GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC

22 January 2021 SERIES II Sheet No 182

DECISIONS 5. Law 2540/1997 ratifying the Convention on No ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΚΑΠΑ/5615/121 Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Approval of the National Air Pollution Control Context (Espoo Convention) (Government Gazette, Programme, in accordance with Article 7 of Joint Series I, No 249); Ministerial Decision 67467/3577/2018 on the 6. Law 3422/2005 ratifying the Convention on access to reduction of national emissions of certain information, public participation in decision making and atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive access to justice in environmental matters (Aarhus 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC — Convention) (Government Gazette, Series I, No 303); transposition of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the 7. the provisions of Article 1(26) of Law 3065/2002 on the European Parliament and of the Council transfer of competences of the Council of Ministers to other (OJ L 334, 17.12.2016, p. 1), (Government Gazette, government bodies (Government Gazette, Series I, Series II, No 4740) No 251); 8. the provisions of Article 90 of the Legislative Code on THE MINISTERS FOR government and government bodies, as entered into force DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTMENT – under Article 1 of Presidential Decree 63/2005 codifying the ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY – legislation on government and government bodies INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT – (Government Gazette, Series I, No 98) and subsequently MARITIME AFFAIRS AND INSULAR POLICY – amended by Chap. 2 paragraph 2 of Law 4320/2015, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD Government Gazette, Series I, No 29); 9. the provisions of Law 4622/2019 ‘Executive state: Having regard to: organisation, functioning and transparency of the 1. the provisions of Article 2 of Law 2077/1992 ratifying government, government bodies and central public the Treaty on European Union and the relevant protocols administration’ (Government Gazette, Series I, No 133), as and declarations contained in the Final Act (Government in force; Gazette, Series I, No 136) and Articles 1 and 2(1)(g) of Law 10. the provisions of Articles 42-49 of Chap. E of 1338/1983 on the application of Community law Presidential Decree 28/2015 codifying provisions on access (Government Gazette, Series I, No 34), as in force, and the to public documents and information (Government Gazette, provisions of Article 65 of Law 1892/1990, Government Series I, No 34); Gazette, Series I, No 101); 11. Decision Y 3/2020 of the Prime Minister determining 2. the provisions of Articles 7, 8, 28, 29 and 30 of Law the order of the Ministries (Government Gazette, Series II, 1650/1986 on environmental protection (Government No 48), in conjunction with Article 115(3) of Law 4622/2019, Gazette, Series I, No 160), as in force; Government Gazette, Series I, No 133); 3. the provisions of Section A of Law 4042/2012 on 12. Presidential Decree 81/2019 establishing, merging, criminal protection of the environment — Harmonisation renaming and abolishing Ministries and defining their with Directive 2008/99/EC — Framework for the production responsibilities — Transfer of Services and Responsibilities and management of waste — Harmonisation with Directive among Ministries (Government Gazette, Series I, No 119); 2008/98/EC, and regulating matters relating to the Ministry 13. Presidential Decree 83/2019 on the appointment of the of the Environment, Energy and Climate Change Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers, Alternate Ministers and (Government Gazette, Series I, No 24), as in force; Deputy Ministers (Government Gazette, Series I, No 121); 4. Law 1374/1983 ratifying the Convention on Long-range 14. Presidential Decree 2/2021 on the appointment of Transboundary Air Pollution (Government Gazette, Series I, Ministers, Deputy Ministers and Deputy Ministers No 91) and Law 2543/1997 (Government Gazette, Series I, (Government Gazette, Series I, No 2); No 252) and Law 2542/1997 (Government Gazette, 15. Joint Ministerial Decision No 35/2021 of the Prime Series I, No 251) ratifying the respective Protocols to the Minister and the Minister for the Environment and Energy above Convention (LRTAP Convention); delegating powers to the Deputy Minister for the 1588 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Environment and Energy, Georgios Amyras (Government implementation of Directive (EU) 2016/2284, ‘Opinion of the Gazette, Series II, No 178); TIWG on the National Air Pollution Control Programme’; 16. Presidential Decree 84/2019 on the establishment 27. the fact that this Decision entails no expenditure under and abolition of Secretaries-General and Special the national budget; have decided as follows: Secretariats / Single Administrative Sectors of Ministries (Government Gazette, Series I, No 123); Article 1 17. Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament Purpose and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of This Decision aims to approve the National Air Pollution national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, Control Programme (NAPCP), pursuant to Article 7(3) of amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive Joint Ministerial Decision ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΝΕΠ/67467/3577/2018 2001/81/EC (OJ L 344, 14.12.2016, p. 1); and consequently of Article 6 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of 18. Joint Ministerial Decision No 67467/3577/2018 of the the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December Ministers for Economy and Development – Environment and 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain Energy – Infrastructure and Transport – Maritime Affairs and atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC Insular Policy – Rural Development and Food (Government and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (OJ L 344, 17.12.2016, Gazette, Series II, No 4740) on the reduction of national p. 1), with a view to achieving national commitments to emissions of certain air pollutants, amendment of Directive reduce anthropogenic emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), 2003/35/EC and Directive 2001/81/EC – transposition of nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate of the Council (OJ L 344, 14.12.2016, p. 1); matter (PM2.5), as provided for in Annex II to the above Joint 19. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1522 Ministerial Decision. of 11 October 2018 laying down a common format for national air pollution control programmes under Directive Article 2 (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Approval of the National Air Pollution Control Council on the reduction of national emissions of certain Programme atmospheric pollutants (OJ L 256, 12.10.2018, p. 87); 1. The National Air Pollution Control Programme, drawn 20. Decision 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament up in accordance with the requirements, conditions and and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a General Union procedure referred to in Article 7 of Joint Ministerial Decision Environment Action Programme to 2020 (OJ L 354, ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΝΕΠ/67467/3577/2018, is hereby approved. 28.12.2013); 2. The National Air Pollution Control Programme, which is 21. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and included in the Annex to this Decision, shall, within one of the Council of 21 May 2008 on air quality and cleaner air month of its adoption, be posted on the official website of the for Europe; Ministry of the Environment and Energy in accordance with 22. the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), ratified Article 7(6) of the above Joint Ministerial Decision so that all by Decision 4/2019 of the Government Economic Policy interested parties can have full and unhindered access to it. Council (Government Gazette, Series II, No 4893); 3. The National Air Pollution Control Programme is 23. the report on the public consultation for the national updated in accordance with Article 7(5) and (7) of Joint programme for the Control of Air Pollution, which was Ministerial Decision ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΝΕΠ/67467/3577/2018. posted on the website of the Ministry of the Environment and 4. The competent authority for monitoring the Energy; implementation of the National Air Pollution Control 24. Joint Decision ΔΝΣα/οικ. Programme is the Directorate for Climate Change and Air 59172/7775/ΦΝ459/19.7.2019 of the Prime Minister and the Quality of the Directorate-General for Environmental Policy Minister for Infrastructure and Transport on the assignment of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, in accordance of responsibilities to the Deputy Minister for Infrastructure with the specific provisions of Article 4 of the above Joint and Transport, Ioannis Kefalogiannis (Government Gazette, Ministerial Decision. Series II, No 3058);

25. Decision ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΔΥ/20080/2366/21.2.2020 of the Article 3 Secretary-General for Natural Environment and Water of the Annex Ministry of the Environment and Energy establishing a Technical Interministerial Working Group (TIWG) for the The following Annex containing the National Air Pollution implementation of Directive (EU) 2016/2284; Control Programme is attached hereto and forms an integral 26. Document ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΚΑΠΑ/91185/1538/23.9.2020 part of this Decision. from the Technical Interministerial Working Group on the

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ANNEX NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME 1 INTRODUCTION Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (NECD), which was transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Decision ΥΠΕN/ΔΝΕΠ/67467/3577/5.10.2018 (Government gazette, Series II, No 4740), provides for the obligation of the country to prepare, establish and implement a National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP). The programme contains national policies and measures to comply with national emission reduction commitments for the years 2020 to 2029 and from 2030 onwards, as provided for in the above legislation, for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter PM2.5 It is mainly based on the measures and policies contained in the institutionalised National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), but also on measures and policies relating to agriculture, waste management and transport. The assessment of the impact of the measures and policies (already implemented or planned to be implemented based on the above) on air pollutant emissions shows that Greece will achieve the projected reductions in emissions of air pollutants on the basis of its commitments. 1590 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Table of contents

1 INTRODUCTION......

2.1 Title of the programme, contact information and websites ......

2.2 Executive summary (Ο) ......

2.3. The national air quality and pollution policy framework ......

2.4. Progress made by current Policies and Measures (PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations, compared to 2005 ......

2.5. Projected further evolution assuming that already adopted PaMs will not be modified ......

2.6. Policy options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030, and intermediate emission levels for 2025 ......

2.7. The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review, and the competent authorities responsible ......

2.8. Projected combined impacts of PaMs ('With Additional Measures – WAM’) on emission reductions, air quality and the environment, and the associated uncertainties (if applicable) ...... Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1591

2.1 Title of the programme, contact information and websites

2.1.1. Title of the programme, contact information and websites (M)

Title of Programme National Air Pollution Control Programme Date Member State Greece Name of competent authority responsible for MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY drawing up the programme Telephone number of competent service +30 210 8646939 Email address of competent service [email protected] Link to website where the programme is published www.ypen.gr Link(s) to the website(s) for the consultation(s) on http://www.opengov.gr/minenv/?p=10538#comments the programme

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2.2 Executive summary (Ο) In the agricultural sector, the objectives are set by the Existing policy framework and objectives institutional framework of the Common Agricultural Policy, The national policy framework on air quality and pollution, which refers to agri-environmental measures and climate climate change and energy and other related areas change both in the direct support scheme [Regulation (EU) includes: No 1307/2013 of the European Parliament and of the (a) the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP, Council of 17 December 2013 (OJ L 347/608)], in particular Government Gazette, Series II, No 4893/2019), which by introducing obligations for the implementation of constitutes a strategic plan for climate and energy issues for agricultural practices which are beneficial for the the Greek Government; environment and the climate (greening), and in the support (b) Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and scheme for rural development [Regulation (EU) of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality No 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the (OJ L 152); Council of 17 December 2013; OJ L 347/487]. In addition, (c) transposition into national law of Directive (EU) Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 (L 347/549), Regulation 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of (EU) No 604/2014 (L 167/30) and Regulation (EU) 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic No 809/2014 (L 227/69) refer to climate change in terms of products on the environment (SUP) (OJ L 155/1); the cross-compliance regime. (d) the institutional framework of the Common Agricultural This framework provides Member States with a range of Policy; opportunities and options on how to adapt to their climate (e) the National Strategic Transport Plan (NSTP); change strategy and priorities. (f) European direction for the circular economy, These options are described in national institutional texts transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/904 into national law; concerning: (a) cross-compliance (Ministerial Decision (g) Council Directive 1999/13/EC of 11 March 1999 on the No 1791/74062/2.7.2015 (Government Gazette, Series II, limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to No 1468) describing the obligations of producers with regard the use of organic solvents in certain activities and to the application and management of fertilisers and the installations (L 85/1); management of livestock waste; (b) the national choices, (h) Directive 2004/42/EC of the European Parliament and administrative measures and procedures for implementing of the Council of 21 April 2004 on the limitation of emissions direct payments (Ministerial Decision of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic No 104/7056/21.1.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle No 147) specifying the greening practices; and (c) the Rural refinishing products and amending Directive 1999/13/EC Development Programme 2014-2020, which describes the (L 143); measures aimed at climate change and the framework for (i) Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and their implementation. of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions In the sector of waste management, the main target is to (integrated pollution prevention and control) (L 334/17). transpose Directive 2019/904/EU into national law and to The achievement of the energy and climate targets of promptly launch actions to eliminate single-use plastics by Greece by the year 2030 is reflected in the National Energy 2021. and Climate Plan (NECP), ratified by Decision 4/2019 of the In the sector of building structures, the main objectives Government Economic Policy Council (Government are: bio-climate design of buildings, smart building materials Gazette, Series II, No 4893). The NECP is a strategic plan (building materials of changing thermophysical for the Greek government on climate and energy issues and characteristics with self-cleaning properties to remove sets out a detailed roadmap for achieving specific targets. volatile organic compounds and inorganic atmospheric In particular, the NECP sets the following targets for the pollutants, or enhanced reflectivity, with a view to reducing year 2030: adsorbed heat, etc.); microclimate in cities with green (a) reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 42 % roofs – refurbishment of buildings, squares, etc. Recycling in relation to 1990 emissions and by more than 55 % in of ‘grey waters’ in public buildings and generally; reducing relation to 2005 emissions, exceeding even the central the environmental footprint (Life Cycle Analysis). European targets; In the transport sector, the main objectives are those set (b) a RES share of at least 35 % in gross final energy by the National Strategic Transport Plan and especially consumption; objective 3: ensuring the environmental sustainability (c) improving energy efficiency, with the aim to lower final achieved by shifting to more environmentally friendly means energy consumption in 2030 compared to that recorded in of transport. The plan provides for the renewal of the fleet of 2017. In addition, a 38 % qualitative improvement in energy vehicles (all types). The plan includes a number of actions, efficiency is achieved according to a specific European for example measure M 1: restrictions on the age of methodology; imported vehicles (all types). As part of this measure, it is (d) a programme for the drastic and definitive reduction of proposed to agree on a progressive age reduction timetable the share of lignite in electricity generation; transition from for imported vehicles per vehicle type, for both horizons lignite. (2027, 2037). According to the National Energy and Climate In addition to the NECP and its objectives, relevant policy Plan (NECP), electrically powered vehicles are expected to priorities in other policy areas are: penetrate traffic, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of gaseous pollutants. In order to implement Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1593 the deployment of electricity charging infrastructure Energy, is related to thematic areas that greatly affect urban networks in conjunction with fleet renewal strategies, with mobility as a key parameter of the operation of the city, since the aim of promoting the supply and use of cleaner electric spatial planning guides traffic and transport planning. vehicles, the NSTP proposes a package of measures, National authorities include the Regulatory Authority for divided into soft measures and infrastructure measures. Energy, the Independent Power Transmission Operator In order to achieve the above objectives and to reduce (ADMIE), the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network emissions, specific measures and policies are implemented, Operator (DEDDIE SA), etc. The responsibilities of these in which national, regional and local authorities have distinct authorities relate to the regulation of the electricity and gas responsibilities. Responsibilities focus on the areas of air markets, while ADMIE is responsible for the control, quality and air pollution. National authorities shall mean the maintenance and development of the Hellenic Electricity Ministries, such as the Ministry of the Environment and Transmission System (ESMIE) in order to ensure that Energy, the Ministry of Finance, etc. One of the Greece is supplied with electricity in an adequate, secure, responsibilities of the Ministry of the Environment and efficient and reliable manner, as well as the functioning of Energy is the establishment and implementation of the electricity market related to non-Day-Ahead Scheduling programmes to measure, record and assess pollution levels, (DAS) transactions, in accordance with the principles of the assessment of ambient air quality as well as the equal treatment and free competition. Regional authorities supervision of the operation of the national network of are regions and decentralised administrations responsible stations for air quality monitoring and background stations for implementing measures and monitoring, reporting on for monitoring and assessing the long-range transport of air and coordinating air quality (Joint Ministerial Decision pollutants in Europe, monitoring, drafting or supervising the 14122/549/Ε.103/24.3.2011, Series II, No 488). They are process of recording air pollutant emissions, sending also consulted on the environmental impact of projects reports, national plans and other information which arise as planned to be implemented within the boundaries of the obligations under the National Emission Ceilings Directive region, while decentralised administrations have powers to and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air impose conditions (including, where appropriate, Pollution (CLRTAP), monitoring and controlling the inspections and permit issuing). Local authorities include the implementation of environmental conditions applied on municipalities’ environmental directorates, which are projects and activities related to environmental protection responsible for implementing conditions. provisions and proposing sanctions in case of their violation, as well as any other issue related to environmental National emission reduction commitments The national inspections of projects and activities, and any other air quality and pollution policy framework aims to reduce responsibility assigned to it by the provisions of current emissions of SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3 and PM2.5. The table legislation, carrying out checks during transboundary below shows the national emission reduction commitments shipments of waste, etc. In addition, part of the for Greece compared to base year 2005 (in %). responsibilities of the Ministry of the Environment and

Table 1: National emission reduction commitments compared to base year 2005 (in %) SO2 NOx Non- NH3 PM2.5 methane volatile organic compounds 2020-2029 74 % 31 % 54 % 7 % 35 % (M) From 2030 88 % 55 % 62 % 10 % 50 % onwards (M)

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Air pollutant levels For ozone there is a stabilisation tendency in values with As regards air quality, the evolution over time of measured a marked variation from year to year, depending on concentrations of air pollutants indicates that there is a meteorological conditions, due to the nature of the pollutant. decrease tendency in values or stabilisation tendency Exceedances of the target value are very frequent during the depending on the pollutant. These reductions are due to the warm period of the year, as well as exceedances of the adoption of measures and policies such as the improvement information threshold only in Agglomeration 1 — Athens. of fuel characteristics, the renewal of the vehicle fleet with These exceedances are mainly due to the geographical incentives for replacement and the establishment of two low- location of the country (high levels of sunlight and high emission zones for road traffic emissions in Athens and temperatures, which favour ozone formation) and occur in Thessaloniki. In addition, the adoption of best available all the southern EU countries. techniques (BAT) in industry, in particular steam power For nitrogen dioxide (NO2) there is a tendency of plants (steam power plants), has contributed to the stabilisation or slight increase of values in recent years, reductions. depending on the measuring position. Only the average However, despite the improvement in air quality, limit annual limit value has been exceeded over time in traffic values for air quality of some pollutants, such as nitrogen stations only in Agglomeration 1 – Athens. dioxide, mainly in traffic stations in Athens, of particulate Concentrations of SO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) during matter (PM10) in urban areas and of ozone, are still being the winter are higher than during the summer. Maximum CO exceeded. values coincide with maximum traffic values. The In Greece there are two (2) zones and two concentrations of these pollutants never exceed the limit (2) agglomerations: (a) Zone 1 – N. Greece and Zone 2 – S. values in any zone and agglomeration in the country. Greece; (b) Agglomeration 1 – Athens and Benzene concentrations are below the limit value, with the Agglomeration 2 – Thessaloniki. The main characteristics of exception of one traffic position in Agglomeration 1 – air pollution in Greece, in line with the air quality objectives Athens, where the average daily limit value has been set out in Directive 2008/50/EU, can be summarised as exceeded since 2015. follows: Concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), — There is a general tendency to reduce concentrations cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) are below the lower of certain atmospheric pollutants. This reduction is observed assessment threshold in all zones and agglomerations in the mainly in the concentrations of primary air pollutants, such country. as CO, NO and SO2. Therefore, the reduction of the above pollutant — There is a significant reduction in the concentration concentrations that occur in exceedances of limit values levels of PM10, which is related to the reduction of the should be part of the priorities of air quality policy. These respective emissions at national level. In the concentration pollutants are directly or indirectly linked to road traffic and levels of PM10, the contribution of dust transport from remote therefore measures aimed at reducing road traffic emissions dry areas (Sahara) is significant. Such carry-over effects are being considered and adopted. often occur throughout the year. Also, high values of Emission levels of air pollutants concentration of PM10 are observed on certain days of Policies already in place to bring emissions into line with winter, during which favourable weather conditions prevail, the limits set by the national air quality and pollution policy due to biomass combustion for domestic heating. Note that framework have made significant progress. since 2012, and after subtracting the contribution of dust In particular, according to the national inventory of 2019, transport from the Sahara to the measured concentrations emissions of SO2 have decreased by 87.41 % in 2017 of PM10, there are no more exceedances of the average compared to 2005 (from 549.35 kt in 2005 to 69.16 kt in annual limit value in any zone and agglomeration of the 2017) and Greece has already achieved the national country. However, even after subtracting the contribution of commitment to reduce emissions of SO2 for the period 2020- the transport of dust from the Sahara, there are still 2029 (74 % compared to 2005). SO2 emissions trajectory exceedances of the average daily limit value for certain from 1990 to 2017 monitoring stations in Agglomeration 1 – Athens, Agglomeration 2 – Thessaloniki and Zone 1 – N. Greece, depending on the year. No exceedances of the limit values for PM2.5 are recorded in any zone and any agglomeration in the country.

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Chart 1: SO2 emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017

According to the 2019 national inventory, NOx emissions have decreased by 44.04 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 482.41 kt in 2005 to 269.96 kt in 2017). If we subtract Class 3B and 3D emissions in accordance with Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2016/2284, it appears that the NOx emissions of 2017 are 252.56 kt, or 45.3 % lower than in 2005. Therefore, Greece has already achieved its national NOx reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 since 2017 (31 % compared to 2005). The chart below shows the NOx emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017.

Chart 2 NOx emissions from 1990 to 2017

Similarly, emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have decreased by 53.31 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 325.75 kt in 2005 to 152.10 kt in 2017). If we subtract Class 3B and 3D emissions in accordance with Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2016/2284, it appears that the NMVOC emissions of 2017 are 136.72 kt, or 55.6 % lower than in 2005. As a result, Greece has already achieved its national NMVOC reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 since 2017 (54 % compared to 2005). The chart below shows the NMVOC emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017. 1596 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Chart 3 NMVOC emissions from 1990 to 2017

Ammonia emissions (NH3) have decreased by 16.0 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 75.74 kt in 2005 to 63.62 kt in 2017). Greece has already achieved its national NH3 reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 (7 % compared to 2005). The chart below shows the ΝΗ3 emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017.

Chart 4: ΝΗ3 emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017

Finally, according to the 2019 national inventory, PM 2.5 emissions have decreased by 42.90 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 47.65 kt in 2005 to 27.21 kt in 2017). Greece has already achieved its national PM2.5 reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 (35 % compared to 2005). The chart below shows the PM 2.5 emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017.

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Chart 5: PM 2.5 emissions trajectory from 1990 to 2017

Projected emission reductions and improvement of air quality If the trajectory of policies and measures remains the same, i.e. assuming that the policies and measures already adopted will not be modified, then the projected emissions and corresponding reductions will apply as set out in the table below for the years 2020-2025 and 2030.

Table 2: Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario)

Total emissions (kt) according to inventories for Projected % of emission National National the year x 2 or x 3 reduction compared to 2005 emission emission (specify year) (M) (M) reduction Pollutants ( reduction commitment in M) commitment the years 2020- Base year from 2030 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030 2029 2005 onwards (%) (M) (%) (M)

SO2 549.35 50.54 38.11 26.39 90.8 % 93.1 % 95.2 % 74 % 88 % NOx 482.41 203.52 182.74 155.58 56.0 % 60.4 % 66.3 % 31 % 55 % NMVOC 325.75 125.758 115.82 106.06 59.2 % 62.4 % 65.6 % 54 % 62 %

NH3 75.74 65.13 63.40 67.02 14.0 % 16.3 % 11.5 % 7 % 10 %

PM2.5 47.65 24.44 22.70 21.73 48.7 % 52.4 % 54.4 % 35 % 50 %

Date of emission projections (M) 30 December 2019

However, as regards air quality, it is not expected to significantly improve as regards pollution levels.

Measures and policies The measures and policies already in place and those examined to comply with the emission reduction commitments, are set out in the table below:

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Table 3: Measures and policies already in place as well as those considered to comply with emission reduction commitments

Name and brief description of individual PaMs or Affected pollutants; select as Timetable package of PaMs (M) appropriate SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, (M) BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O), please specify Action Start Finish

Increasing the share of RES in electricity SO2, NOx, PM2.5 1994 — generation

Improvement of the energy efficiency of SO2, NOx, PM2.5 1996 conventional power plants and withdrawal of old units — Removal of lignite-fired power units and interconnection of autonomous island systems. Promotion of natural gas as an intermediate fuel for the decarbonisation of the energy system Reduction of lignite mining for use in electricity NMVOC 2008 2028 generation

Operation of desulphurisation units in PPC lignite SO2 2005 — plants

Increasing the share of natural gas in industry, and SO2, NOx 1996 — in the residential – tertiary sector

Improving energy efficiency SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5 2008 —

EU emissions trading system SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5 2005 —

Implementation of Directives (EU) 2015/2193 SO2 NOx PM2.5 2013 (MCP), 2010/75/EU (LCP ELV) and of Decision (EU) 2017/1442 (LCP BAT). Implementation of Directive 94/63/EC of the NMVOC 1997 European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 1994 on the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations (L 365/24) Implementation of Directive 2009/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 on Stage II petrol vapour recovery during refuelling of motor vehicles at service stations (L 285/36) Implementation of Council Directive 1999/31/EC NMVOC 2002 of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (L 182, p. 1)

Reduction of sulphur content in fuels (fixed SO2 2003 combustion stoves) Joint Ministerial Decision 291/2003 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 332) and Joint Ministerial Decision 128/2016 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 3958) Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1599

Name and brief description of individual PaMs or Affected pollutants; select as Timetable package of PaMs (M) appropriate SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, (M) BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O), please specify Action Start Finish Transport

Reduction of sulphur content in fuels (road SO2 2020 transport, shipping)

Establishment of CO2 emission ceilings for vehicle Indirectly SO2 and NOx, NMVOC, 2020 2025 manufacturers (lower consumption) NH3, PM2.5 2025 2030 2030

Reduced pollutant emissions in EURO 6.3 and SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2021 later vehicles

Electromobility SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2020

Promotion of alternative fuels and liquefied SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2020 natural gas in transport (road transport, shipping)

Promotion and improvement of public transport SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2020 vehicles (renewal of bus fleet, extensions of metro lines)

Traffic management measures (e.g. green ring) SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2012

Improvement of vehicle emission control SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2020 procedures (e.g. exhaust control card, Vehicle Technical Control Centre, (KTEO))

Improvement of rail infrastructure and SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2020 2050 completion of electrification of trains

Electrification of ships at berth SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2025 2040

Replacing passenger cars and light trucks with SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 2020 new, energy-efficient ones Solvents Implementation of Directive 1999/13/EC on the NMVOC 2001 2014 limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations Implementation of Directive 2004/42/EC on the NMVOC 2007 limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products and amending Directive 1999/13/EC Implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU on NMVOC 2014 industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) 1600 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Name and brief description of individual PaMs or Affected pollutants; select as Timetable package of PaMs (M) appropriate SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, (M) BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O), please specify Action Start Finish Agricultural sector

Implementation of the institutional framework of ΝΗ3 2014 the Common Agricultural Policy, as described in Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 (support for rural development through the introduction of Priority 5 concerning the promotion of resource efficiency), Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013 (direct payments scheme) and Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013, Regulation (EU) No 604/2014 and Regulation (EU) No 809/2014 (cross-compliance scheme) The agriculture sector is guided by a Common Agricultural Policy for all Member States of the European Union.

Implementation of the institutional framework of ΝΗ3 2015 the Common Agricultural Policy

Cross-compliance (Joint Ministerial Decision No 1791/74062/2.7.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, No 1468)

Implementation of the institutional framework of ΝΗ3 2015 the Common Agricultural Policy National choices, administrative measures and procedures for implementing direct payments (Ministerial Decision No 104/7056/21.1.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, No 147)

Rural Development Programme ΝΗ3 2015

Evaluation of measures and policies The qualitative and quantitative assessment of the impact of measures and policies on air pollutant emissions (Table 2) and air quality, shows that Greece will achieve the projected reductions of air pollutants under the commitments, but will still exceed air pollutant levels.

The adoption of the planned measures will have direct and indirect effects in terms of reducing gaseous pollutant levels, but these will not be so significant as to remove existing exceedances, which mainly occur in areas with significant emission density, mainly road traffic. In this context, measures to reduce road traffic emissions are being considered. These measures include, in particular, the renewal of the fleet of passenger cars, taxis and light trucks, the redesign of the green ring, etc. and will be assessed and specified when drawing up the ‘Operational Plan to combat Atmospheric Pollution in Athens’.

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2.3. The national air quality and pollution policy framework

2.3.1. Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas

National emission reduction SO2 NOx Non- NH3 PM2.5 commitments compared to base methane year 2005 (in %) volatile (M) organic compoun ds

2020-2029 (M) 74 % 31 % 54 % 7 % 35 %

From 2030 onwards (M) 88 % 55 % 62 % 10 % 50 %

The air quality priorities: national As regards air quality, the evolution over time of measured policy priorities related to EU or concentrations of air pollutants indicates that there is a national air quality objectives decrease tendency in values or stabilisation tendency (including limit values and target depending on the pollutant. However, despite the values and concentration exposure improvement in air quality, limit values for air quality of obligations). (M) some pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, mainly in traffic Reference may also be made to the stations in Athens, of particulate matter (P.M.10) in urban recommended objectives of the areas and of ozone, are still being exceeded. World Health Organisation (WHO) Therefore, the reduction of the above pollutants that for ambient air quality. exceed the limit values should be included in the priorities of the air quality policy. These pollutants are directly or indirectly linked to road traffic and therefore measures aimed at reducing road traffic emissions are being considered and adopted. The achievement of Greece’s energy and climate targets by 2030 are reflected in the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). The NECP is a strategic plan for the Greek government on climate and energy issues and sets out a detailed roadmap for achieving specific targets.

Climate change and energy policy In particular, the NECP sets the following targets for the year priorities (M) 2030:

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(a) reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 42 % in relation to 1990 emissions and by more than 55 % in relation to 2005 emissions, exceeding even the central European targets. These new greenhouse gas emission reduction targets are also necessary to enable the transition to a climate-neutral economy by 2050, as the Greek government aims to participate proportionally in the commitment to a climate-neutral economy at EU level; (b) Regarding the RES, a share of at least 35 % in the gross final energy consumption. It is worth highlighting the energy transformation that will be achieved in the electricity sector, as it is predicted that the share of RES in electricity consumption will exceed 60 % and specific government initiatives are already being promoted and implemented, such as simplifying and speeding up the licensing framework, the optimal integration of RES into electricity grids, the operation of storage systems and the promotion of electromobility; (c) In order to improve energy efficiency, the quantitative target set is to lower the final energy consumption in the year 2030 in relation to that recorded in the year 2017. In addition, a 38 % qualitative improvement in energy efficiency is achieved according to a specific European methodology. The NECP outlines a set of measures to improve energy efficiency more prominently in the buildings and transport sectors; (d) The very ambitious but at the same time realistic programme for the drastic and final reduction of the share of lignite in electricity generation, i.e. transition from lignite, within the next decade, and its complete disconnection from the domestic power generation system by the year 2028, is a flagship objective under the NECP. This objective also incorporates the government’s vision to address environmental protection issues in the long term, but also to rationalise directly the cost of electricity production in Greece. The programme for the transition of domestic electricity production from lignite also provides for the adoption of integrated programmes to support the Greek lignite regions for this transition to the post-lignite period. In particular, the Greek Government’s commitment is to withdraw the lignite units by 2028 in an orderly and responsible manner. Safeguarding jobs and harnessing the high human know-how of these regions is a top priority. Accordingly, the NECP provides for the interconnection of autonomous electricity systems (non- interconnected islands) to be achieved by 2030 with significant benefits both in terms of security of energy supply and reduction of emissions from existing local thermal plants. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1603

Relevant policy priorities in relevant Agricultural sector policy areas, including agriculture, The institutional framework of the Common Agricultural industry and transport (M) Policy refers to environmental and natural resource protection practices and climate change both in the direct payments scheme (Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013)), notably by establishing obligations to implement agricultural practices beneficial for the environment and the climate (greening), and in the rural development support scheme (Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013), by establishing Priority 5, which relates to ‘Promoting resource efficiency and supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy with resilience to climate change in the agriculture, food and forestry sectors’ (including, inter alia, measures to reduce ammonia emissions), and by reviewing individual measures. In addition, Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013, Regulation (EU) No 604/2014 and Regulation (EU) No 809/2014 refer to climate change in terms of the cross-compliance regime. This framework provides Member States with a range of opportunities and options on how to adapt to their climate change strategy and priorities. These options are described in national institutional texts concerning: (a) cross-compliance (Ministerial Decision No 1791/74062/2.7.2015) describing the obligations of producers with regard to the application and management of fertilisers and the management of livestock waste; (b) the national choices, administrative measures and procedures for implementing direct payments (Ministerial Decision No 104/7056/21.1.2015) specifying the greening practices; and (c) the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020, which describes the measures/actions concerning climate change and the framework for their implementation.

Waste Management Sector A key action to be implemented in the context of the European guidelines on circular economy, and more specifically in the fight against and the mitigation of plastic pollution is the transposition into national law of Directive (EU) 2019/904 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (SUP). According to EU data, single-use plastics (50 % single-use plastics, 7 % other plastics, 27 % fishing gear) are the main causes for coastal pollution; plastic packaging and wrappings, cotton buds and lightweight plastic bags are among the top ten single-use plastics. In Greece, according to data from HELMEPA’s Coastal Cleaning Campaign, plastic bags, plastic bottles, stoppers, plastic food packaging, straws and cigarette butts were among the top ten litter items on the coasts in 2017, while plastic accounted for 1604 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

84 %. To this end, priority will be given to the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/904 into national law, and to the prompt launch of actions to eliminate single-use plastics by 2021, which consists of adopting, following a dialogue, legislation to tackle coastal plastic pollution decisively and to provide incentives so that businesses of the relevant sector may adapt to new circumstances by modernising their equipment and retraining their workers. In this context, the focus will be on specific programmes to tackle plastic pollution, adopt responsible consumption patterns as well as the use of alternative, non-plastic, single-use products, in cooperation with major institutions, NGOs and representatives of the plastics industry. By taking a responsible and ambitious stance in the fight against plastic pollution, with a view to protecting coastal and marine ecosystems, protecting the country’s tourism product and improving the quality of life of citizens, Greece has prepared a draft law, which is under a consultation process and is expected to be adopted earlier than the deadline set by the EU (July 2021), while preparing the adaptation of the private sector and the public administration to the new facts. In addition to the above, it should be noted that: 1. Four (4) waste directives included in the circular economy package will be transposed into national law in the coming period; more specifically: • Directive (EU) 2018/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste (L 150/100); • Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (L 150/109); • Directive (EU) 2018/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste (L 150/141); • Directive (EU) 2018/849 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directives 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles, 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators, and 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment (L 150/93). Transposing the above Directives into national law entails: • setting new targets for the progressive increase of preparation for reuse and recycling of municipal waste; • establishing the obligation to gradually reduce landfill; • calculating data on the basis of new rules; Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1605

• promoting the separate collection of waste and laying down the obligation to apply this to new waste streams (hazardous household waste, textile waste), while setting the target that biological waste either be separated and recycled at source or collected separately and not mixed with other types of waste by 2023; • creating conditions for the inclusion of further currents in the extended responsibility of the producer.

2. The Council of Ministers approved the National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) on 31 August 2020, which includes the management of hazardous waste; the Council of Ministers Act is expected to be published in the Government Gazette, while the Waste Prevention Plan is being prepared. It should be noted that the task of implementing the above plans has already been assigned and expected to be finalised by 2020. 3. Revision of all thirteen (13) Regional Waste Management Plans (RWMPs) in 2020.

In any event, the primary concern is to stop and rehabilitate the active uncontrolled waste disposal sites (UWDSs), to deal with cases of poor operation of landfills and to create the necessary infrastructure for the management of both urban and industrial hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

Building Structures

Bioclimatic design of buildings, smart building materials (self-cleaning properties for removal of organic volatile organic compounds and inorganic air pollutants, or with enhanced reflective capacity, with a view to reducing adsorbed heat, etc.) Microclimate in cities with green roofs—refurbishment of buildings, squares, etc. Recycling of ‘grey waters’ in public buildings and generally. Reduction of environmental footprint (Life Cycle Analysis). Law 4067/2012 ‘New Building Regulation’ allows for the creation of bioclimate-designed and constructed buildings that respond to the climatic conditions of its surroundings, as they have been designed to achieve the best internal thermal comfort and air quality conditions throughout the year, with minimum energy consumption, and is classified in the highest energy classes as defined in each case.

Transport The strategic objectives of the National Strategic Transport Plan include, inter alia, Objective 3: ensuring the 1606 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

environmental sustainability achieved by shifting to more environmentally friendly means of transport. According to the environmental conditions of the Plan, integrated care to prevent, mitigate and deal with environmental impacts should become a horizontal requirement in the NSTP implementation procedures. This requires the establishment and implementation of an appropriate procedure to ensure that the investments in infrastructure and the institutional and organisational measures implementing the NSTP are characterised by adequate environmental compatibility. The final report of the National Strategic Transport Plan for Greece (June 2019) provides for the renewal of the vehicle fleet (all types). Specifically: ‘The Greek fleet is one of the oldest in Europe, mainly due to the economic crisis. In recent years the situation has further deteriorated for the truck and bus fleets, as the markets for new vehicles have been almost negligible. Unlike in the rest of Europe, the vast majority of freight transport work in Greece is carried out by old vehicles of the truck fleet. This is in line with the fact that individual operators, mainly with old / very old vehicles, have the largest share in domestic transport. Obviously, this situation has a negative impact on the competitiveness, efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability of the road transport sector. In order for the sector to meet the demands of an increasingly export-oriented economy, and to ensure the full integration of the country into global supply chains, there is an urgent need to reverse current trends and achieve the renewal of the (domestic) commercial vehicle fleet. At the same time, ecological and economic reasons require the renewal of the vehicle fleet as well. The measure comprises several actions, the most important being the following three: Μ 1: restrictions on the age of imported vehicles (all types): Currently, there is practically no age limit for vehicles imported into the country (there is only provision for a maximum age of 15 years for imported second-hand buses). It is proposed to agree on a progressive age reduction schedule for imported vehicles per vehicle type, for both horizons (2027, 2037). Μ 2: tax bonus system and incentives for new/old and clean/polluting vehicles (all types): There are deficiencies in the differentiation of incentives for old or new and clean or not clean vehicles. It is recommended to define a phased incentive/rebate/tax/customs duty programme by vehicle type, fuel type and age, for both horizons (2027, 2037). Μ 3: determination of a range of maximum permissible ages and/or gas emission levels for all (road) vehicles: Currently, there is practically no limit to the age of vehicles in circulation in the country (there is only Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1607

provision for a maximum age of 27 years for buses). It is proposed to set a partial or total ban according to the age / emission level of vehicles, as well as to set a progressive age reduction schedule per vehicle type for both horizons (2027, 2037).’ According to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), electrically powered vehicles are expected to penetrate traffic, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of gaseous pollutants. However, while the proportion of electric vehicles in the fleet as a whole will not be large in itself to change the pollutant landscape, this low penetration rate of electric cars represents a high percentage of pollutant reduction compared to conventional ones. In particular, the NECP provides for the following: ‘Finally, the replacement of passenger cars and light trucks with new energy-efficient vehicles will be promoted through a combination of measures such as the design of a targeted scrapping programme for passenger cars, a more effective legislative framework linking vehicle taxation to energy efficiency and CO2 emissions and the implementation of a wider funding programme for the replacement of public and freight vehicles. Please note that the purchase of vehicles using alternative fuels will make a significant contribution to improving energy efficiency in the road transport sector.’ (NECP, Chap. 3.4.4, p. 144). Note that BEVs and PHEVs have very low or zero pollutant emissions. Note that especially as regards NOx, according to a recent research of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (Urban NO2 Atlas – November 2019), 70 % of NOx emissions in Athens are due to road transport. Also, according to the report, NOx emissions in cities come mainly from diesel vehicles. For this reason, it is proposed, inter alia, to encourage and incentivise the use of electric vehicles in order to further improve air quality and noise. The significant contribution of zero-NOx emission electromobility is enhanced, given that for 2016 NO2 emissions were responsible for around 68 000 premature deaths in the EU28. A complete hybrid electric system, based on Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) specifications, emits approximately 91 % less NOx emissions than the new Euro 6 standards. The objective that one (1) in three (3) new cars in 2030 be electric is ambitious, but is fully in line with the objectives of the European Union as reflected in the Green Deal. This objective is supported by a series of regulatory interventions and financial incentives, to be announced by the first half of 2020.

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2.3.2. Responsibilities assigned to national, regional and local authorities

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) National Ministry Competent authority for the application of the authorities of the Environment and provisions of Joint Ministerial Decision (M) Energy Directorate for ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΝΕΠ/67467/3577/5.10.2018 (Government Climate Change and Air Gazette, Series II, No 4740) on the reduction of Quality of the Directorate- national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, General for Environmental amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Policy Directive 2001/81/EC — transposition of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council OJ L 344, 17.12.2016, p. 1) In particular, the competent authority: (a) is responsible for drawing up and updating the National Air Pollution Control Programme, in accordance with Article 7 of Joint Ministerial Decision ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΝΕΠ/67467/3577 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 4740) and for monitoring its implementation; (b) coordinates, where appropriate, the jointly responsible Ministries of Development and Investment, Rural Development and Food, Infrastructure and Transport, and Maritime Affairs and Insular Policy for the implementation of the provisions of the above Article transposing Directive (EU) 2016/2284 into national law; (c) collaborates with the public and private sector bodies concerned, as appropriate, to take the appropriate measures necessary for the coordinated implementation of the above mentioned JMD for the transposition of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 into national law; (d) participates in the EU Clean Air Forum, set up by the European Commission, in accordance with Article 12 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284; (e) is responsible for drawing up and updating annual national emission inventories, preparing and updating, every four years, spatial disaggregated national 1610 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) emission inventories and large point source inventories and, every two years, national emission projections for the preparation of an informative inventory report accompanying national emission inventories and projections; (f) is responsible for reporting to the European Commission and the European Environment Agency. The MEE is responsible for formulating energy policy, developing a renewable energy and energy efficiency policy. In addition, it is responsible, inter alia, for policy-making in the field of waste and forests, monitoring/inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and coordination of related actions and adaptation to climate change. The Ministry supervises a total of 48 institutions, including public sector energy companies. In order for the competent authority (Directorate for Climate Change and Air Quality (CCAQ) of the Ministry of the Environment and Energy) to carry out the above coordination work, a Technical Interministerial Working Group (TIWG) has been set up, consisting of seven (7) representatives of Ministries: two (2) from the Ministry of the Environment and Energy, of which, one (1) from the Directorate-General for Environmental Policy / Directorate-General for Climate Change and Air Quality and one (1) from the Directorate-General for Energy / Directorate for Energy Policy and Energy Efficiency, one (1) from the Ministry of Development and Investment, one (1) from the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, two (2) from the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, of which, one (1) from the Civil Aviation Authority, and one (1) from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Insular Policy. Experts from other competent ministries or public and private sector bodies as appropriate, as well as experts from higher education institutions and research bodies who, on the basis of their specialised Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1611

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) knowledge, may contribute to its work, may participate in the TIWG. In particular, the Air Quality Department has the following responsibilities: (a) establishing and implementing programmes for the measurement, recording and evaluation of pollution levels, assessing ambient air quality as well as supervising the operation of the national network of air quality monitoring stations, operating the air quality monitoring stations network of the Attica Region and the background stations for monitoring and assessing the long-range transport of air pollutants in Europe; (b) monitoring, drafting or supervising the emission inventory process, submitting reports, national plans and other data resulting from obligations under the National Air Pollution Emissions Directive and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP); (c) proposing measures and programmes to reduce emissions to improve air quality together with other competent Ministries; (d) proposing air quality limits and target values for short-term action plans as well as proposing taking short-term measures in the Attica Region; (e) defining measurement methods for air quality and their quality assurance procedures, approving measurement systems and ensuring the reliability of air pollution measurements, through the operation of an accredited laboratory. The operational objectives of the Directorate for Environmental Licensing are: (a) implementing and supervising environmental licensing procedures for projects or activities and plans or programmes in the context of sustainable development. Supervising refers mainly to compliance with and uniform application of the legislation on the environmental licensing of projects and activities; (b) recommending the adoption, where appropriate or necessary, of general measures, conditions and 1612 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) restrictions for use in the context of environmental licensing, to ensure compliance with the principles of sustainable development, in the implementation of projects or activities and plans or programmes, in a uniform manner throughout the country, and to speed up the environmental licensing procedure; (c) ensuring the application of relevant national and European legislation and the relevant international conventions. The Special Secretariat of the Inspectors and Auditors Body Department of Environmental Inspection is responsible for: (a) monitoring and controlling the application of the environmental conditions enforced on projects and activities and the provisions relating to environmental protection and recommending the enforcement of penalties in the event of infringement thereof, as well as any other matter relating to environmental inspections of projects and activities, and any other responsibility conferred on them by the provisions of the legislation in force; (b) carrying out checks on the transboundary shipment of waste. Ministry of Finance The Ministry of Finance is responsible for taxation, including energy taxation and other tax matters, oversees the Competition Commission (HCC) and other bodies, monitors the EU’ s horizontal green initiatives on financing tools, and participates actively in the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. Ministry of Infrastructure The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport is and Transport responsible for the strategic planning and implementation of the country’s infrastructure projects, the formulation and implementation of a national policy and the establishment of an appropriate institutional framework, at European and international level, for the development of high-quality Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1613

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) transport and transport services, in conditions of healthy competition, as well as the specialisation and implementation of national policy on public infrastructure. In addition, responsibilities concern the definition and implementation of policies for the development of transport and other infrastructure at national level with a view to enhancing mobility, accessibility and strengthening the economy, and helping local authorities (first and second degree) to develop the country’s basic infrastructure. Ministry of Rural The Ministry of Rural Development and Food (MRDF) is Development and Food responsible for agricultural policy, interventions in rural development and the rural economy of the country. Interventions aim at producing sufficient quality and safe products, ensuring an adequate level of farm income and reasonable product prices for the consumer, and providing public goods, ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources and protecting the environment. Ministry of Maritime The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Insular Policy is Affairs and Insular Policy responsible for maritime affairs, port policy and maritime investment, fisheries and insular policy, with a main task of coordinating and mobilising public and private bodies in the context of island development. Ministry of Development The Ministry of Development and Investment (MDI) is and Investment (MDI) responsible for preparing the country’s development strategy to safeguard financial stability, implement reforms for growth and jobs and, finally, modernise the public sector through effective policy coordination. Regulatory Authority for The Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) is an Energy independent regulatory authority with primary responsibility for supervising the domestic energy market in all its sectors, making proposals to the competent bodies of the State and taking measures itself to achieve the objective of liberalising the 1614 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) electricity and gas markets. The role of RAE as the national energy regulator has been enhanced since 2011, with the increase and strengthening of its decision-making powers to regulate the electricity and gas markets, which were conferred upon it by the Third European Energy Package, which makes the national energy regulators the ‘guarantors’ of the proper functioning of the energy markets. Hellenic Energy Exchange The public limited company Hellenic Energy Exchange S.A. S.A. (HEnEx) shall manage energy markets and energy financial markets in accordance with the provisions of Law 4512/2018 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 5) and its delegated acts. It shall be responsible for operating in a competitive and transparent manner in the wholesale electricity market. At the same time, the Greek electricity market coupled with the regional European markets (Italy, Bulgaria) is expected to operate. RES Operator & The RES Operator & Guarantees of Origin (DAPEEP) Guarantees of Origin manages renewable energy sources (RES) and high- (DAPEEP) efficiency cogeneration (HECHP) installations of the National Interconnected System (transmission system and distribution network of mainland and interconnected islands) and guarantees of origin of electricity produced by RES and HECHP. Independent Power The Independent Power Transmission Operator Transmission Operator (ADMIE) is responsible for the control, maintenance (ADMIE) and development of the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System (ESMIE) in order to ensure that the country is supplied with electricity in an adequate, secure, efficient and reliable manner, as well as for the functioning of the electricity market related to non- Day-Ahead Scheduling (DAS) transactions in accordance with the principles of transparency, equality and free competition. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1615

List the Describe the type of Describe the delegated responsibilities in the areas of relevant authority (e.g. air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the authorities environmental following as appropriate: (M) inspectorate, regional − Policy making roles environment agency, − Implementation roles municipality) (M) Where − Enforcement roles (including, where relevant, appropriate, state the inspections and permit issuing) name of the authority (e.g. − Reporting and monitoring responsibilities Ministry of XXX, National − Coordinating roles Agency for XXX, Regional − Other responsibilities; please specify: office for XXX) Hellenic Electricity The Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator Distribution Network (DEDDIE) was established by the split-off of the Operator SA (DEDDIE) distribution division of PPC in compliance with Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 (OJ L 211, p. 55) and is responsible for the operation, maintenance and development of the electricity distribution network in Greece and for ensuring transparent and non- discriminatory access for consumers. Regional Regions responsible for Implementation roles authorities environmental policy Reporting and monitoring responsibilities (M) issues and environmental Coordinating roles quality services – Services Monitoring of air quality (Joint Ministerial Decision of the regions 14122/549/Ε.103/24.3.2011, Government Gazette, Series II, No 488) Opinion on the environmental impact of projects to be carried out within the Region. Decentralised Powers to impose conditions (including, where Administrations appropriate, inspections and licensing) involve the (Environment and Spatial participation of environmental services of the Planning Directorates) decentralised administration and the regions in the implementation of the environmental licensing procedures required by the applicable provisions (Law 4014/2011, Government Gazette, Series I, No 209). Local Municipalities’ Implementation roles authorities environmental Reporting and monitoring responsibilities (M) directorates Opinion on the environmental impact of projects to be carried out within the territory of the municipality.

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2.4. Progress made by current Policies and Measures (PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations, compared to 2005

2.4.1. Progress made through current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction obligations

Describe progress Sulphur dioxide, SO2 emissions made through current According to the 2019 national inventory, SO2 emissions have decreased PaMs in reducing by 87.41 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 549.35 kt in 2005 to 69.16 kt emissions and the in 2017). The main current policies and measures to reduce SO2 emissions degree of compliance are the following: with national and ✓ reducing sulphur content in fuels (fixed combustion stoves, road Union legislation (M) transport, shipping); for reducing ✓ operation of desulphurisation units in PPC lignite plants; ✓ increasing the share of RES in electricity generation ✓ increasing the share of natural gas in electricity production, industry and in the residential/tertiary sector; ✓ electricity interconnection of the islands on the mainland network; ✓ improving the energy efficiency of conventional power plants and withdrawing old PPC units. ✓ implementing European Directives: Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants (transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Decision No 6164/16.3.18 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1107)); Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (transposed into national law by JMD No 36060/1155/Ε.103//13.6.13 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1450)), Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions. Greece has already achieved its national SO2 reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 (74 % compared to 2005).

Nitrogen oxides — NOx According to the 2019 national inventory, NOx emissions have decreased by 44.04 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 482.41 kt in 2005 to 269.96 kt in 2017). The main current policies and measures to reduce NOx emissions are the following: ✓ increasing the share of RES in electricity generation ✓ increasing the share of natural gas in electricity production, industry and in the residential/tertiary sector; ✓ electricity interconnection of the islands on the mainland network; ✓ improving the energy efficiency of conventional power plants and withdrawing old PPC units. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1617

✓ implementing European Directives: Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants (transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Decision No 6164/16.3.18 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1107)); Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (transposed into national law by JMD No 36060/1155/Ε.103//13.6.13 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1450)), Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions. ✓ renewal of the road transport fleet; ✓ fiscal/tax incentives to promote less polluting vehicles; ✓ promotion and Improvement of public transport vehicles; ✓ traffic management measures (e.g. green ring); ✓ improvement of vehicle emission control procedures (e.g. exhaust control card, Vehicle Technical Control Centre (KTEO)). If we subtract Class 3B and 3D emissions in accordance with Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2016/2284, then it appears that the NOx emissions of 2017 are 252.56 kt or 45.3 % lower than in 2005. Therefore, Greece has already achieved its national NOx reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 since 2017 (31 % compared to 2005).

Non-methane volatile organic compounds — NMVOC According to the 2019 national inventory, NMVOC emissions have decreased by 53.31 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 325.75 kt in 2005 to 152.10 kt in 2017). The main current policies and measures to reduce NMVOC emissions are the following: ✓ implementation of Directive 1999/13/EC on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations; ✓ implementation of Directive 2004/42/EC on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products and amending Directive 1999/13/EC; ✓ Implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control); ✓ implementation of Directive 94/63/EC on the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations; ✓ implementation of Directive 2009/126/EC on Stage II petrol vapour recovery during refuelling of motor vehicles at service stations; ✓ implementation of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste; ✓ reduction of lignite mining for use in electricity generation; ✓ renewal of the road transport fleet; ✓ fiscal/tax incentives to promote less polluting vehicles; ✓ promotion and improvement of public transport vehicles; ✓ traffic management measures (e.g. green ring); 1618 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

✓ improvement of vehicle emission control procedures (e.g. exhaust control card, KTEO). If we subtract Class 3B and 3D emissions in accordance with Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2016/2284, it appears that the NMVOC emissions of 2017 are 136.72 kt, or 55.6 % lower than in 2005. As a result, Greece has already achieved its national NMVOC reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 since 2017 (54 % compared to 2005).

Ammonia – NH3 According to the 2019 national inventory, NH3 emissions have decreased by 16.0 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 75.74 kt in 2005 to 63.62 kt in 2017). The main current policies and measures to reduce NH3 emissions are the following: ✓ implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy; • decoupling agricultural aid from production; • the direct payment scheme for agricultural practices beneficial for the climate and the environment; • the Cross-compliance scheme for farmers with regard to the environment, climate change and good agricultural condition of land (which describes the obligations of producers with regard to the application and management of fertilisers and the management of livestock waste); • the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 with the establishment of Priority 5 on promoting resource efficiency and supporting the shift towards a low-carbon and climate change- resilient economy in the food and forestry sectors (which includes measures to reduce ammonia emissions); • the promotion of organic crops; ✓ the use of urease inhibitors for urea fertilisers since 2012.

Greece has already achieved its national NH3 reduction commitment for the period 2020-2029 (7 % compared to 2005).

Fine Particulate Matter – PM2.5 Finally, according to the 2019 national inventory, PM 2.5 emissions have decreased by 42.90 % in 2017 compared to 2005 (from 47.65 kt in 2005 to 27.21 kt in 2017). The main current policies and measures to reduce PM2.5 emissions are the following: ✓ increasing the share of RES in electricity generation; ✓ increasing the share of natural gas in electricity production, industry and in the residential/tertiary sector; ✓ electricity interconnection of the islands on the mainland network; ✓ improving the energy efficiency of conventional power plants and withdrawing old PPC plants; ✓ implementing European Directives: Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants (transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1619

Decision No 6164/16.3.18 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1107)); Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (transposed into national law by JMD No 36060/1155/Ε.103//13.6.13 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1450)); Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions; ✓ renewal of the road transport fleet; ✓ fiscal/tax incentives to promote less polluting vehicles; ✓ promotion and improvement of public transport vehicles; ✓ traffic management measures (e.g. green ring); ✓ improvement of vehicle emission control procedures (e.g. exhaust control card, KTEO). Greece has already achieved its national commitment for the reduction of PM2.5 emissions for the period 2020-2029 (35 % compared to 2005).

Provide complete GREECE’S INFORMATIVE INVENTORY REPORT (IIR) 2019, Chapter 2 (pp. references (chapter 40-46), Chapter 8 (pp. 160-162) and page) to publicly http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/gr/eu/nec revised/iir/envxs7zyg/ available supporting datasets (e.g. historic emission inventory reporting) (M)

Include graphics Sulphur dioxide, SO2 emissions illustrating the emission reductions per pollutant and/or per main sectors (O)

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Nitrogen oxides — NOx

Non-methane volatile organic compounds — NMVOC

Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1621

Ammonia – NH3

Fine Particulate Matter – PM2.5

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2.4.2. Progress made through current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations

Describe the As regards air quality, the evolution over time of measured concentrations of progress made air pollutants indicates that there is a decrease tendency in values or through current stabilisation tendency depending on the pollutant. These reductions are due policies and to the adoption of measures and policies such as the improvement of fuel measures to characteristics, the renewal of the vehicle fleet with incentives for improve air quality, replacement and the establishment of two low-emission zones for road traffic and the degree of emissions in Athens and Thessaloniki. In addition, the adoption of BAT in compliance with industry, and in particular in power plants, has contributed to the reductions. national and Union However, despite the improvement in air quality, limit values for air quality of air quality some pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, mainly in traffic stations in Athens, obligations, of particulate matter (PM10) in urban areas and of ozone, are still being specifying the exceeded. minimum number In Greece there are two (2) zones and two (2) agglomerations: (a) Zone 1 – N. of air quality zones, Greece and Zone 2 – S. Greece, (b) Agglomeration 1 – Athens and out of the total Agglomeration 2 – Thessaloniki. The main characteristics of air pollution in number of ambient Greece, in line with the air quality objectives set out in Directive 2008/50/EU, air quality zones, can be summarised as follows: which (do not) • There is a general tendency to reduce concentrations of certain meet the EU air atmospheric pollutants. This reduction is observed mainly in the quality targets as concentrations of primary air pollutants, such as CO, NO and SO2. regards NO2, PM10, • There is a significant reduction in the concentration levels of PM10, which PM2.5 and O3 and is related to the reduction of the respective emissions at national level. In any other the concentration levels of PM10, the contribution of dust transport from pollutant(s) for remote dry areas (Sahara) is significant. Such carry-over effects often which the emission occur throughout the year. Also, high values of concentration of PM10 are limits are exceeded observed on certain days of winter, during which favourable weather (M) conditions prevail, due to biomass combustion for domestic heating. We note that since 2012, and after subtracting the contribution of dust transport from the Sahara to the measured concentrations of PM10, there are no more exceedances of the average annual limit value in any zone and agglomeration of the country. However, even after subtracting the dust from the Sahara, there are still exceedances of the average daily limit value for certain monitoring stations in Agglomeration 1 – Athens, Agglomeration 2 – Thessaloniki and Zone 1 –N. Greece, depending on the year. • No exceedances of the limit values for PM2.5 are recorded in any zone and any agglomeration in the country. • For ozone there is a stabilisation tendency in values with a marked variation from year to year, depending on meteorological conditions, due to the nature of the pollutant. Exceedances of the target value are very frequent during the warm period of the year, as well as exceedances of the information threshold only in Agglomeration 1 — Athens. These exceedances are mainly due to the geographical location of the country (high levels of sunlight and high temperatures, which favour ozone formation) and occur in all the southern EU countries. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1623

• For NO2 there is a tendency of stabilisation or slight increase of values in recent years, depending on the measuring position. Only the average annual limit value has been exceeded over time in traffic stations only in Agglomeration 1 – Athens. • Concentrations of SO2 and CO during the winter are higher than during the summer. Maximum CO values coincide with maximum traffic values. The concentrations of these pollutants never exceed the limit values in any zone and agglomeration in the country. • Benzene concentrations are below the limit value, with the exception of one traffic position in Agglomeration 1 – Athens, where the average daily limit value has been exceeded since 2015. • Concentrations of heavy metals such as, Cd, Ni, Pb are below the lower assessment threshold in all zones and agglomerations in the country.

Provide complete Annual Air Quality Report for 2017, MEE Directorate for Climate Change and references Air Pollution, July 2018 (https://bit.ly/3cUSS21), Chap. 2 (pp 12-30), Chap. 5, (chapter and page) (pp. 39-43), Annex VIII (pp. 74-85), Annex IX (pp. 86-100), Greece to publicly Environmental Report 2018, National Centre for the Environment and available Sustainable Development (NCESD), https://ekpaa.ypeka.gr/wp- supporting content/uploads/2019/10/181019 Book-YPEKA LOW.pdf,pp. 110-135. datasets (e.g. air quality plans, source apportionment) (M)

2.4.3. Current transboundary impact of national emission sources

Describe, as appropriate, the current In order to assess the transboundary impact of transboundary impact of domestic domestic emission sources, appropriate atmospheric emission sources (M) Progress can be dispersion models have been implemented mainly for described in quantitative or qualitative PPC’s steam power plants in Western Macedonia. The terms. results of the plants showed no impact on the If no issues were identified, state the pollution levels of neighbouring countries. relevant conclusion.

In case quantitative data is used to Emission, orographic and meteorological data were describe the results of the assessment, used and appropriate dispersion models were applied specify the data and methodologies used to quantify the transboundary impact. These to conduct the above assessment (O) assessments were carried out in the context of the preparation of the EIAs for PPPs in the region of Western Macedonia.

2.5. Projected further evolution assuming that already adopted PaMs will not be modified

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2.5.1. Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario)

Projected % of emission National National Total emissions (kt) according to inventories reduction compared to emission emission for the year x 2 or x 3 (specify year) 2005 reduction reduction Pollutants (M) (M) commitment in commitment (M) the years 2020- from 2030 Base year 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030 2029 (%) onwards (%) 2005 (M) (M)

SO2 549.35 50.54 38.11 26.39 90.8 % 93.1 % 95.2 % 74 % 88 % NOx 482.41 203.52 182.74 155.58 56.0 % 60.4 % 66.3 % 31 % 55 % NMVOC 325.75 125.758 115.82 106.06 59.2 % 62.4 % 65.6 % 54 % 62 %

NH3 75.74 65.13 63.40 67.02 14.0 % 16.3 % 11.5 % 7 % 10 %

PM2.5 47.65 24.44 22.70 21.73 48.7 % 52.4 % 54.4 % 35 % 50 %

Date of emission projections (M) 30 December 2019

Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1625

2.5.2. Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario), including the projected degree of compliance

2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of the projected improvement of ambient air quality (M)

Qualitative description of the envisaged Exceedances of the air quality limits found improvements of ambient air quality and the mainly in large cities are linked to road traffic envisaged further development of the degree of emissions. However, due to small fluctuations in compliance (WM scenario) of the EU air quality emissions from road transport which are objectives in terms of NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 increasing in 2020 to decrease slightly by 2030, and for any other pollutant linked to emission no notable reductions in pollution levels are problems by 2020, 2025 and 2030 (M) expected.

Provide complete references (chapter and page) National Energy and Climate Plan, MEE, to publicly available supporting datasets (e.g. air November 2019, Chap. 1.1.2, pp. 14–15, pp. 17, quality plans, source apportionment) describing Chap. 2.3.1, pp. 51, Chap. 3.2.1, FP3, pp. 87–88, the projected improvements and further Chap. 3.3, pp. 119–126, Chap. 3.4.4, pp. 142– evolution of degree of compliance (M) 145, Chap. 4.1, pp. 222–226, Chap. 4.2.2., pp. 227–228, Chap. 4.3.1.2, pp. 233–235, 245, Chap. 4.3.1.4, pp. 262–266, Chap. 4.3.1.7, pp. 271–276.

Greek National Strategic Transport Plan, MIT, June 2019, Chap. 2.6.3, p. 41, Chap. 3.1, pp. 43– 45.

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2.6. Policy options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030, and intermediate emission levels for 2025

2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level)

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify Action

increasing the SO2 Energy supply: Economic Energy supply 1994 National MEE NECP Chapter 4 SO2: share of RES in NOx increasing instruments (including Authority and Annex D. 130 208 275 electricity PM2.5 renewable Tax extraction, Regulatory NOx: generation energy sources instruments transport, Independent Authority The quantification 50 80 105 Research distribution and Regulatory for Energy of projected PM2.5 storage of fuels, Authority for (RAE) emission : 5 8 10 as well as energy Electricity and reductions was and electricity Gas based on the generation) evolution of Hellenic electricity Electricity DEDDIE generation from Distribution RES plants, Network as described in Operator the NECP, and the electricity Independent generation Power emission factor Transmission for base year Operator ADMIE 2005.

Improvement of SO2 Energy supply: Financial Energy supply 1996 National MEE NECP Chapter SO2: energy efficiency NOx transition to instruments (including Authority 4 and 133 101 95 of conventional PM2.5 less carbon- Regulation extraction, Annex D NOx: power plants and intensive fuels transport, Electricity PPC 25 19 18 withdrawal of old distribution and producers and private The PM2.5 units — Removal storage of fuels, producers quantification of : 5 4 4 of lignite-fired as well as energy Independent Regulatory projected power units — and electricity Regulatory emission Interconnection of generation) Authority for reductions was autonomous Electricity and Authority based on the island systems — Gas for evolution of Promotion of Energy electricity natural gas as an National (RΑΕ) generation from intermediate fuel Gas System gas plants, as for Operator described in the the NECP, and the decarbonisation electricity of the energy Independen generation system t Power emission factor Transmissio Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1627

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify n Operator for base year (ADMIE) 2005. DESFA Reduction of NMVOC Energy supply: Financial Energy supply 2008 2028 National MEE NECP Chapter NMV lignite mining for — increase in instruments (including Authority for 4 and OC: use in electricity renewable Regulation extraction, Electricity PPC Annex D 11 13 14 generation energy; transport, Producers — transition to distribution and The quantification less carbon- storage of fuels, of the projected intensive fuels; as well as energy emission and electricity reductions was generation); based on the decreasing use of lignite for electricity production until transition from lignite in 2028, as described in the NECP, and NMVOC emissions from lignite mining in base year 2005.

Operation of SO2 Energy supply: Control of Energy supply 2005 Electricity PPC NAP Reference SO2: 70 30 desulphurisation installation of pollution at (including producers Reports, National units in PPC lignite abatement source extraction, Greenhouse Gas plants technologies transport, Inventory distribution and storage of fuels, The quantification as well as energy of the projected and electricity emission generation) reductions was based on the evolution of the use of lignite for electricity generation until transition from lignite in 2028, as described in the NECP, and the difference of the SO2 emission factor of the most recent inventory in base year 2005.

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Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify

Increasing the SO2 Energy supply: Financial Energy 1996 National MEE NECP Chapter NOx: share of natural NOx transition to Instruments consumption Authority 4 and 15 17 18 gas in industry less carbon- Tax (comprising DESFA Annex D SO2: and in the intensive fuels Information consumption of National 5 5 6 residential/tertiar fuels and Gas System The quantification y sector electricity by end Operator of projected users such as emission households, reductions was services, industry based on the and agriculture) evolution of natural gas use, as described in the NECP and the difference in emission factors between liquid fuels and natural gas. Improving energy SO2 Energy Financial Energy 2008 National MEE NECP Chapter SO2: efficiency NOx consumption: Instruments consumption Authority 4 and 10 50 95 NMVOC — improvemen Tax (comprising Annex D NOx: PM2.5 ts of efficiency Information consumption of 3 20 35 of buildings — fuels and improvement electricity by end The quantification PM2.5 2 3 of efficiency of Information users such as of the projected : < 1 appliances — Regulation households, emission improvement Research services, industry reductions was of efficiency of and agriculture) based on the services in the national energy

tertiary efficiency sector — improvement improvement target, as of efficiency in described in the industrial NECP sectors of end (Chapter 2.4) and use — demand the specific management/r energy efficiency eduction improvement measures and their reflection as detailed in Section 3.4 and Chapter 4 of the NECP. The emission factors for base year 2005 were also used to calculate the emission reductions. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1629

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify EU emissions SO2 Horizontal Financial — Energy supply 2005 National MEE NECP Chapter trading system NOx issues: — Policy instruments (including Authority 4 and NMVOC context – Regulation extraction, Annex D PM2.5 multisectoral transport, policy distribution and Projected storage of fuels, reductions are not as well as energy reported, because and electricity their effect has generation) been included in — Energy other policies(e.g. consumption increase of RES (including fuel and gas share, and electricity etc.). This consumption by prevents double end-users such as counting of households, projected services, industry emission and agriculture); reductions. industrial processes (including industrial activities that chemically or physically transform greenhouse gas emitting materials, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel coal)

Implementation SO2 Industrial Regulation Energy supply 2013 National MEE National gaseous of European NOx processes: (including Authority emission Directives (EU): PM2.5 installation of extraction, inventory in Directive (EU) abatement transport, accordance with 2015/2193 of technologies; distribution and Directive (EU) 25 November improved storage of fuels, 2016/2284 2015 (JMD control of as well as energy 6164/16.3.2018 fugitive and electricity Projected (Government emissions from generation); reductions are not Gazette, Series II, industrial energy reported, because No 1107)), processes; consumption their effect has Directive (comprising been included in 2010/75/EU of consumption of other policies(e.g. 24 November fuels and desulphurising 2010; JMD electricity by PPC units, No 36060/1155/Ε. end-users such as increasing the 103/13.6.2013 households, 1630 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify (Government services, industry share of natural Gazette, Series II, and agriculture) gas, etc.). This No 1450), prevents double Commission counting of Implementing projected Decision emission ((EU)) reductions. 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 Implementation NMVOC Energy supply: Control of Energy supply 1997 National MEE National gaseous NMVOC: 2 2 of Directive — reduction of pollution at (including Authority emission 2 94/63/EC (on the losses source extraction, National Ministry of inventory in control of volatile Regulation transport, Authority Transport accordance with organic compound distribution and and Directive (EU) (VOC) emissions storage of fuels, Infrastructur 2016/2284 resulting from the as well as energy e storage of petrol and electricity The quantification and its generation) of projected distribution from emission terminals to reductions was service stations) based on the Implementation evolution of of Directive petrol 2009/126/EC (on consumption for Stage II petrol road transport, as vapour recovery described in the during refuelling NECP. of motor vehicles at service stations) Implementation NMVOC Waste Regulation Waste 2002 National MEE National gaseous NMV 4 4 of Directive management / Information management / Authority emission OC: 3 1999/31/EC on waste: landfill waste inventory in the landfill of restriction accordance with waste Directive (EU) 2016/2284

The quantification of projected emission reductions was based on estimates of reductions in the quantities of biodegradable waste entering landfills in the National Waste Management Plan. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1631

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify

Reduction of SO2 Energy supply: Regulation Energy 2003 National Ministry of National gaseous SO2: 42 29 sulphur content in other energy consumption Authority Finance emission 74 fuels (fixed supply: (comprising inventory in combustion reduction of consumption of accordance with stoves) sulphur content fuels and Directive (EU) Joint Ministerial in fuels electricity by end 2016/2284 Decision users such as 291/2003; Joint households, The quantification Ministerial services, industry of the projected Decision 128/2016 and agriculture) emission reductions was based on the evolution of the use of liquid fuels for fixed combustion stoves, as described in the NECP, and the difference of the SO2 emission factor of the most recent inventory in base year 2005. Transport

Reduction of SO2 Energy supply: Regulation Transport 2020 National IAPR National gaseous 0.05 0.06 0.07 sulphur content in — other energy (Shipping) Authority Directorate emission fuel supply: for Energy, inventory in (road transport, reduction of Industrial accordance with shipping) the sulphur and Directive (EU) content of fuels Chemical 2016/2284 In accordance Products with JMD No 128/2016, from 18 June 2014 S < 3.5 % From 1 January 2020 S < 0.5 % Also, at berth 0.1 % Establishment of Indirectly Transport – Regulation Transport 2020 National Ministry of National gaseous CO2 emission SO2 and Improvement (passenger 2025 Authority Infrastructur emission ceilings for vehicle NOx, of efficiency vehicles and light 2030 e and inventory in manufacturers NMVOC, CO2 trucks) Transport accordance with (lower NH3, emissions < 95g/k Directive (EU) consumption) PM2.5 m 2016/2284 2025 15 % Projected 2030 37.5 reductions are not reported because their effect has 1632 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify been included in other policies to avoid double counting of reductions

Reduced pollutant SO2 and Transport Regulation Transport 2021 National Ministry of National gaseous emissions in NOx, Development of (Road transport) Authority Infrastructur emission EURO 6.3 and NMVOC, anti-pollution e and inventory in later vehicles NH3, PM2.5 technologies Transport accordance with for cars Directive (EU) 2016/2284 Projected reductions are not reported because their effect has been included in other policies to avoid double counting of reductions

Electromobility SO2, NOx, Transport — Regulation Transport 2020 National MEE National gaseous SO2: NMVOC, Alternative Tax and (Road transport) Authority emission 0 0 0 NH3, PM2.5 fuels Financial inventory in NOx: Instruments accordance with 0 0.14 0.55 Directive (EU) NMV 2016/2284 and OC: 0 0.17 0.70 associated PM2.5 electromobility : 0 0.01 0.02 share targets, as detailed in the NECP.

Promotion of SO2, NOx, Transport — Regulation Transport (Road 2020 National MEE National gaseous alternative fuels NMVOC, Alternative Tax and transport — Authority emission and liquefied NH3, PM2.5 fuels Financial shipping) inventory in natural gas in Instruments accordance with transport (road Directive (EU) transport, 2016/2284 shipping) Projected reductions are not reported because their effect has been included in other policies to avoid double counting of reductions Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1633

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify

Promotion and SO2, NOx, Transport — Financial Transport 2020 National Ministry of National gaseous improvement of NMVOC, Shift to public Instruments (Road transport) Authority Infrastructur emission public transport NH3, PM2.5 transport Developmen e and inventory in vehicles (renewal t of Public Transport accordance with of bus fleet, Transport Directive (EU) extensions of Infrastructur 2016/2284 metro lines) e Projected reductions are not reported because their effect has been included in other policies to avoid double counting of reductions

Traffic SO2, NOx, Policy context Regulation Transport 2012 National Ministry of This project was management NMVOC, (Road transport) Authority Environmen assessed before measures (e.g. NH3, PM2.5 t, Ministry being green ring) of implemented in a Infrastructur specific study e commissioned by and the MEE and the Transport projected and Ministry reductions were of Citizen taken into Protection account in the calculations.

Improvement of SO2, NOx, Policy context Regulation Transport 2020 National Ministry of National gaseous vehicle emission NMVOC, (Road transport) Authority Environmen emission control NH3, PM2.5 t, inventory in procedures (e.g. Infrastructur accordance with exhaust control e and Directive (EU) card, Vehicle Transport 2016/2284 Technical Control Projected Centre, (KTEO)) reductions are not reported because their effect has been included in other policies to avoid double counting of reductions

Improvement of SO2, NOx, Transport — Financial Transport 2020 2050 National Ministry of National gaseous SO2: rail infrastructure NMVOC, improved Instruments (Rail Transport) Authority Infrastructur emission 0 0.01 0.02 and completion of NH3, PM2.5 transport Developmen e and inventory in NOx: electrification of infrastructure t of Public Transport accordance with 0 0.20 0.39 trains Transport Directive (EU) NMV Infrastructur 2016/2284 OC: 0 0.02 0.05 e PM2.5 : 0 0.00 0.01 1634 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify

Electrification of SO2, NOx, Energy supply Control of Transport 2025 2040 National Ministry of It is not possible ships at berth NMVOC, pollution at (Shipping) Authority Maritime to estimate NH3, PM2.5 source Affairs precisely the emission reduction because there is no separation of the fuel consumed during movement and berthing. However, the reduction is estimated to be small in total shipping emissions, while the measure mainly affects the reduction of air pollutant levels in the port area.

Replacing SO2, NOx, Transport — Regulation Transport 2020 National Ministry of National gaseous passenger cars NMVOC, Policy Tax and (Road transport) Authority Finance, emissions and commercial NH3, PM2.5 Framework Financial Ministry of inventory in fleets with new Instruments the accordance with low-emission and Environmen Directive (EU) highly energy- t and 2016/2284 NECP efficient vehicles Ministry of NSTP Infrastructur e and Transport Solvents Implementation NMVOC Industrial Control of Industrial 2001 2014 National MEE The quantification NMV 10 10 of Directive processes: pollution at processes Authority of projected OC: 1999/13/EC on installation of source (comprising emission 10 the limitation of abatement industrial reductions was emissions of technologies; activities that based on the volatile organic improved chemically or evolution of compounds due control of physically emissions in the to the use of fugitive transform previous decade organic solvents in emissions from materials leading as shown in the certain activities industrial to greenhouse Questionnaire in and processes gas emissions, accordance with installations use of Directive greenhouse 1999/13/EC gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel carbon) Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1635

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify Implementation NMVOC Industrial Control of Industrial 2007 National MEE The quantification NMV 20 20 of Directive processes: pollution at processes Authority of projected OC: 2004/42/EC on installation of source (comprising emission 20 the limitation of abatement industrial reductions was emissions of technologies; activities that based on the volatile organic improved chemically or National Gaseous compounds due control of physically Emission to the use of fugitive transform Inventory in organic solvents in emissions from materials leading accordance with certain paints and industrial to greenhouse Directive (EU) varnishes and processes gas emissions, 2016/2284 and vehicle refinishing use of the assumption products and greenhouse that all industries amending gases in products will comply with Directive and non-energy the emission 1999/13/EC uses of fossil fuel limits as described carbon) in the Directive Implementation NMVOC Industrial Control of Industrial 2014 National MEE The quantification NMV 10 10 of Directive processes: pollution at processes Authority of projected OC: 2010/75/EU on installation of source (comprising emission 10 industrial abatement industrial reductions was emissions technologies; activities that based on the (integrated improved chemically or evolution of pollution control of physically emissions in the prevention and fugitive transform previous decade control) emissions from materials leading as shown in the industrial to greenhouse Questionnaire in processes gas emissions, accordance with use of the Directive greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel carbon)

Agricultural sector Implementation ΝΗ3 Agriculture — Economic Agriculture 2014 National Ministry of The quantification ΝΗ3: of the institutional low instruments Authority Rural of projected 5 5 5 framework of the fertiliser/manur Developmen emission Common e application on t and Food reductions was Agricultural Policy cropland and based on the as described by grassland; — National Gas Regulation (EU) improved Emission No 1305/2013 livestock and Inventory (direct payments farm Directive (EU) scheme), management; 2016/2284 and on 1636 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify Regulation (EU) improved the assumption No 1307/2013) animal waste that the rate of (supporting rural management change in development by systems agricultural establishing production and Priority 5, which fertiliser use is relates to lower than the promoting evolution of gross resource domestic income, efficiency) and as evidenced by Regulation (EU) historical data. No 1306/2013, Regulation (EU) No 604/2014 and Regulation (EU) No 809/2014 (cross-compliance scheme)

The agricultural sector is guided by a Common Agricultural Policy for all Member States of the European Union. Implementation ΝΗ3 Agriculture — Economic Agriculture 2015 National Ministry of National gaseous of the institutional low instruments Authority Rural emission framework of the fertiliser/manur Developmen inventory in Common e application on t and Food accordance with Agricultural Policy cropland and Directive (EU) Cross-compliance grassland 2016/2284 (Ministerial Planned Decision reductions are not No 1791/74062/ reported, because 2.7.2015) their effect has been included in the ‘Implementation of the institutional framework of the Common Agricultural Policy’. This prevents double counting of projected emission reductions. Implementation ΝΗ3 Agriculture — Economic Agriculture 2015 National Ministry of National gaseous of the institutional low instruments Authority Rural emission Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1637

Affected Implementation Quantified expected pollutants; period Authority(-ies) responsible for emission reductions (for select as (mandatory (M) implementation (M for individual PaMs or for appropriate only for measures selected for Details of the packages of PaMs, as Name and brief SΟ2, NOx, measures implementation) Refer to the Objectives of Key sector and, methodologies appropriate) (kt, annually description NMVOC, NH3, Types of selected for authorities listed in individual PaMs where applicable, used for analysis or as a range, compared to of individual PaMs PM2.5, (M) BC policies and implementation Table 2.3.2, as applicable. or package of additional sectors (e.g. specific WM scenario) (M) or as a measures ) PaMs affected models or package of PaMs component of (^) (Μ) (*) (M) (+) (M) methods, basic (M) PM2.5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030 (O), please specify framework of the fertiliser/manur Developmen inventory in Common e application on t and Food accordance with Agricultural Policy cropland and Directive (EU) grassland; — 2016/2284 National choices, improved administrative livestock and Planned measures and farm reductions are not procedures for management; reported, because implementing improved their effect has direct payments animal waste been included in (Ministerial management the Decision systems ‘Implementation No 104/7056/21. of the institutional 1.2015) framework of the Common Agricultural Policy’. This prevents double counting of projected emission reductions. Rural ΝΗ3 Agriculture — Economic Agriculture 2015 National Ministry of The quantification ΝΗ3: 4 4 Development low fertiliser/ instruments Authority Rural of projected 4 Programme manure Developmen emission application on t and Food reductions was cropland and based on the grassland; — national gaseous improved emission livestock and inventory in farm accordance with management; Directive (EU) improved 2016/2284 and animal waste the assumptions: management 1. increasing systems organic farming in line with the objectives of the programme; 2. using urease containment products to reduce emissions per fertiliser unit according to international literature.

1638 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1639

1. ENERGY

increasing the share of RES in electricity generation

According to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), the national target for the share of RES in final gross energy consumption is to reach at least 60 % according to the relevant EU calculation methodology.

The achievement of this target requires a very large increase in the installed capacity of RES for electricity generation, which for most technologies is expected to lead to more than doubling of their current installed capacity. This is obviously a very ambitious but at the same time realistic objective in proportion to the technical and economic potential and the already expressed investment interest. However, achieving this requires the best response and operation of both the public bodies involved, the regulator and the operators, and the RES market itself, and it is therefore a key challenge to fulfil this condition in an optimal way in the next period. At the same time, in order to promote RES and increase their share in final consumption, the objective is to electrify and link the final consumption sectors. On this axis, the gradual electrification of the transport sector is the most important challenge for the next period. In particular, a remarkable penetration of electric vehicles is expected, contributing significantly to various dimensions of the NECP, while as regards rail transport, full electrification will have already been achieved much earlier. The aim is to achieve this penetration in the most efficient way for the national economy, while at the same time the appropriate infrastructure and regulatory framework should be developed in a timely manner, as these are prerequisites for electrification of the transport sector. In addition, the aim is to link the consumption sectors more and more efficiently, focusing on maximising the use of RES. Electrification of various uses in final consumption is a key component in achieving this objective. A typical example is heat pumps, which in combination with the future greater use of energy storage systems and self- generation schemes will be instrumental in this direction. 1640 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

In addition, the objective is to promote RES systems in buildings and dispersed production systems, through self-generation and net-metering schemes. In particular, the overall operation of such RES generation systems with an installed capacity of 1 GW is foreseen until 2030, capable of covering the average electricity consumption of at least 330 000 Greek households.

The table below shows the evolution of RES shares in gross electricity consumption.

Table 4: Evolution of RES shares up to 2030 Evolution of RES shares 2020 2022 2025 2027 2030

Gross electricity consumption (%) 29.2 38.6 46.8 52.9 61.0

In the RES generation sector, the predominant applications for the next period that will contribute to achieving the objectives are wind and photovoltaic parks, which are also considered to be the most mature and competitive with market and economic rules in terms of their impact on aid. The following tables show the evolution of these figures for RES technologies in electricity generation. Please note that although there is no specific timing for marine wind farms, their participation in the mix to achieve the electricity generation target is assumed.

Table 5: Evolution of installed capacity of RES units for electricity generation Electricity generation installed capacity 2020 2022 2025 2027 2030 [GW] Biomass & Biogas 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 Hydroelectric 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 Wind 3.6 4.2 5.2 6.0 7.0 Photovoltaic 3.0 3.9 5.3 6.3 7.7 Solar thermal stations 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Total 10.1 11.9 14.6 16.6 19.0

Table 6: Evolution of electricity generation from RES plants Electricity generation installed capacity 2020 2022 2025 2027 2030 [GW] Biomass & Biogas 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.6 Hydroelectric 5.5 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6 Wind 7.2 10.1 12.6 14.4 17.2 Photovoltaic 4.5 6.0 8.2 9.7 11.8 Solar thermal stations 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1641

Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 Total 17.7 23.0 28.4 32.2 38.1

Policies and measures to promote RES in electricity generation are detailed in the NECP, Chapter 3.3.

Withdrawal of lignite power units and interconnection of autonomous island systems

Decoupling the economy from the polluting lignite fuel by 2028 is a key priority of the Greek government. This is fully in line with the European Union’s ambition to become the first climate-neutral continent, but also with international energy developments. At the same time, it places Greece at the forefront of the fight against climate change and energy transition.

The reasons for transition from lignite are also environmental, due to the phenomenon of climate change, but also economic in view of the increasing trend in pollutant emission values. This transition away from lignite is possible and can be supported by Greece’s strong renewable energy potential, which will be our main national energy resource in the energy mix of the future. The withdrawal of all lignite units by 2028 will take place in an orderly and responsible manner. The Government’s absolute priority is to make the transition to the post-lignite era fair for the regions of Western Macedonia and Megalopolis. For this reason, and under the auspices of an interministerial committee, a comprehensive, multi-dimensional and frontloaded (Master Plan — Just Development Transition Plan) has been developed and presented in early September 2020 as the post-lignite development roadmap.

All RES penetration measures in electricity generation, heating and transport contribute to this objective. In addition, since natural gas, although a fossil fuel, has lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels, the substitution of oil and lignite by natural gas is an intermediate policy step towards a greenhouse gas emission reduction path. The promotion of gas in specific final consumption sectors to replace the use of petroleum products is also a key priority. Additional greenhouse gas emission reductions are also expected from the interconnection of autonomous island systems with the continental system, where local, highly polluting power plants will be phased out.

There are currently 29 autonomous island electricity systems in Greece (32 until the first phase of interconnection of the Cyclades was recently implemented in 2018), the operation of which requires increased financial resources, while this does not ensure that consumers of these systems receive a seamless and optimal supply of electricity, irrespective of the circumstances.

The aim is to interconnect most of these autonomous systems with the interconnected system by the end of the next decade, thus achieving economic savings at national economy level, reducing energy dependency, providing the 1642 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

same high quality electricity and services to citizens, complying with environmental law requirements (NOx emissions reduction) and further exploiting the potential of indigenous renewable energy sources in these island systems. Even where the interconnection of some small and remote electricity systems is not technically cost-effective, innovative energy applications will be implemented in these systems as part of the development of hybrid systems and policies for ‘smart’ islands. This objective translates into an interconnection of almost all autonomous electricity systems by 2030. More information in the NECP, Chapters 2.5 and 3.5.

Improving energy efficiency

As part of the energy efficiency dimension, the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) sets the objective of improving energy efficiency in final energy consumption by at least 38 % compared to the forecast of the evolution of final energy consumption by 2030, as estimated in 2007 in the context of European energy policies, with the result that final energy consumption does not exceed 16.5 Mtoe in 2030. At the same time, a satisfactory performance is achieved in the relevant evaluation indicators in terms of both the rate of reduction in final energy consumption for 2017 (16.8 Mtoe) and the 2020 energy saving target (18.4 Mtoe), taking into account the increase in final energy consumption to reverse the effects of the economic downturn in previous years. This reduction rate is even higher in primary energy consumption, amounting to more than 44 %, showing that the overall objective is to achieve energy efficiency improvements throughout the energy system, achieving a particularly high improvement in the way energy be delivered for consumption and always in the most cost-effective way. In addition, a target is set for the cumulative amount of energy savings to be achieved over the period 2021-2030 in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 (L 315/1), on energy savings obligations. According to the available outturn data on final energy consumption, at least 7.3 Mtoe of cumulative energy savings over the period 2021-2030 should be achieved, but the target will be recalculated on the basis of the final energy consumption figures for the years 2016-2018. In addition, an annual energy renovation target is set for the total thermal area of central government buildings of 5 400 m², which represents 3 % of the total surface area.

The need to renovate the existing building stock is undeniable, as this will achieve significant energy and cost savings for citizens and improve comfort, safety and health conditions in the use of these buildings. This requires setting a central quantitative target for the renovation and replacement of residential buildings with new nearly zero energy consumption, which, taken together, could reach 12- 15 % of all dwellings by 2030. The objective is to annually upgrade 60 000 buildings or building units or even replace them by new, more energy-efficient ones. This target will significantly contribute to the radical upgrading of the ageing building stock while providing a significant boost to the construction sector through high Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1643

value-added technologies and will basically provide high economic and operational benefits to Greek households while meeting their energy needs. More information in the NECP, Chapters 2.4 and 3.4. 1644 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

EU emissions trading system

The EU ETS is a cornerstone of the EU’s policy to combat climate change and its key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner. At Community level emissions trading started in 2005 on the basis of the Community ETS for greenhouse gases. It is the world’s first carbon market and remains the largest so far. It operates in all EU member countries, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

The EU ETS sets a ceiling on the quantities of CO2 that can be emitted by industry and power stations. The total volume of permitted emissions is distributed to companies in the form of free allocation of CO2 emission allowances which can also be traded.

Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the European Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (L 275, p. 32), adopts the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) in order to achieve more effectively the European Union’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments.

On 14 March 2018, Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost- effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 (L 76, p. 3) for the period after 2020, was published.

The ETS limits emissions from more than 11 000 energy-using installations (power stations and industrial installations) as well as airlines flying between these countries. It covers around 45 % of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU.

Putting a price on carbon and trading it delivers concrete results for the environment: In 2020, emissions from sectors covered by this scheme will be 21 % lower than in 2005.

Aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Direct emissions from aviation account for around 3 % of the EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions.

By 2020, global emissions from international aviation are expected to be around 70 % higher than in 2005, even if fuel efficiency improves by 2 % per year. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) foresees a possible further increase by 300 to 700 % until 2050.

The ETS is in the third phase, 2013-2020 (first 2005-2007, second 2008-2012) and includes, in addition to fixed installations, airlines falling under the criteria of Annex I to Directive 2003/87/EC. The fourth phase, 2021-2030, is in the process of aligning the ETS operating regulations with Directive (EU) 2018/410. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1645

Increasing the share of natural gas in industry, and in the residential/tertiary sector

Expanding the use of natural gas in final consumption is an objective of the NECP. In particular, natural gas is expected to be the intermediate fuel for the transition to a low greenhouse gas emission model in all final consumption sectors, while at the same time it can lead to both improved energy efficiency and lower energy cost compared to other conventional technologies. A key objective is to achieve a greater participation of natural gas in all sectors of final consumption and, in essence, its extended use to replace part of the current consumption of petroleum products in these sectors. Developing the necessary transmission and distribution infrastructure to allow access to the use of natural gas to a larger proportion of final consumers in the building sector, as well as further increasing its use in industry and transport are priorities for the next period. The quantitative target for this priority is to increase the direct use of natural gas in the final consumption sectors by at least 50 % compared to the year 2017.

2. TRANSPORT

Reduction of sulphur content in fuel (shipping)

Joint Ministerial Decision No 128/2016 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 3958) provides for a reduction in the sulphur content of marine fuel, from 18 June 2014 S < 3.5 % and from 1 January 2020 S < 0.5 %, while for ships at berth S < 0.1 %. More specifically, the maximum sulphur content of international marine fuels will be reduced from 1 January 2020 to 0.5 %, as opposed to the current limit of 1.5 % (for liner ships) or 3.5 % (for other ships), while for special ship emission control areas the 0.10 % threshold already in force as of 1 January 2015 applies. At this stage there are concerns about both the global availability of compliant fuels and the safety of available fuels.

Establishment of CO2 emission ceilings for vehicle manufacturers (lower consumption)

On 17 April 2019, the European Parliament and the European Council adopted Regulation (EU) 2019/631 (L 111, p. 13) setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles after 2020. The new regulation applies from 1 January 2020 under which the emission limit of 95 g/km will apply to 95 % of the vehicles of each manufacturer with the lowest emissions. From 2021, the average emissions of all new vehicles of a manufacturer will be lower than the limit of 95 g/km (https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars en). The uptake of new technology vehicles with reduced greenhouse gas emissions will also indirectly lead to lower emissions of air pollutants. However, the renewal of the vehicle fleet is a prerequisite.

Reduced pollutant emissions in EURO 6.3 and later vehicles 1646 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Since January 2021, following an EU decision, new vehicles entering the road have complied with the Euro 6.3 emission standard with even lower emissions of air pollutants. The uptake of new low-emission technology vehicles will lead to lower emissions of gaseous pollutants and reductions in pollution levels. However, the renewal of the vehicle fleet is a prerequisite.

Electromobility

In accordance with the National Energy and Climate Plan (MEE, December 2019), concrete measures to encourage the penetration of electromobility will be adopted. Law 4710/2020 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 142) ‘Promoting electromobility and other provisions’ contains specific measures to encourage the penetration of electromobility. In the transport sector, the penetration of means of transport using alternative fuels and electricity, the rapid reduction in unit energy consumption by vehicle type, the penetration of second-generation biofuels, the full electrification of rail infrastructure, as well as the increased contribution of track-based transport modes to transport work, will, by the end of the next decade, completely change the technological structure and fuel mix in the transport sector, impacting the national economy as a whole.

As stated in the NECP: ‘The fleet in Greece is estimated at approximately 5.15 million vehicles at the end of 2018, with an estimated increase of 920 000 vehicles in 2030, provided there is some control on exit/entries.’ It is pointed out that today it constitutes the 4th oldest fleet in Europe, with a percentage of more than 56 % consisting of 10-20 year-old vehicles and a percentage of 25 % having exceeded 20 years of age.

Regarding the penetration of electric vehicles in the Greek vehicle market, pure H/0 (BEV) and Plug In Hybrids (PHEV), dis not exceed 0.33 % of the total market until August 2019.

As can be seen from the above statistics, the composition of the Greek fleet and the average economic capacity of consumers do not facilitate the penetration of electromobility under the operating conditions of the existing market. It is therefore necessary to develop an efficient programme of measures and policies to facilitate the growth of electric vehicles.

The need for regulatory intervention by the State is demonstrated, also looking at the examples of other European countries, where the market for electric vehicles is already of considerable size, and where electrification strategies are in place. Examples of such states are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. These countries offer significant incentives to make the purchase and charging of electric vehicles more attractive, leading to rapid growth of their electromobility market. A detailed description of the strategies and incentives implemented by different countries is presented in the relevant section of Annex A with regard to existing measures and policies in other countries as a basis for reference and benchmarking Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1647

regarding measures and policies that may also be implemented in the domestic car market.

The development of national electromobility promotion policy and its specialisation takes place in five different directions:

1. broadening the ‘purchasing base’ of the Greek market by diversifying the consumer identity (profile);

2. replacing older vehicles with ‘clean’ plug-in hybrid and pure electric vehicles;

3. increasing the current 0.33 % share of electric vehicles in the Greek market to at least 8.7 % of new registrations over a period of 5 years (2020-2024);

4. developing a new ‘user environment’ in terms of both infrastructure and benefits (incentives);

5. informing the public through the promotion of communication programmes.

In order to facilitate a smooth transition towards zero-emission mobility, a comprehensive incentive scheme should be designed. A specific transitional measure should also be applied to enable access to zero- and low-emission vehicles by consumers, as Greece is among the Member States with very low penetration levels regarding such vehicles.

The incentives can be divided into, on the one hand, those of a purely economic nature (subsidy at the purchase price, reduction of registration and use costs through tax exemptions, special pricing policy in insurance schemes, reduced tolls, reduction in coastal shipping for electric vehicle, etc.) and, on the other hand, those appearing as incentives for use (entry and daily traffic within major urban centres, free parking in municipalities where controlled parking is applied, support for the creation of energy supply networks for the recharging of vehicles, etc.).

Furthermore, those incentives vary according to whether they are provided for private use, public use, taxis or public vehicles.

The Draft Law on ‘Tax reform with a development dimension for the Greece of tomorrow’, which has been subject to public consultation1, introduces a package of measures to promote the use of zero- or low- emission electric passenger and public transport vehicles.

Initial incentives are given to companies so that they choose to purchase or lease cars of anti-pollution technology to provide them to their employees.

1It was adopted by the Greek Parliament on 6 December 2019 (Law 4646/2019 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 201). 1648 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Specifically: • For the cost of renting a zero- or low-emission passenger car, i.e. emitting up to 50 gr / km CO2, with a maximum retail price of EUR 40 000 before taxes, the company is granted a deduction from its gross income, when the expenditure is incurred, increased by 30 % (‘over-depreciation in rents’).

• An increased depreciation rate of 25 % (depreciation in 4 years) and 20 % (depreciation in 5 years) is provided per tax year, for the purchase of zero- and low-emission electric passenger (for up to 9 people) vehicles emitting up to 50 gr/km CO2, respectively.

• An increased depreciation rate of 15 % and 10 % is provided per tax year for the purchase of zero- and low-emission passenger (for more than 9 people) transport vehicles emitting up to 50 gr/km CO2, respectively.

• An increased depreciation rate of 20 % and 15 % is provided per tax year, for the purchase of zero- and low-emission freight vehicles emitting up to 50 gr/km CO2, respectively.

• For employees of companies, partners or shareholders or their relatives, the market value of a zero- or low-emission vehicle emitting 50 gr/km CO2 is excluded from the calculation of income from employment and pensions, which is currently taxed as additional income.

• For the development of publicly accessible charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, the undertaking shall be allowed to deduct 30 % from its gross revenues for the purchase, installation and operation of charging points.’

Electromobility penetration is an important parameter for achieving energy targets, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of gaseous pollutants. It is expected that these results will be achieved after further development of the required infrastructure. However, in order to reduce exceedances of pollutant levels, especially for the next few years, measures to renew the vehicle fleet are being considered and will be specified in the context of the preparation of the Operational Plan for Combating Air Pollution in Athens.

Promotion of alternative fuels and liquefied natural gas in transport

Transport makes a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and pollutant emissions. To this end, the NECP proposes measures such as the promotion of electromobility in road transport, the use of natural gas either in the form of compressed gas (CNG) for the road traffic of passenger and light vehicles (in particular within the urban fabric) or in the form of liquefied natural gas for the circulation of heavy vehicles (in particular on national roads). The promotion of alternative fuels, including the valorisation of biomethane (replacing or mixed with natural gas), the use of hydrogen, and the development of sustainable urban mobility plans, is in a similar context. The promotion of biofuels, the use of Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1649

hydrogen and the use of electricity will contribute to the reduction of transport emissions.

In the transport sector, policy measures, which are expected to be further specified in the Strategic Plan for the Transport Sector, are a priority for the new period, such as completing the necessary infrastructure to promote alternative fuels in transport, exploring new regulatory measures, revising the existing institutional framework for the development of a market for alternative fuels infrastructure and introducing fiscal incentives for all types of alternative fuels.

With regard to the use of natural gas in road transport, the use of liquefied natural gas as motor fuel for heavy vehicles is of particular interest. In this context, planning for the development of a network of four (4) LNG vehicle refuelling stations by 2030 shall be promoted. The network for the refuelling of compressed natural gas vehicles is under development and it is foreseen that 55 compressed natural gas refuelling stations will be operational by 2030 throughout Greece to meet the relevant demand. Finally, the relevant institutional framework has already been drawn up, and appropriate market know-how exists, on issues such as the establishment and operation of compressed natural gas refuelling stations, the conversion of vehicles (retrofit), engineers, workshops and certifications (KTEO) for compressed natural gas vehicles, as well as the transport by road of compressed natural gas to users outside the gas pipeline network.

The mix of the international energy map, and thus also in Europe, has included RES over the past two decades, but also energy efficiency targets in the broader context of States’ commitments, as they result initially from the Framework Convention on Climate Change, international conventions as well as European directives. In particular, as regards the maritime sector, Annex VI to the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 1973/78) of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) introduces the obligation of 1 January 2020 for the global implementation of a new sulphur cap for marine fuels, while more stringent restrictions are in place in designated Special Emission Control Areas (e.g. Baltic and North Sea). Moreover, Annex VI to the International Convention MARPOL 1973/78 has established, within the IMO, a comprehensive framework of rules to control other harmful gas emissions from ships (NOx, ODS, VOC combustion) to address global air pollution and protect the environment and human health. Liquefied natural gas is considered to be one of the appropriate and advantageous options to address the above requirements.

At this stage, among alternative fuels, one credible option is to refuel ships using liquefied natural gas, as it offers significant environmental benefits on the one hand and significant fuel cost savings on the other. In particular, liquefied natural gas in relation to marine oil guarantees lower emissions by up to 2 % for CO2, i.e. by 90 % for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and by 99 % for sulphur oxides (SOx) and microparticles. Studies show that greater growth in the available LNG bunkering facilities is observed in Northern Europe (as opposed to the Mediterranean). In terms of figures, around 170 ships worldwide already use liquefied natural gas as 1650 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

fuel, and more than 170 are on order, leading many ports, mainly Asian ones, to already develop LNG refuelling infrastructure.

EU and national legislation has included arrangements for the development and deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and for the safe bunkering of ships with liquefied natural gas. In addition, the promotion of the use of liquefied natural gas as marine fuel has been included as an objective in the ‘Natural Gas Market Road Map 2017-2022’, which was approved by Decision No 78/2018 of the Government Economic Policy Council (Government Gazette, Series II, No 59). Furthermore, Greece participates in the European Poseidon Med II programme, together with Italy and Cyprus, which aims to introduce liquefied natural gas into the marine industry as the main fuel, as well as to develop a refuelling infrastructure network. First of all, the creation of infrastructure in the ports of Patras, Herakleion and Igoumenitsa is envisaged, followed by ensuring that ships are supplied with liquefied natural gas, whether mobile or coastal facilities, and in other ports of strategic importance for coastal shipping such as Rhodes and Syros. In the port of Piraeus, which will be the main refuelling centre for ships with liquefied natural gas, there is no need for storage facilities and ships will be refuelled with LNG barges and tankers.

For this reason, as part of the Poseidon Med II programme, plant design studies, safety studies, environmental impact studies, economic studies, ship planning, drafting of procedures, etc. are already being carried out in order to make Greece, due to its geographical location, a strategic player for bunkering ships with liquefied natural gas.

However, since the wider uptake of liquefied natural gas as a fuel for shipping will depend on both the global and European availability of LNG refuelling infrastructure, the price of liquefied natural gas, financing issues and the need for a clear regulatory policy, coordinated international/European actions are needed to achieve the above but also to coordinate all the relevant ministries in the country in order to immediately promote the actions.

A key action to contribute to the development of liquefied natural gas in shipping is initially the development of the relevant infrastructure. In this context, DESFA has already included in the draft Ten-Year Development Plan of the National Gas System the construction of a pier at the Revythousa terminal, with a budget of EUR 34 million. Completion of the project is expected at the end of 2023 and will concern a port facility for the supply of bunkering vessels with a capacity of 1 000- 20 000 cubic metres of liquefied natural gas. The approval of the Development Programme is the legal responsibility of the Regulatory Authority for Energy. At the same time, DESFA has also included in the same Development Programme the construction and operation of a facility for the transhipment of liquefied natural gas into tank-vehicles, which is expected to be operational in the course of 2021. The two projects provide synergies and help to make better use of the existing infrastructure. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1651

It is also necessary to adopt or amend the Master Plan for ports, which will form a core network in the Greek area, to include the necessary facilities and the operation of LNG bunkering, initially in ports deemed particularly important for ships such as Piraeus/Patras/Igoumenitsa/Herakleion/Thessaloniki/Rhodes/Syros.

The establishment of a regulatory framework for the implementation of the above projects including the development of manuals with rules and regulations for the safety of mobile tanks in trucks and ships as well as in coastal facilities and waterborne barges, and participation in training programmes for the construction, support and maintenance of coastal installations and mobile tanks, barges and trucks, are pre-requisites.

Promotion and Improvement of public transport vehicles

Based on the planned projects for the expansion of the metro in Athens, the operation of the Thessaloniki metro (https://www.ametro.gr/?page id = 269) and the expansion of the suburban, as well as the improvement of the railway transport, as provided for in the NSTP, a shift towards the use of the public transport vehicles and a corresponding reduction of the emissions of road transport is expected. Moreover, the renewal of the bus fleet with low-emission vehicles and/or alternative fuels will further reduce pollutant emissions. All the above assumptions have been taken into account in the fuel consumption scenarios according to the NECP and have also been taken into account in the emission calculations.

Traffic management measures (e.g. green ring)

The ring and later the green ring was first applied in the 1980s (http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=822&language=en GR) with the main aim of traffic relief in the central sector of Athens. This measure will be reassessed in the context of the preparation of the project ‘Operational Plan for Combating Air Pollution in Athens’.

With the adoption of ΥΠΕΝ/ΔΜΕΑΑΠ/57298/225 approving technical instructions for the establishment of temporary pedestrian corridors, temporary cycling corridors and the temporary establishment of soft traffic areas or soft traffic roads with a reduction of the speed limit to thirty (30) km/h, in local roads or residential areas, it is expected that the local authorities will be able to implement policies for the creation of soft traffic areas in cities with a low speed limit, as a pilot by 30 November 2020, as well as to (a) evaluate the type of emergency pilot interventions based on the results that will be observed; and (b) evaluate the actual results in terms of citizens’ movements, the operation of roads, acceptance or not by society, etc., so that these constitute useful data for the future planning by the Municipalities, in relation to the renovations in their public space. The implementation of the measures in conjunction with the municipalities’ plans for sustainable urban mobility (SUMPs), as well as their remaining planning for the regeneration of public space within their administrative boundaries, should lead to a reassessment of the hierarchy of urban roads and the categorisation of the 1652 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

road network, a step following research into the environmental resilience of the urban area, particularly at the level of the city’s highway network. This categorisation leads to the creation of a digital traffic system that bypasses the inner areas of the city where protected uses are concentrated, such as residential neighbourhoods, schools, parks, hospitals, cultural activities and centre areas with high pedestrian densities.

Improvement of vehicle emission control procedures (e.g. exhaust control card, Vehicle Technical Control Centre (KTEO))

The national system for the mandatory periodic technical inspection of vehicles through the Vehicle Technical Control Centres (KTEO) was introduced in the 1980s and in the context of Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 (L 127, p. 51); a Decision on the periodic technical inspection of motor vehicles and their trailers is adopted annually or every two years according to their category. Proper and systematic maintenance of vehicles is related to the reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. All vehicles are required annually to test their exhaust emissions and then receive an exhaust control card from the KTEO or from certified vehicle repair shops. The measure will be reviewed and refined in the context of the preparation of the Operational Plan for Combating Air Pollution in Athens.

Improvement of rail infrastructure and completion of electrification of trains

According to the NECP, in the transport sector: ‘the penetration of means of transport using alternative fuels and electricity, the full electrification of rail infrastructure, as well as the increased contribution of track-based means of transport to transport work, will, by the end of the next decade, completely change the technological structure and fuel mix in the transport sector, with repercussions for the entire national economy’. This measure, M39 Implementation of ongoing transport infrastructure projects (road and rail), is included in the NECP. Measures relating to the extension and promotion of electrification in rail transport are also included in the NSTP.

Ongoing and planned rail projects are described at: https://www.ose.gr/el/2 %CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC %CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1 %CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5/65 %CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE % BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE %CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE.

Electrification of ships at berth

In accordance with the Commission Recommendation of 8 May 2006 on the promotion of shore-side electricity for use by ships at berth in Community ports (OJ L 125/38, 12.5.2006) (https://eur_lex.europa.eu/legal content/EL/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32006H0339&from=DE): Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1653

1 Member States should consider establishing facilities for the shore-side electricity of ships at berth, in particular in ports where ambient air quality limit values are exceeded or where the public has expressed concerns about the high noise level, in particular at navigational sites close to residential areas.

2 Member States should take into account the information set out in the Annex, which presents cost-effectiveness and the possibility of shore-side electricity supply to reduce emissions, for different types of ships, itineraries and ports. Nevertheless, the environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

3 Member States should contribute, in the context of the revision of the Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) under the auspices of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), to promoting the development of harmonised international standards on connections for shore-side electricity supply, taking into account ongoing work.

4 Member States should consider providing financial incentives for shipowners to use shore-side electricity supply, taking into account the possibilities provided under Community law.

5 Member States should raise awareness regarding the shore-side electricity supply of ships among local authorities responsible for port areas, maritime authorities, port authorities, experts and maritime associations.

6 Member States should encourage port authorities and the maritime industry to exchange information on best practices regarding shore-side electricity supply and the harmonisation of procedures for the provision of this service.

7 Member States must inform the Commission of the measures they intend to take to reduce emissions from ships at berth, in particular where air quality limit values are exceeded.

The supply of shore-side electricity is a priority for Trans European Transport Network (TEN T) ports until 31 December 2025, unless there is no demand and costs are disproportionate to the benefits, including environmental benefits (Article 4 (5) of Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, L 307, p. 1).

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The European Commission has made the promotion of shore-side electricity a priority also in transport investment (Connecting Europe Facility). The use of electricity as an alternative fuel for ships at berth is an eligible action under Commission Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 (L 187, p. 1) for declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market and may be financed by public support. In order to further promote the development and use of the cold ironing system, Member States may also request authorisation to apply a reduced rate of taxation to electricity directly provided to ships at a port berth in accordance with Article 19 of the Energy Taxation Directive. Under the ELEMED (Electrification in the Eastern Mediterranean) programme, which is co-financed by the European Union, studies are being carried out to install electricity infrastructure for vessels at berth in three countries (Greece, Cyprus, Slovenia) and four ports along the south-eastern maritime corridor (Koper, Kyllini, Piraeus, Limassol), drastically reducing noise and air pollutants, particularly in urban areas near ports. In the framework of ELEMED, the first ship-supply infrastructure in the Eastern Mediterranean was set up at the port of Kyllini.

Replacing passenger cars and commercial fleets with new low-emission and highly energy-efficient vehicles

This measure is also referred to in the NECP and the NSTP.

In particular, it is stated in the NECP (Chap. 3.4.4, p. 144): ‘Finally, the replacement of passenger cars and light trucks with new energy-efficient vehicles will be promoted through a combination of measures such as the design of a targeted scrapping programme for passenger cars, a more effective legislative framework linking vehicle taxation to energy efficiency and CO2 emissions and the implementation of a wider funding programme for the replacement of public and freight vehicles. Please note that the purchase of vehicles using alternative fuels will make a significant contribution to improving energy efficiency in the road transport sector.’

Also, the NSTP (Chap. 3.2, p. 51) suggests the following: renewal of the vehicle fleet (all types) (RT-Soft 5): − restrictions on the age of imported vehicles (all types); − a system of bonus — sanctions through taxation and incentives for new/old and − clean/polluting vehicles (all types); − setting maximum authorised ages and/or gas emission levels for all vehicles.

The country’s commitment to enhancing the penetration of electric vehicles is well known. According to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), in the front- loaded scenario, the number of pure electric (BEV) and plug in hybrid (PHEV) vehicles in 2030 is expected to represent around 5 % of the passenger fleet. In the Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1655

NECP, the Greek fleet is estimated at approximately 5.15 million passenger vehicles at the end of 2018, with an estimated increase of 920 000 in 2030 if there is some control on exit/entries. In other words, it is estimated that out of a total of around 2.3 million new vehicles, 1.4 million vehicles will be withdrawn by 2030. In order to achieve this assumption, and given that the annual withdrawals today are around 40 000-45 000 vehicles, important measures will have to be taken to speed up fleet renewal. The NECP points out that the Greek fleet is currently the ‘4th oldest fleet in Europe, with more than 56 % consisting of 10-20-year-old vehicles and 25 % exceeding 20 years of age’ while the average age of heavy vehicles and buses is significantly higher. The emissions of these vehicles are several times higher than those of the newest vehicle technology (Euro 6, hybrid, etc.). The planned increase in the penetration of electric vehicles should be accompanied by incentives for private and company vehicles, possibly in addition to those already in force (for example, a subsidy for the purchase of private vehicles, bicycles, commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes). It is important to highlight the different environmental impact of replacing an old and polluting vehicle with an electric vehicle, depending on the distance travelled daily, the type, age and condition of the replaced vehicle. For example, the taxi fleet, which, according to a study by the Greek Association of Motor Vehicle Importers- Representatives (AMVIR) in 2017, participates by almost 50 % in the city’s traffic burden, is ageing (60 % of the Euro 3 or older fleet) and poorly maintained. A fleet of around 17 000 taxis during its lifetime emits about 46 000 tonnes of particulate matter and 600 000 tonnes of nitrogen oxides. Please bear in mind that, according to the legislation, a large number of polluting taxis currently operating in Greece will have to be replaced due to ageing by 2021. For this reason, one measure envisaged is the renewal of the taxi fleet subject to the withdrawal and permanent dismantling of old polluting vehicles. To sum up, fleet renewal with electric vehicles can reverse the environmental performance of the fleet, provided that the interventions are targeted and create the right incentives for its use. The adoption of measures and incentives to promote electromobility has an impact not only on the increase in energy demand, due to the charging needs of electric vehicles, but also on issues related to the Ministry of the Environment and Energy, i.e. climate change and gaseous pollution. This is because, as mentioned above, the road transport sector is responsible for a large part of air pollutant emissions, especially in cities.

In general, the country is projected to achieve the targets and commitments to reduce NOx and NMVOC emissions by 55 and 62 % respectively and particulate matter by 50 % in 2030 compared to 2005 levels. However, given that urban areas show exceeded nitrogen oxide levels, it is estimated that for the country to comply with its European commitments, in terms of pollution levels exceeded, it is necessary to take measures for the further renewal of the fleet of passenger vehicles as well as taxis and other commercial vehicles. These measures, which will be refined in the Operational Plan for Combating Air Pollution, will lead to significant reductions in pollution and thus improve the most polluted areas in 1656 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

urban centres, taking into account the country’s air quality commitments (e.g. concentrations of NO2, benzene, particles, etc.). Measures to encourage the renewal of the vehicle fleet are provided for, as mentioned above, by both the NECP and the NSTP.

According to the latest information from the market, the passenger models of BEV or PHEV with 1-50 GR/KM and Retail Price of Taxes below EUR 40 000 are 37 and the corresponding taxi models are 8. It is worth noting that the number will continue to grow, as the car industry will have to comply with the Directive on CO2 emissions as of 2021.

It should be noted that the number of new registrations of electric vehicles is expected to increase, as the government has already legislated for tax incentives related to the inclusion of electric vehicles in company fleets, and Law 4710/2020 contains specific measures to encourage the penetration of electrification for the whole fleet. Also the lack of charging infrastructure, as well as the lack of a regulatory framework for the organisation of the market for charging services, have been an obstacle to the purchase of an electric vehicle so far; these matters will be resolved by the legislation put forward. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1657

In addition to the measures to promote electromobility on the basis of incentives for the acquisition of electric vehicles, specific regulatory measures (‘disincentives’) may be considered in the context of the Operational Plan for Combating Air Pollution, including:

• Restriction of traffic for polluting vehicles, in particular diesel vehicles, in specific areas, such as the centres of large cities

• Arrangements for KTEO, such as the modification of the exhaust control card to improve information on the pollutants of existing vehicles

• Purchase of an electric vehicle with simultaneous replacement of a polluting vehicle

The incentives, as provided for in the NECP, can be divided into, on the one hand, those of a purely economic nature (subsidy at the purchase price, reduction of registration and use costs through tax exemptions, special pricing policy in insurance schemes, reduced tolls, reduction in coastal shipping for electric vehicle, etc.) and, on the other hand, those appearing as incentives for use (entry and daily traffic within major urban centres, free parking in municipalities where controlled parking is applied, support for the creation of networks of points for the recharging of vehicles, etc.).

In addition, with the introduction of Article 22 of Law 4599/2019 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 40) and the preparation of SUMPs by municipalities in Greece, measures to increase sustainable urban mobility (e.g. increased use of public transport vehicles, development of new cycling routes with proper planning, development of pedestrian paths and others) are being promoted.

Furthermore, the ‘National Bicycle Strategy’ (NBS) being prepared shall provide inter alia for the following: (a) the relevant axes; (b) the package of measures; and (c) the incentives and accompanying proposals for reducing the car fleet and increasing the bicycle fleet. Both measures and indicators to monitor the implementation of the above strategy and proposals for financial tools for its implementation shall be foreseen. The NBS shall set out the planning principles and orientations to be followed in the period 2020-2030 for policies, projects and actions aimed at increasing the use of cycling in daily journeys for work, studies, shopping and recreation in Greek cities and rural areas and its acceptance as a preferred means of travel by the majority of citizens. 1658 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

All the above measures are being examined and will be refined in the context of the preparation of the Operational Plan for Combating Air Pollution in Athens.

3. INDUSTRY

Implementation of European Directives (EU) 2015/2193 (MCP), 2010/75/EU (LCP ELV), (EU) 2017/1442 (LCP BAT),

2010/75/EE (LCP ELV)

Joint Ministerial Decision No 36060/1155/Ε.103/13.6.2013 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1450) transposed Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) that revised and merged into a single directive 7 existing independent directives on industrial emissions, into national law.

The new JMD sets out the operating conditions for industrial installations and other activities, ensuring that the environment is protected by preventing, controlling and reducing the pollution they cause. In particular, rules, measures and procedures shall be adopted to ensure integrated prevention and control of pollution from industrial activities and to avoid and, where that is not possible, to reduce emissions to air, water and soil, and to prevent the generation of waste, in order to achieve a high level of protection of the environment as a whole.

Applying the JMD is considered to have led to a very significant reduction in emissions of SO2 (sulphur dioxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxides), as it provides for much lower emission limits.

The most important measures implemented in the context of the JMD are the following: • The permit conditions for installations falling within the scope of the JMD have been reviewed within four (4) years of the publication of the decisions on the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions and emission limit values have been established on this basis, with the possibility of limited exemptions and derogations by the competent environmental authorities.

Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1659

• Emission limit values for large combustion plants and waste incineration/co- incineration plants have been significantly reduced. • The scope of the previous Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive has been extended by adding new activities such as biogas plants, temporary or underground storage of hazardous waste, production of particle board, preservation of wood and wood products with chemicals, treatment of animal and plant raw material for food or feed production, processing of slag and ash, treatment in metal waste shredding facilities including waste of electrical and electronic equipment and vehicles, biological treatment of non- hazardous waste, etc.

2015/2193/EE (MCP)

Directive (EU) 2015/2193 (MCP) contains measures and emission limits to limit emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants. Rules are established to control emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and dust into the atmosphere from medium-sized combustion plants and, consequently, to reduce air emissions and the potential risks they pose to human health and the environment. It also lays down rules for monitoring carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The Directive was transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Decision 6164/16.3.2018 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1107).

2017/1442/EE (LCP BAT).

Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions under Directive 2010/75/EU for large combustion plants (L 212, p. 1) sets even stricter emission limits for pollutants. Under the above decision on emissions of pollutants from large combustion plants, best available techniques (BAT) are implemented within four (4) years and by mid-2021 when all plants will have to apply the new lower emission limits. Encouraging the operation of organised downstream processors

− Decision No 27033/6.3.2020 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 902) of the Deputy Minister for Development and Investment establishing and setting up a Legislative Committee to prepare a Draft Law on the reform and modernisation of the institutional framework of organised downstream processors and business activities (end of work by 28 February 2021). − Development of specifications for the award of a project on ‘Existing, New Business Parks and the organisation of informal Industrial Areas’ financed by the European Union through the Structural Reform Support Programme for a period of 12 to 18 months (awarded by September 2020).

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Implementation of Directives 94/63/EC and 2009/126/EC

Directive 94/63/EC provides for the control of volatile organic compound emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations by laying down requirements to prevent evaporative releases in loading, unloading, storage and transport operations. Directive 2009/126/EC on petrol vapour recovery during refuelling of motor vehicles at service stations provides for a minimum recovery of 85 % from the systems to be installed in old and new service stations. The above Directives have been transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Decision No 10245/713 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 311) and Joint Ministerial Decision No 21523/763 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1439), respectively.

Implementation of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste

Biodegradable waste is of interest in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (mainly methane), as it is the fraction of waste that generates CH4 emissions during anaerobic decomposition. However, they also cause NMVOC emissions (to a much lesser extent). The need to reduce the quantities of biodegradable waste entering landfills is recognised by Joint Ministerial Decision No 29407/3508/2002 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1572), in accordance with Directive 1999/31/EC. In addition, Directive (EU) 2018/850 amending Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste has set the target that only 10 % of municipal solid waste generated will end up in landfills by20352. The National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) was adopted on 31 August 2020.

2 The Directive provides the flexibility to extend the target until 2040. Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1661

Reduction of sulphur content in fuels (fixed combustion stoves)

In accordance with Joint Ministerial Decision No 128/2016 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 3958), which has transposed Directive (EU) 2016/802 into national law, heavy fuel oil with a sulphur content exceeding 1.00 % by mass shall not be used. Gas oil with a sulphur content exceeding 0.10 % by mass shall also not be used.

4. SOLVENTS

Limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations in accordance with Directive 1999/13/EC

Directive 1999/13/EC, which was transposed into national law by Joint Ministerial Decision 11641/1942/26.6.2002 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 832), aims to limit emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations. It includes emissions from industrial installations and the target effect is a 49 % reduction in total human VOC emissions. More specifically, it aims to limit emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in activities such as consumption of solvents for coatings, dry-cleaning activities, footwear manufacturing and their processing, manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, printing, vehicle finishing, wood processing, etc. as described in Annex 1 to the Directive.

Directive 1999/13/EC was repealed by Directive 2010/75/EU with effect from 7 January 2014. Following the repeal, the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents from industrial installations is regulated by Directive 2010/75/EU.

Limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products in accordance with Directive 2004/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 (L 143)

Directive 2004/42/EC, which was transposed into national law under Joint Ministerial Decision No 437/2005/24.10.2006 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1641), for the first time limited the composition, i.e. quality standards, of consumer products such as paints and varnishes for decoration and vehicle refinishing products with a view to achieving environmental objectives.

Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)

Directive 2010/75/EU, which was transposed into national Law by Joint Ministerial Decision No 36060/1155/Ε.103/13.6.2013 (Government Gazette, Series II, No1450), establishes rules on integrated prevention and control of pollution 1662 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

caused by industrial activities. The Directive lays down rules to prevent and, where that is not possible, to reduce emissions to air, water and soil and to prevent the generation of waste in order to achieve a high level of protection of the environment as a whole. It applies to industrial activities referred to in Chapters II to VI, such as energy industries, metal production and processing, mineral industry, chemical industry, waste management.

5. AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

Common Agricultural Policy for all Member States of the European Union

The institutional framework of the Common Agricultural Policy refers to climate change and environmental protection both in the direct payments scheme (Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013), notably by establishing obligations to implement agricultural practices beneficial for the environment and climate (greening), and in the support scheme for rural development (Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013), by laying down Priority 5 on ‘Promoting resource efficiency and supporting the shift towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy in food sectors’. In addition, Regulations (EU) No 1306/2013, No 604/2014 and No 809/2014 refer to the cross- compliance scheme.

This framework provides Member States with a range of opportunities and options on how to adapt to their climate change strategy and priorities.

These options are described in national institutional texts concerning: (a) cross- compliance (Ministerial Decision No 1791/74062/02.07.2015 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1468)); (b) the national choices, administrative measures and procedures for implementing direct payments (Ministerial Decision No 104/7056/21.1.2015 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 147)); and (c) the Rural Development Programme.

The three general objectives of the CAP under Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 are the following:

(a) strengthening the competitiveness of agriculture;

(b) ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources and climate action;

(c) achieving a balanced territorial development of rural economies and communities, including the creation and preservation of jobs.

The Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 includes a number of measures addressing, among other priorities, climate change and environmental protection:

Specifically:

Measure 1 ‘Knowledge transfer and information actions’ includes environmental and climate training and skills acquisition, as well as demonstration and Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1663

information actions, and visits to agricultural and forestry holdings to exchange experiences and learn new environmentally friendly practices.

Measure 2 ‘Advisory services, farm management services and farm relief services’ includes a package of advice on producers’ compliance with the regulatory requirements for agricultural practices beneficial for the climate and the environment and an advisory package for the proper implementation of the RDP measures directly related to the environment and climate (Measures 10 and 11).

Measure 4 ‘Investments in physical assets’, through its sub-measures and actions, is aimed at producers for the implementation of investments contributing to the use of RES and investments to save water, as well as public bodies for water saving projects.

Measure 8 ‘Investments in forest area development and improvement of the viability of forests’ makes a decisive contribution to carbon sequestration through the creation of forest land, the protection of forest land but also the restoration of affected forests.

Measure 10 ‘Agri-environment and climate measures’ mainly contributes to carbon sequestration through its actions on ‘Managing crop residues in olive growing’ and ‘Improving the environmental condition of grazable land in areas at risk of desertification due to erosion’.

The application of an organic production system implemented through Measure 11 ‘Organic farming’ has the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions due to the reduction in the use of synthetic fertilisers.

Measure 16 ‘Cooperation’ includes sub-measure 16.5 ‘Cooperation on environmental projects, environmental practices and climate change actions’ through which operational teams and joint action to mitigate and adapt to climate change are strengthened.

Cross-compliance (Joint Ministerial Decision No 1791/74062/2.7.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, No 1468) Cross-compliance policies (Joint Ministerial Decision No 1791/74062/02. 07. 2015) describe the producers’ obligations with regard to the application and management of fertilisers and the management of livestock waste.

National choices, administrative measures and procedures for implementing direct payments (Ministerial Decision No 104/7056/21.1.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, No 147) Policies of national choices, administrative measures and procedures for implementing direct payments (Ministerial Decision No 104/7056/21.1.2015) specify greening practices.

Rural Development Programme 1664 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

The programme focuses on enhancing the sustainability and competitiveness of farms, maintaining and enhancing ecosystems and promoting local development in rural areas with a view to:

• increasing organic farming;

• reducing the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers;

• using environmentally friendly livestock farming methods and improving animal waste management;

• improving energy efficiency, production and use of renewable energy, including biomass;

• improving soil management (maintaining agricultural activities in mountain areas, green cover and permanent grassland) and increasing carbon sequestration.

Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1665

2.6.2. Impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M, where available)

If there are impacts on air quality The adoption of the planned measures will (reference can also be made to air quality have direct and indirect effects in terms of objectives recommended by WHO) and reducing gaseous pollutant levels, but these the environment will not be so significant as to remove existing exceedances, which mainly occur in areas with significant emission density, mainly road traffic. The adoption of the measure ‘Replacement of passenger cars and commercial fleets with new low emissions and high energy efficiency’, although not required to comply with the requirements of Directive (EU) 2016/2284, will have a significant impact in terms of improving air quality. It is considered that it will reduce emissions in areas where the limits are exceeded, resulting in the removal of most exceedances of air quality limits.

2.6.4 Additional details on measures in Part 2 of Annex III to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 specific to the agricultural sector in order to comply with emission reduction commitments

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) A. Measures to control ammonia emissions (M) 1. Member States shall NO The Code of Good Agricultural establish a national advisory Practice for the control of ammonia code of good agricultural emissions is being developed by the practice for the control of Ministry of Rural Development and ammonia emissions, taking Food. into account the UNECE Framework Code of Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions of 2014, covering

at least the following:

Information on the implementation (a) nitrogen management, NO of Measures (b) and (e) can be found Measure 11 of the RDP taking into account the full in the following documents: includes Actions 11.1.2 and nitrogen cycle; • Rural Development Programme 11.2.2 relating to ‘Aid for of Greece, Annual conversion to organic 1666 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) (b) livestock feeding YES Implementation Report 2016, practices and production strategies; pp. 156, 157 methods in livestock • Rural Development Programme farming’ and ‘Aid for the of Greece, Annual maintenance of organic (c) low-emission manure NO Implementation Report 2017, practices and production application techniques; pp. 21, 22, 33, 34 methods in livestock

• Rural Development Programme farming’, respectively. (d) low-emission manure NO of Greece, Annual The target value of output storage systems; Implementation Report 2016, p. indicator R16A17 158 (percentage of livestock units (LU)) associated with (e) low-emission animal YES investments in livestock housing systems; management to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions (f) possibilities for limiting NO and/or ammonia) is 0.01 % ammonia emissions from the of 2 406 520 LUs (whole use of mineral fertilisers. country). The indicator in 2018 is 0 %. 2. Member States may draw NO up a national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in overall losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture, including ammonia, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, nitrates and nitrites, based on the principles set out in the UNECE Guidance Document on Nitrogen Budgets. 3. Member States shall According to statistics from the prohibit the use of Association of Producers and Traders ammonium carbonate of Fertilisers, there is no production fertilisers, and may reduce or import of ammonium carbonate in ammonia emissions from Greece for use as a fertiliser. inorganic fertilisers by applying the following approaches:

(a) replacement of urea fertilisers by ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers;

(b) where urea fertilisers YES From 2012 to the present (and with continue to be applied, use of increasing trends), the urease methods that have been inhibitor has been incorporated into demonstrated to reduce some types of fertilisers. In particular, ammonia emissions by at in the case of urea, according to data least 30 % compared to the from the Association of Producers reference method specified and Traders of Fertilisers, it was in the Ammonia Guidance recorded that 45 % of the annual Document; consumption of urea is used with a urease inhibitor (the percentages reported are for 2017). Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1667

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) (c) promoting the YES Information on the implementation Measure 11 of the RDP was replacement of mineral of measures (c) can be found in the implemented, with fertilisers by organic following documents: Actions 11.1.1 and 11.2.1 fertilisers and, where the use • Rural Development Programme concerning ‘Aid for of mineral fertilisers of Greece, Annual conversion to organic continues, their application Implementation Report 2017, practices and production shall be carried out in pp. 21, 22, 33, 34 methods in agriculture’ and accordance with the • Ministerial Decision ‘Aid for the maintenance of foreseeable nitrogen and No 1791/74062/2.7.2015 on the organic practices and phosphorus needs of the crop application of the Cross- production methods in or grassland on which they Compliance Scheme pursuant to agriculture’, respectively. are used, also taking into Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 The total public account the existing nutrient of the European Parliament and expenditure of integrated content in the soil and the of the Council, Commission operations for these nutrients from other Regulation (EU) No 640/2014 actions amounted to fertilisers. and Commission Regulation (EU) EUR 578 352 538.33 with No 809/2014 (Government payments of Gazette, Series II, No 1468). EUR 247 473 948.06, i.e. 126.14 % and 53.97 %, respectively, of the planning for 2023, where the total area (hectares) paid was 250 673.55. 1668 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) 4. Member States may The Code of Good Agricultural reduce ammonia emissions Practice for the control of ammonia from manure by applying the emissions is being developed by the following approaches: Ministry of Rural Development and Food. However, the Code of Good Agricultural Practice for the protection of water against pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources (Ministerial Decision No 1420/82031/22.7.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, No 1709) containing provisions related to the approaches referred to in this table, is being implemented. For all nitrate vulnerable zones in Greece (30 vulnerable zones), Action Programmes were established by means of Joint Ministerial Decision No ΥΠΕΝ/ΓρΕΓΥ/38552/265/25.04.2019 on the action programme for areas designated as zones vulnerable to nitrates from agricultural sources in accordance with Article 2 of Joint Ministerial Decision No 19652/1906/1999 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1575), as in force, in compliance with Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, as amended and in force (Government Gazette, Series II, No 1496).

(a) reducing emissions from NO the application of liquid and solid manure to arable land and grassland, using methods that reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared to the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document and under the following conditions:

(i) application of solid and YES Article 7 (‘Good agricultural practices According to paragraph 10, liquid manure only in for the application of livestock waste producers should avoid the accordance with the on land’), paragraphs 4 and 12 of application of liquid or solid foreseeable nitrogen and Ministerial Decision waste on frozen/snowy phosphorus needs of the crop No 1420/82031/22.7.2015, surfaces as well as on or grassland on which they saturated or poorly drained Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1669

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) are applied, also taking into Government Gazette, Series II, soils. Also, when rainfall is account the existing nutrient No 1709 forecasted for the next two content in the soil and the Circular 3891/134991/1.12.2016 of days. nutrients from other the Veterinary Directorate fertilisers; Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009

(ii) non-application of solid YES Article 7 (‘Good agricultural practices Paragraph 9 includes sub- and liquid manure when the for the application of livestock waste soil fertilisation approaches soil is water saturated, on land’), paragraph 10 of Joint by injection or flooded, frozen or covered by Ministerial Decision No 1420/82031, incorporation with the help snow; Government Gazette, Series II, of dedicated liquid fertiliser No 1709/17.8.2015 application machines, but also mentions other approaches that may not be beneficial for reducing ammonia emissions. (iii) slurry application on YES Article 7 (‘Good agricultural practices grassland with a trailer hose, for the application of livestock waste trailer ploughing or shallow on land’), paragraph 9 of Joint or deep injection; Ministerial Decision No 1420/82031, Government Gazette, Series II, No 1709/17.8.2015 Circular 3891/134991/1.12.2016 of the Veterinary Directorate Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 (iv) incorporation into soil of NO solid and liquid manure applied to arable land within four hours of spreading;

(b) reducing emissions from manure storage outside livestock housing buildings by applying the following approaches:

(i) For slurry stores constructed after 1 January 2022, using low emission storage systems or techniques that have been demonstrated to reduce ammonia emissions by at Solid livestock waste must least 60 % compared to the NO be stored in specially reference method described designed storage and in the Ammonia Guidance handling areas. In the case Document for existing slurry of temporary storage of stores, the corresponding manure (must be free of percentage shall be at least drainage fluids) on 40 %. compressed soil, it must be covered with plastic foil. 1670 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) (ii) covering solid manure YES Article 6 (‘Good agricultural practices stores; for the management of livestock waste on livestock holdings’), Section B of Joint Ministerial Decision No 1420/82031, Government Gazette, Series II, No 1709/17.8.2015 Circular 3891/134991/1.12.2016 of the Veterinary Directorate Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009

(iii) ensuring that farms have Article 6 (‘Good agricultural practices sufficient manure storage for the management of livestock capacity to spread manure waste on livestock holdings’), only during periods Section B of Joint Ministerial Decision appropriate for crop No 1420/82031, Government YES development; Gazette, Series II, No 1709/17.8.2015 Circular 3891/134991/1.12.2016 of the Veterinary Directorate Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 (c) reducing emissions from animal housing using systems that have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 20 % compared to NO the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

(d) reducing emissions from manure by using low-protein feeding strategies which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at NO least 10 % compared to the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document.

B. Emission reduction measures to control emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and soot (M)

1. Without prejudice to YES Commission Regulation (EU) Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 809/2014 laying down rules for No 1306/2013 of the the application of Regulation (EU) No European Parliament and of 1306/2013 of the European the Council (L 347/549), Parliament and of the Council with Member States may prohibit regard to the integrated field burning of agricultural administration and control system, residues and waste and rural development measures and forest residues. The cross compliance (L 227/69) competent regional and local authorities shall monitor and enforce any prohibition Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1671

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M) applied in accordance with the first subparagraph. Any exemptions to such a ban shall be limited to preventive programmes to avoid uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest or to protect biodiversity. 2. Member States may YES Commission Regulation (EU) establish a national advisory No 809/2014 laying down rules for code of good agricultural the application of Regulation practices for the appropriate management of agricultural residues, based on the following approaches:

(a) improvement of soil Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the structure through the European Parliament and of the incorporation of agricultural Council with regard to the integrated residues; administration and control system, rural development measures and cross compliance (L 227/69)

(b) improved techniques for Information on the implementation the incorporation of of measure (c) can be found in the agricultural residues; following documents:

(c) alternative use of YES Rural Development Programme of Action 10.1.6 of the RDP agricultural residues; Greece, Annual Implementation ‘Management of pruning Report 2016, p. 26 plant residues in olive growing’ has not yet been activated. It is linked to Action 4.4.4 ‘Pruning shredder for olive cultivation’ of sub- measure 4.4. Because of implementation issues, both actions will be reviewed and will be included in the CAP Strategic Plan of the next planning period. (d) improvement of the nutrient status and soil structure through the incorporation of manure as appropriate for optimal plant growth, thus avoiding the burning of manure (solid manure, straw litter). 1672 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Are the PaMs Have the policies and included in the measures been precisely National Air If yes, — indicate the point /page implemented? Yes/No (M) Pollution Control number in the programme (M) If no, describe the Programme? modifications made (M) Yes/No (M)

C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M)

When taking the measures YES National choices, administrative outlined in Sections A and B, measures and procedures for full consideration shall be implementing direct payments given to the impact on small (Ministerial Decision and micro farms. No 104/7056/21.1. 2015, For example, there may be Government Gazette, Series II, exemptions for small and No 147): micro farms from such In accordance with Article 32, measures, where possible farmers participating in the small and appropriate, taking into farmers scheme shall be excluded account the existing from the agricultural activities reduction commitments. provided for in order to comply with agricultural practices beneficial for the climate and the environment. Cross-compliance (Ministerial Decision 1791/74062/2.7.2015, Government Gazette, Series II, No 1468): In accordance with Article 2, the administrative penalty for non- compliance with the cross- compliance rules referred to in Article 91 of Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 shall not apply to beneficiaries participating in the small farmers scheme referred to in Title V of Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013. The penalty provided for in that Article shall also not apply to the support referred to in Article 28 (9) of Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013.

2.7. The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review, and the competent authorities responsible

As the country’s national commitments are achieved with the WM scenario, no additional WAM scenario was analysed (with additional measures) and therefore Tables 2.7.1 and 2.7.2 are not filled in.

2.8. Projected combined impacts of PaMs (‘With Additional Measures’ – WAM) on emission reductions, air quality and the environment, and the associated uncertainties (if applicable) Series II, No 759/5.3.2019 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 1673

As the country’s national commitments are achieved with the WM scenario, no additional WAM scenario was analysed (with additional measures) and therefore Tables 2.8.1, 2.8.2, 2.8.4 and 2.8.5 are not filled in.

2.8.3. Flexibility

Where flexibilities are used, provide an According to the current projections, no account of their use (M) flexibility measures are expected to be used. However, depending on the analysis of the next projections and the progress of planned policies and measures in the coming years, the use of flexibility measures will be reassessed.

1674 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Series II, No 182/22.1.2021

Article 4 This decision shall enter into force on the date of its publication in the Government Gazette. This decision shall be published in the Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic.

Athens, 21 January 2021

The Ministers

for Development and Investment Deputy Minister SPYRIDON – ADONIS GEORGIADIS for the Environment and Energy GEORGIOS AMYRAS for Infrastructure and Transport Deputy Minister KONSTANTINOS KARAMANLIS for Infrastructure and Transport IOANNIS KEFALOGIANNIS for Maritime Affairs and Insular Policy for Rural Development and Food IOANNIS PLAKIOTAKIS SPYRIDON – PANAGIOTIS LIVANOS

34 Kapodistriou St. 104 32, Athens Call centre +30 210 5279000 Texts to be published: [email protected]