range regardless of the Tg. -
Effect of Cladding Layer Glass Transition Temperature on Thermal Resistance of Graded-Index Plastic Optical fibers
Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 823–826 & 2014 The Society of Polymer Science, Japan (SPSJ) All rights reserved 0032-3896/14 www.nature.com/pj NOTE Effect of cladding layer glass transition temperature on thermal resistance of graded-index plastic optical fibers Hirotsugu Yoshida1, Ryosuke Nakao1, Yuki Masabe1, Kotaro Koike2 and Yasuhiro Koike2 Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 823–826; doi:10.1038/pj.2014.75; published online 27 August 2014 INTRODUCTION maleimide (cHMI) doped with diphenyl sulfide, and the cladding and Graded-index plastic optical fibers (GI POFs)1 are a highly over-cladding polymers were poly(methyl mathacrylate) and competitive transmission medium for short-range communications poly(carbonate), respectively. In this study, we used two types of such as local area networks and interconnections. Because GI POFs commercial poly(methyl mathacrylate) resins with different Tg values have a parabolic refractive index profile in the core region, modal and compared the long-term thermal reliability of the GI POFs in dispersion is minimized and high-speed data transmission of over a terms of fiber attenuation. gigabit per second is possible. Currently, most suppliers produce GI 2 POFs via coextrusion and a dopant diffusion method; the core EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE polymer, which contains a diffusible dopant that has a higher Materials refractive index than that of the base polymer, and the cladding TClEMA and cHMI were purchased from Osaka Organic Chemical Industry polymer are concentrically extruded. The core and cladding (Osaka, Japan) and Nippon Shokubai (Osaka, Japan), respectively. Diphenyl polymers flow together into a diffusion zone, and the dopant from sulfide and lauryl mercaptan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan the core layer diffuses toward the cladding layer, forming the (Tokyo, Japan), and di-tert-hexyl peroxide was purchased from NOF Corpora- GI profile.