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Macroeconomic Theory and Policy Lecture 2: National Income Accounting
ECO 209Y Macroeconomic Theory and Policy Lecture 2: National Income Accounting © Gustavo Indart Slide1 Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of all final goods and services produced in Canada during a given period of time That is, GDP is a flow of new products during a period of time, usually one year We can use three different approaches to measure GDP: Production approach Expenditure approach Income approach © Gustavo Indart Slide 2 Measuring GDP Production Approach –We can measure GDP by measuring the value added in the production of goods and services in the different industries (e.g., agriculture, mining, manufacturing, commerce, etc.) Expenditure Approach –We can measure GDP by measuring the total expenditure on final goods and services by different groups (households, businesses, government, and foreigners) Income Approach –We can measure GDP by measuring the total income earned by those producing goods and services (wages, rents, profits, etc.) © Gustavo Indart Slide 3 Flow of Expenditure and Income Labour, land FACTORS Labour, land & capital MARKETS & capital Wages, rent & interest HOUSEHOLDS FIRMS Expenditures on goods & services Goods & services GOODS Goods & MARKETS services © Gustavo Indart Slide 4 Measuring GDP Current Output –GDP includes only the value of output currently produced. For instance, GDP includes the value of currently produced cars and houses but not the sales of used cars and old houses Market Prices –GDP values goods at market prices, and the market price of a good includes -
Calculation of Owner-Occupied Dwelling Services In
Calculation of Owner-Occupied Dwelling Services in Georgia Abstract Output of owner-occupied dwellings (OOD) is included within the production boundary according to the System of National Accounts. Different methods may be selected for measuring OOD services due to housing market development level. The paper presents estimation of services produced by OODs based on a User Cost Method, which replaced a self-assessment method in 2019 year in the National Accounts of Georgia during the general revision of time series. Key words: Owner-Occupied Dwellings, Imputed rent, User Cost Method Author: Levan Karsaulidze – Head of National Accounts Department, National Statistics Office of Georgia Introduction Imputed rents, representing services produced by owner-occupied dwellings (OOD), has always been included within the production boundary of National Account and are part of the official GDP estimates of Georgia as well. In 2019 transition to the SNA 2008 was implemented1 in the National Accounts of Georgia from the SNA 1993, accompanied with a general revision of time series. Along with other major changes related to the newly adopted methodology, user-cost method was implemented for measuring imputed rents for owner occupied houses, while self-assessment method was used until 2019 year. The paper describes a methodological background and detailed calculation steps for measuring imputed rents of OODs in Georgia, based on the user-cost method, briefly summarizes widely used approaches for estimating services of OODs and provides arguments for adopting the use-cost method for the country. Final results are presented in the last part of the paper. 1. Methodological Framework Methodology for measuring imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings differs by country based on a rental market development level. -
The Economic Conception of Water
CHAPTER 4 The economic conception of water W. M. Hanemann University of California. Berkeley, USA ABSTRACT: This chapterexplains the economicconception of water -how economiststhink about water.It consistsof two mainsections. First, it reviewsthe economicconcept of value,explains how it is measured,and discusses how this hasbeen applied to waterin variousways. Then it considersthe debate regardingwhether or not watercan, or should,be treatetlas aneconomic commodity, and discussesthe ways in which wateris the sameas, or differentthan, other commodities from aneconomic point of view. While thereare somedistinctive emotive and symbolic featuresof water,there are also somedistinctive economicfeatures that makethe demandand supplyof water different and more complexthan that of most othergoods. Keywords: Economics,value ofwate!; water demand,water supply,water cost,pricing, allocation INTRODUCTION There is a widespread perception among water professionals today of a crisis in water resources management. Water resources are poorly managed in many parts of the world, and many people -especially the poor, especially those living in rural areasand in developing countries- lack access to adequate water supply and sanitation. Moreover, this is not a new problem - it has been recognized for a long time, yet the efforts to solve it over the past three or four decadeshave been disappointing, accomplishing far less than had been expected. In addition, in some circles there is a feeling that economics may be part of the problem. There is a sense that economic concepts are inadequate to the task at hand, a feeling that water has value in ways that economics fails to account for, and a concern that this could impede the formulation of effective approaches for solving the water crisis. -
Gross Domestic Product 1
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 1. The three types of unemployment are ______, _______, and ______. 2. If Frank just moved to town and is looking for a job, he would be considered part of ___________ unemployment. 3. If Lisa was laid off from her job due to an increase in the cost of steel, she would be considered part of ____________ unemployment. 4. If Mona was fired as a clerk because the company is switching to automated check-out machines, she would be considered part of ____________ unemployment. 5. The ___________ Movement in 2011 was in response to increasing income inequality 6. The wealthiest 1% of the population own ___ of the wealth of the country. 7. The middle class is important because ___________. 8. The three ways that the U.S. has responded to stagnant wages are ________, _________, and ________. Remember how we are looking at this unit… Challenges Measures Intervention Unemployment GDP Monetary Policy Income Distribution Inflation & CPI Fiscal Policy The Business Cycle GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GDP The total value of all final goods and services produced annually in a country Usually this is calculated by adding up total expenditures for final goods and services The most common measure of an economy’s health, growth, productivity HOW TO CALCULATE GDP Suppose a tiny country only produced 3 goods: Cars: $20,000 each Computers: $2,000 each Books: $200 each To find the GDP, we would multiply the price by the amount of each good produced Cars: 10 sold x $20,000 =$200,000 Computers: 5 sold x $2,000= $10,000 Books: 7 sold x $200 -
Demand Composition and the Strength of Recoveries†
Demand Composition and the Strength of Recoveriesy Martin Beraja Christian K. Wolf MIT & NBER MIT & NBER September 17, 2021 Abstract: We argue that recoveries from demand-driven recessions with ex- penditure cuts concentrated in services or non-durables will tend to be weaker than recoveries from recessions more biased towards durables. Intuitively, the smaller the bias towards more durable goods, the less the recovery is buffeted by pent-up demand. We show that, in a standard multi-sector business-cycle model, this prediction holds if and only if, following an aggregate demand shock to all categories of spending (e.g., a monetary shock), expenditure on more durable goods reverts back faster. This testable condition receives ample support in U.S. data. We then use (i) a semi-structural shift-share and (ii) a structural model to quantify this effect of varying demand composition on recovery dynamics, and find it to be large. We also discuss implications for optimal stabilization policy. Keywords: durables, services, demand recessions, pent-up demand, shift-share design, recov- ery dynamics, COVID-19. JEL codes: E32, E52 yEmail: [email protected] and [email protected]. We received helpful comments from George-Marios Angeletos, Gadi Barlevy, Florin Bilbiie, Ricardo Caballero, Lawrence Christiano, Martin Eichenbaum, Fran¸coisGourio, Basile Grassi, Erik Hurst, Greg Kaplan, Andrea Lanteri, Jennifer La'O, Alisdair McKay, Simon Mongey, Ernesto Pasten, Matt Rognlie, Alp Simsek, Ludwig Straub, Silvana Tenreyro, Nicholas Tra- chter, Gianluca Violante, Iv´anWerning, Johannes Wieland (our discussant), Tom Winberry, Nathan Zorzi and seminar participants at various venues, and we thank Isabel Di Tella for outstanding research assistance. -
3. the Distortion in Consumer Goods This Section Calculates the Welfare Cost of Distortions in the Allocation of Consumer Goods
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Bjertnæs, Geir H. Working Paper The Welfare Cost of Market Power. Accounting for Intermediate Good Firms Discussion Papers, No. 502 Provided in Cooperation with: Research Department, Statistics Norway, Oslo Suggested Citation: Bjertnæs, Geir H. (2007) : The Welfare Cost of Market Power. Accounting for Intermediate Good Firms, Discussion Papers, No. 502, Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/192484 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Discussion Papers No. 502, April 2007 Statistics Norway, Research Department Geir H. Bjertnæs The Welfare Cost of Market Power Accounting for Intermediate Good Firms Abstract: The market power of firms in intermediate good markets is found to generate a substantial welfare cost. -
1 Non-Rival Productive Inputs
1 Non-rival productive inputs. Consider a general production technology: Y = Y (A ; K ; L ) t t t t (1) K L A We conventionally label t as “capital”, t as labor and t as an index of technical knowledge. I will now try to be more fundamental, and single out a classi…cation of the productive inputs which is not based on some statistical aggregate, but, rather, on some economic properties which are relevant for the problems which we study in the theory of growth. Let us recall some basic notions of public economics. Private good RIVAL + EXCLUDABLE ² ´ Public (collective) good NON-RIVAL + NON-EXCLUDABLE ² ´ EXCLUDABILITY - problem of property rights. A good is perfectly ² excludable when the holder can withhold the bene…ts associated with the commodity from others without incurring signi…cant costs (an ex- ample of non excludable good is …sh in a certain segment of the ocean). RIVALROUSNESS - A good is rival in nature when the use of that ² good by one agent preclude the simultaneous use of the same good by other agents. An example of non-rival good is radio broadcast. Let me add a notion which is relevant in growth theory. REPRODUCIBILITY - An input is reproducible in nature if it can ² be accumulated in time by (directly or indirectly) foregoing present consumption. The stock of land is the most obvious example of non- reproducible factor. However, also goods which are accumulated ac- cording to some exogenous (e.g. demographic) dynamics enter this group. 1 K L In general, t is a reproducible, private input, while t is a non-reproducible private input. -
GDP and Beyond
GDP and beyond Adolfo Morrone Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) Head of Measures of well-being unit (Bes/Urbes) [email protected] Module content 1. Quick introduction on GDP 2. Shortcomings of GDP as indicator of well-being 3. Alternative approaches a. Historical background b. Recent perspectives 4. The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi report a. Classical Gdp issues b. Quality of life 5. International experiences Definition of GDP 1. Quick introduction on GDP GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given time period. This definition has four parts: – Market value – Final goods and services – Produced within a country – In a given time period Definition of GDP 1. Quick introduction on GDP Market value GDP is a market value—goods and services are valued at their market prices. To add apples and oranges, computers and popcorn, we add the market values so we have a total value of output in euro/dollars. Definition of GDP 1. Quick introduction on GDP Final goods and services GDP is the value of the final goods and services produced. A final good (or service) is an item bought by its final user during a specified time period. A final good contrasts with an intermediate good, which is an item that is produced by one firm, bought by another firm, and used as a component of a final good or service. Excluding intermediate goods and services avoids double counting. Definition of GDP 1. Quick introduction on GDP Produced within a country GDP measures production within a country. -
Conceptual Framework
Chapter 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 19 2.2. Production Boundaries ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.3. Transactions and Other Flows................................................................................................................ 22 2.4. Units and Classifications of Units .......................................................................................................... 23 2.4.1. Institutional Units, Sectors and Subsectors ...............................................................................23 2.4.2. Kind of Activity Units, Local Units and Establishments ........................................................... 25 2.5. Economic Territory and Residence ....................................................................................................... 25 2.6. Current Price and Volume Measures..................................................................................................... 25 2.7. Labour Related Concepts....................................................................................................................... 26 2.8. The Production Approach....................................................................................................................... 28 2.8.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................... -
Defensive Innovations
IZA DP No. 454 Defensive Innovations Winfried Koeniger DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DISCUSSION PAPER March 2002 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Defensive Innovations Winfried Koeniger IZA, Bonn Discussion Paper No. 454 March 2002 IZA P.O. Box 7240 D-53072 Bonn Germany Tel.: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-210 Email: [email protected] This Discussion Paper is issued within the framework of IZA’s research area The Future of Labor. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent, nonprofit limited liability company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) supported by the Deutsche Post AG. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. The current research program deals with (1) mobility and flexibility of labor, (2) internationalization of labor markets, (3) the welfare state and labor markets, (4) labor markets in transition countries, (5) the future of labor, (6) evaluation of labor market policies and projects and (7) general labor economics. -
Trade in Intermediate Goods and the Division of Labour
Trade in intermediate goods and the division of labour Kwok Tong Sooa Lancaster University October 2013 Abstract This paper develops a model of international trade based on comparative advantage and the division of labour. Comparative advantage in intermediate goods determines the extent of the division of labour, while the division of labour and comparative advantage in final goods lead to gains from trade. Labour is used to produce traded intermediate inputs which are used in the production of traded final goods; therefore trade is both inter- and intra-industry in nature. Large countries export a smaller share of final goods and a larger share of intermediate goods than small countries. These predictions find supportive evidence in the data. JEL Classification: F11. Keywords: Division of labour; Comparative advantage; gains from trade; intermediate goods trade. a Department of Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster LA1 4YX, United Kingdom. Tel: +44(0)1524 594418. Email: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction The third paragraph of the first chapter of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1776) contains the famous passage in which he describes the impact of the division of labour on productivity in a pin factory. To paraphrase Smith, one worker, working on his own, could produce at most 20 pins in a day. Ten workers, dividing up the tasks of producing pins, could produce 48,000 pins in a day. Hence, the gain to this group of workers from the division of labour in this example is 24,000%. One implication of this is that international trade, by enabling greater levels of specialisation, should result in productivity gains. -
1. General Background of the Survey 1.1 Introduction the Economic
1. General Background of the Survey 1.1 Introduction The Economic Sector in Jordan is considered one of the most important sectors that contribute to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and in the employment of manpower. Due to this importance, the Department of Statistics conducts an annual sample survey for the establishments engaged in this sector. The survey covers all establishments. The importance of this survey arises from the detailed data that it provides, such as the number of establishments, compensation of employees, paid up capital, material inputs, other production expenditures, gross output, value added and size of investment. These data provide economic indicators and help in preparing the National Accounts of the Country. 1.2 Objectives of the Survey The overall aim of the survey is to provide data on, or for the calculation of the following items by type of activity: a. Number of establishments. b. Compensation of employees whether in cash or in kind. c. Gross output and intermediate consumption. d. Size of investment and capital formation during the year. e. To compute the contribution to the GDP. f. Providing data for further economic analysis. 1.3 Survey Coverage The Survey covers all establishments classified in one of the economic divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification for all Economic Activities, Third Revision, (ISIC3). 1.4 Sample Design In designing the sample of this survey, the stratified random sampling method was used. Moreover, the sample was selected on the regional level, where, the survey universe in each region was divided into different strata . 2. Preparatory Stage 2.1 Survey Main Documents The documents include, the survey questionnaire, the instructions manual and the coding manual.