sign in sign up
<<
Home , Abolition of monarchy, Chancellor of Austria, Conservative Order, Frankfurt Parliament, Treaty of Vienna (1866), Volk

Social Science Class X Chapter 1 Rise of Nationalism in 1. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young ’? (a) (b) Giuseppe Mazzini (c) Metternich (d) Johann Gottfried Herder Ans : (b) 1 2. Elle, the measuring unit in was used to measure: (a) cloth (b) thread (c) land (d) height Ans : (a) 1 3. Zollevrein started in 1834 in refers to a: (a) Trade Union (b) (c) L abour Union (d) Farmer’s Union Ans : (b) 1 4. What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise in the Utopian vision? (a) Equality among people (b) Fraternity among nations (c) Freedom of nations (d) Resentment against nations Ans : (b) 1 5. Who were the ‘Junkers’? (a) Soldiers (b) L arge landowners (c) (d) Weavers Ans : (b) 1 6. Which treaty recognised as an independent nation? (a) Treaty of Constantinople, 1832 (b) Treaty of , 1815 (c) Treaty of Versailles, 1871 (d) None of these Ans : (a) 1 7. By which of the following treaties was the of Great Britain formed? (a) Treaty of Versailles (b) Act of Union (c) Treaty of Paris (d) Treaty of Vienna Ans : (b) 1 8. Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated ? (a) England, , Italy, (b) England, , , Russia (c) Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain (d) Britain, Prussia, Russia, Italy Ans : (c) 1 9. Romanticism refers to a: (a) cultural movement (b) religious movement (c) political movement (d) literary movement Ans : (a) 1 10. Austrian ______hosted the . Ans : Metternich 1 11. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the______. Ans : French 1 12. The Civil Code of 1804 was known as the______. Ans : 1 13. ______became the allegory of the German nation. Ans : Germania 1 14. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were democratic in nature. (True/False) Ans : False 1 15. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal is known as la patrie. (True/False) Ans : False 1 16. In 1861, Friedrich Wilhelm IV was proclaimed the king of united Italy. (True/False) Ans : False 1 17. The term ‘absolutist’ referred to monarchical government. (True/False) Ans : True 1 18. Match the columns. Column A Column B (i) brought the (a) French conservative regimes Revolution back to power (ii) ensured right to (b) property for the privileged class (iii) recognised Greece (c) Napoleonic as an independent Code nation (iv) transfer of (d) The Treaty of from to the Vienna French citizens (v) individual freedom (e) Treaty of and equality before Constantinople law

Ans : (a) (iv), (b) (v), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iii) 1 19. Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789? (a) Dictatorship (b) Military (c) Body of French Citizen (d) Ans : (d) 1 20. Which of the following countries is considered as the ‘cradle of European civilization’? (a) England (b) France (c) Greece (d) Russia Ans : (c) 1 21. Frederic Sorrieu was a ______. Ans : French artist 1 22. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the______Empire. Ans : Ottoman 1 23. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. (True/False) Ans : True 1 24. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. (True/False) Ans : True 1 25. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Ans : Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who visualised a world, made up of democratic and social , and put his dream down in a series of four prints. 1 26. What is referred to as Absolutism? Ans : Unrestricted, despotic and authoritarian monarchial system of rule or government is referred to as absolutism. 1 27. Define Nation. Ans : A body of people who are united by same past, culture, political system and common interests can be defined as a Nation. 1 28. What was the concept of a nation-state? Ans : The concept of a nation-state was one in which people and rulers of land came together to develop a sense of common identity and shared history. 1 29. Define Plebiscite. Ans : Plebiscite is a system of direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves decide to accept or reject a proposal. 1 30. What was the major change that occured in the political and constitutional scenario due to in Europe? Ans : The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. It proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. 1 31. Name the provinces under the Habsburg Empire. Ans : The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-. It included the Alpine region of , Austria, Sudetenland as well as along with Italian speaking provinces of and Venetia. 1 32. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century? Ans : The emerging middle class of Europe demanded constitutionalism with national unification. 1 33. What was elle? Ans : Elle was the measure of cloth. It was different for each of the 39 states of . 1 34. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives? Ans : The basic philosophy of the conservatives was to preserve the traditional institutions such as church, monarchy, social hierarchies, property and family etc. 1 35. Who hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1815? Ans : Duke Metternich hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1815. 1 36. What was main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? Ans : The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo the changes brought about in Europe during the . 1 37. What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists? Ans : The liberal nationalists took up the issue of freedom of press. 1 38. What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe? Ans : The European revolutionaries aimed at opposing the monarchial order established after the Vienna Congress and struggle for and freedom. 1 39. Who remarked “When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”? Ans : These words were said by Duke Metternich. 1 40. How did Lord Byron contribute to the Greek war of Independence? Ans : Lord Byron, an English poet, organised funds for the Greek struggle against the and also participated in the war. 1 41. What is Romanticism? Ans : Romanticism refers to cultural movement that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment through emotions, folk songs, poetry and dances. 1 42. What is meant by das ? Ans : Das volk is a German word meaning common people. 1 43. Where was the convened? Ans : The was convened at the Church of St Paul. 1 44. Why did the middle class lose its support after the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament? Ans : The middle class lost its support after the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament because they resisted the demands of the workers and the artisans. 1 45. Who were referred as ‘Junkers’ in Prussia? Ans : Junkers, in Prussia, the large land owning class. 1 46. Which state led the ? Ans : Prussia led the unification of Germany. 1 47. Who holds the credit of unifying Germany? Ans : Otto von Bismarck holds the credit of unifying Germany. 1 48. Who was proclaimed the in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? Ans : Kaiser William I was proclaimed as the emperor of Germany after its unification in 1871. 1 49. Who headed Sardinia-Piedmont? Ans : King Victor Emmanuel II headed Sardinia-Piedmont. 1 50. What was the result of the Act of Union (1707)? Ans : The Act of Union 1707 resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain with the incorporation of Scotland. 1 51. Which Italian patriot organised a group of soldiers known as ‘Red Shirts’? Ans : , an Italian patriot, organised a group of soldiers known as Red Shirts. 1 52. What was Germania? Ans : It was an allegory of Germany. 1 53. Who were the Slavs? Ans : The inhabitants of the regions under the Ottoman Empire like modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro were called the Slavs. 1 54. What made the Balkan area explosive? Ans : The spread of and disintegration of Ottoman Empire made the Balkan area very explosive. 1 55. What do you mean by nationalism? Ans : Devotion, love, and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation is called nationalism. It is a feeling of political consciousness and unity among the people of a state. 1 56. Duke metternich was the Chancellor of which country? Ans : Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria. 1 57. What decisions were taken at the Congress of Vienna? Ans : In France, the Bourbon was restored to power with a number of states set up on its boundaries. Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control of northern Italy and Russia was given part of . 1 58. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation? Ans : The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. 1 59. Why were the years of great economic hardship in Europe? Ans : 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe because of increase in population, unemployment, migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market and bad condition of peasants. 1 60. What was the allegory of France called? Ans : Allegory of France was called Marianne. 3 61. How has French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualised in his first print, of the series of four prints, his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’? Explain. Ans : In the first print the artist shows the people of Europe and America—men and women of all ages and social classes—marching in a long train offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass by it. At that time after, French Revolution, ‘Liberty’ was imagined as a female figure who held the Torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of Rights of Man in the other. In the foreground the artist depicted the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s idealist vision people of the world are grouped as distinct nations identified through their flags and national costumes. Leading the processions are the states of and which were already nation-states at that time. France, with its revolutionary flag, had just reached the status. 3 62. What led to the emergence of feelings of nationalism in Europe? Ans : During the nineteenth century, feelings of nationalism emerged and brought tremendous changes in Europe, politically and mentally. These changes became the reason behind the changed political system and multi-national dynastic empires of Europe were replaced with the nation-states. This idea of modern state, where a clearly defined territory controlled by a centralised power, had been developing in Europe, over a long period of time. The concept of nation-state and nationalism came into being with both, rulers and citizens, joined hands and developed a sense of common identity and shared history. The sense of commonness was forged through struggles, through common people. 3 63. Explain any three features of the ‘Nation-State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century. Ans : (a) The concept and practices of a modern state with sovereign centralised power developed in Europe. (b) Nation-state was supposed to be a state where majority of its citizens shared common identity and history. (c) Nations began to be personified i.e. they were represented as a person with characteristics that identified their nations. Mainly female figures were used to portray the nation. 3 64. How did the ideas of French Revolution spread to other parts of Europe? Ans : The French Revolution inspired other countries of Europe. Its ideas spread to other parts of Europe in the following ways. (a) The French revolutionaries proclaimed to help Europeans to constitute nation-states. (b) Various revolutionary clubs like the Jacobin clubs began to be formed by students and educated middle class in different European cities based on French model. (c) Revolutionary wars in countries like Holland, , Switzerland and Italy paved way for French armies to move to other parts of Europe. 3 65. State any three provisions of the Civil Code of 1804. Or Explain any three features of the Napoleonic code. Ans : Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field to make the whole system more rational and effective. His Civil Code of 1804 was also known as Napoleonic Code. (a) First, he did away with all the privileges based on birth. Everyone was placed equally before the law. He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from and manorial dues. (b) He secured the right to property. (c) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed the taste of new-found freedom as guild restrictions were removed in towns. (d) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. (any three) 3 66. How was the Habsburg Empire a patchwork of many different regions and people in Europe? Explain. Ans : Habsburg Empire was a patchwork of many different regions and people as the Alpine regions—the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland were part of it. The Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia were also included in it. Different languages and dialects were spoken by different sections of society throughout the empire. For example, in Bohemia, the nobility or the aristocrats spoke German’ and Lombardy and Venetia were the provinces where Italian was spoken. Polish was the language of aristocracy in Galicia. Besides, these three dominant groups, there also lived peasantry, within the boundaries of Empire such as Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south and Roumans to the east in Transylvania. Loyalty to the emperor was the only tie binding these groups that were so different from each other. 3 67. What was understood by the term ‘liberalism’? Ans : ‘Liberalism’ is a term derived from the root Liber which means free. For the new middle class, it stood for freedom for the individual under a and concept of equality before the law. It emphasised the notion of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism meant that a system of parliamentary government with chosen representatives prevails. 3 68. Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the 19th century. Or Explain the concept of liberalism? What did it politically emphasise during 19th century Europe. Ans : The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root ‘Liber’, meaning free. It was an that stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, liberalism stood for constitution, a representative government ruling by consent, a , ownership of and end of the privileges of aristocracy. Economically, liberalism stood for freedom of markets, end of state restrictions on movement of goods and capital, creation of unified economic territory allowing unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. 3 69. When and why was the formed? Ans : Zollverein, a custom union was formed in 1834. Prussia took the initiative to form it and most of the German states joined it. It was formed to abolish tariff barriers which was hindering movement of goods, peoples and capital. It created a network of railways which further stimulated mobility, harnessed economic interests to national unification. 3 70. How did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) come into being? Ans : Representatives of the European powers—Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia—met at Vienna in 1815. They had defeated Napoleon collectively and wanted to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The object of Treaty of Vienna was to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. 3 71. Explain any three beliefs of the conservation that emerged after 1815. Or Enumerate any three features of conservative regimes set up in Europe following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Ans : The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. Following were the features of these regimes. (a) They were intolerant to criticism. (b) They sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic government. (c) Most of them imposed laws to control the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French revolution. 3 72. Explain any three reasons for the nationalist upsurge in the 19th century Europe. Ans : The following were the main reasons for the nationalist upsurge in the 19th century Europe. (a) Apart from war and territorial expansion, it was culture which played an important role in creating the idea of a nation. Whether it was music or art, poetry or stories, every form of art contributed to expressing nationalist feelings. (b) Romantic artists created a sense of common cultural heritage as the basis of nation building. (c) Vernacular language became one of the important reasons as folklore, folksongs etc. promoted the spirit of nationalism. 3 73. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment during 18th century? Explain. Ans : Romanticism criticised glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings. The poets and romantic artists tried to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of nationalism. Some Romantics, like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, tried to popularise the true spirit of the nation through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. The Polish artist, Karol Kurpinski encouraged national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the ‘polonaise’ and ‘mazurka’ into national symbols. Language also played an important role in developing nationalist feelings. The Grimm Brothers promoted German langauge to oppose French domination through their collection of folk tales. The Polish used language as a weapon against Russian domination. 3 74. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries. Ans : Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by the Great Powers —Russia, Prussia and Austria—and was losing . It did not exist as an independent state. Under such circumstances in order to keep alive their nationalist feelings the Polish people used their culture in a big way. (a) They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski kept up the national struggle by staging his Polish operas and music. (b) The Polish people used dances like “polonaise” and “mazurka” making them nationalist symbols. (c) In the region of Russian occupied Poland, the Polish language was replaced by Russian language in schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. As a rebellious act, the Polish used their own language to develop nationalist feelings. (d) The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. Language was also used as a weapon of national resistance in church gatherings and religious instructions. (any three) 3 75. Explain any four economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s. Or Why were 1830s called the years of great economic hardships in Europe? Give any three reasons. Or ‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe? Support the statement with arguments. Ans : The 1830s were called the years of great economic hardship in Europe because of the following reasons. (a) There was a rapid increase in population during the first half of the nineteenth century which led to widespread unemployment. (b) The unemployed rural people migrated from villages to cities for earning bread. This worsened the living conditions in towns. (c) Cheap machine-made goods from England made it impossible for the small producers to compete. (d) Peasants suffered because of less agrarian facilities, burden of feudal dues and obligations, bad harvest and price rise. It led to widespread rural poverty. (any three) 3 76. Describe the process of unification of Italy. Or Explain the process of unification of Italy. Ans : The following were the processes of unification of Italy. (a) In the 1830s, Mazzini made efforts to unite Italy by forming a secret society called Young Italy which failed. (b) This led to King Victor Emmanuel II taking responsibility to unify the Italian states through war for which he got wholehearted support of his Chief Cavour. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, Cavour defeated Austrians forces in 1859. (c) Further, Garibaldi with his armed volunteers also joined the efforts. They succeeded in gaining the support of local peasants and drove out the Spanish rulers and freeing the Italian states from Bourbon rulers. (d) With this, the unification process of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the ruler of united Italy. (any three) 3 77. Who were the important personalities that took part in the ? Ans : Italy was politically fragmented into seven states for a long period. The north Italy was ruled by Austria, while the Bourbon dynasty ruled in the south and dominated over the central Italy. It was only Sardinia- Piedmont which was ruled by the Italian princely house. The three important personalities who took part in the process of Italian unification were: (a) Giuseppe Mazzini. During the 1830s, Mazzini devised efforts to unite Italy, but he failed. He formed a secret society i.e. Young Italy in 1831 which intended to fulfill his goals. He believed that the nations are the natural units of mankind. (b) Count Cavour. He was the Italian Chief Minister who unified the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He spoke French and with his tactful diplomacy sought the help of France in defeating Austrian forces in 1859. (c) Giuseppe Garibaldi. He collected a large number of armed volunteers and joined the regular troops. He succeeded in winning the support of local peasants and drove the Spanish away. 3 78. Who was the main force behind the unification of Italy? Mention two features of the unification movement. Ans : Count Cavour, the Italian Chief Minister, was the main force behind the unification of Italy. Following were the features of the unification movement in Italy: (a) Despite hurdles in the movement for unification of Italy, liberty, equality and patriotism remained the ideals of the Italians which could not be suppressed. (b) The unification movement saw the combined efforts of people from all walks of life. There was educated middle class that included professors, teachers, clerks and traders who carried out the movement. 3 79. Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801? Ans : The population of Ireland was divided into two categories – Catholics and Protestants. The Britishers helped the Protestants to dominate the large Catholic population. Catholics opposed this move and revolted under the leadership of Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen. They however failed and thus with the use of force Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. At the end, the Irish had no other option than being a subordinate partner to the new Britain. The symbols of New Britain were British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem, and the English language. 3 80. How did the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe? Analyse. Or Explain the significance of portraying nations as female figure by the European artists of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ans : The female figures became an allegory of the nation in the 18th and the 19th century in the following ways. (a) The artists thought of giving a face to the nation and represented a country as a human form. (b) Female figures were chosen though these did not stand for any particular woman in real life. (c) It was just to give a symbolic idea to the physical form of a nation. (d) It was used to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. 3 81. ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic, liberal, democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe’. Analyse the statement with examples. Ans : Towards the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism could not retain its idealistic, liberal and democratic sentiments. Nationalism now developed into a narrow belief with limited ends to achieve. Intolerance among the nationalist groups emerged and they were always prepared for war to achieve their personal goals. The nationalist aspirations of their people were diverted towards domination of the colonies. Nationalism came to be identified with increasing control over more territories and came to be known as imperialism. The examples of Balkans can be best analysed for such situation in Europe by the end of the 19th century. Imperial powers like Russia, Germany, and England tried to strengthen their military and naval power and expand their influence over trade and to acquire colonies. They closely monitored the situation in the Balkans to fulfill their objectives. 3 82. What was the reaction to the Napoleonic Code? Or How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain. Ans : In the beginning, people were enthusiastic about the arrival of the French army as they thought of them as harbingers of liberty. But soon they turned hostile towards it. The following was the reaction to the Napoleonic Code. (a) It was evident that the new administrative arrangement did not go hand in hand with political freedom. (b) Taxes were increased and censorship was imposed. (c) Besides this, forced recruitment into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe also became a reason which outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes. 3 83. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. Ans : Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa. He became the member of the secret society of the Carbonari. (a) For attempting a revolution in Liguria, he was exiled when he was just 24 years old. (b) He founded two secret societies, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. The members of these societies were liberal young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. (c) He had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unified Italian . 3 84. Explain the role of language in developing the nationalist sentiments in Europe. Ans : Large number of people in Europe were illiterate. They were able to understand only vernacular or regional language. That is why use of the vernacular or regional language carried out the modern nationalist message to the large audience easily. Nationalist sentiment was also attached with local language. The impact of message conveyed in vernacular language was powerful. Folklore, folktales and the activities concerned with vernacular language gave the feeling of nationalism and tied the people by the thread of national love and honour. 3 85. “Italy had a long history of political fragmentation”. Support the statement by giving any three points. Ans : Like other countries of Europe, Italy too was politically fragmented. (a) Italian states were being long ruled by several and Habsburg Empire. (b) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states. Northern Italy was ruled by the Austrian Habsburg Empire, Central Italy by the Pope, while the southern part by the Bourbon kings of Spain. Only one state, Sardinia Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. (c) Even the Italian language had many regional and local variations. 5 86. “Till mid-eighteenth century there were no nation-states in Europe.” Support the statement with examples. Ans : There were no nation-states in Europe till the mid-eighteenth century. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were ruled by different rulers with their well-defined territories. Eastern and central part of Europe too had autocratic . People from different ethnic groups occupied these areas and spoke different languages. Sudetenland and Bohemia were dominated by German-speaking people. It also included the province of Lombardy and Venetia which had Italian-speaking people. In Hungary, the half of the population spoke Magyar and the other half of the population spoke different dialects. In the part of Galicia, the aristocratic class spoke Polish. There was absence of collective identity or common culture among these groups. Apart from this, a large group of peasant people like–Roumans to the east in Transylvania, Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola and the Croats to the south lived within the boundary. The only tie binding these different groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. 5 87. When did the first clear-cut expression of nationalism come in France? How did the French Revolution lead to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens? Explain any three measures taken by the French revolutionaries in this regard. Or Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the . Or Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. Ans : The feeling of clear-cut expression of nationalism or collective identity came to France with the French Revolution in 1789. Political and constitutional changes led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various measures and practices were introduced by French revolutionaries which proclaimed that a nation is made by its people and only they can shape up its destiny. Concept of a community, which is united under one flag and enjoying equal rights, came into being. Following were the three steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a feeling of collective identity among the French people. (a) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised this notion. (b) The tricolor, new French flag, was replaced by the royal standard. (c) Uniform laws were formulated for all its citizens under a centralised administrative system. (d) The body of active citizens elected the Estates General and it was renamed National Assembly. (e) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation. 5 88. Discuss the lives of the aristocrats and the new middle class in 19th century France. Ans : The landed aristocracy dominated all social and political spheres. They were united by a common lifestyle. Huge estates and large town-houses were owned by them. French was the language they preferred in the high society and diplomatic circles. Marriages connected the aristocratic families. Though they formed a small group, they dominated with power. In the western and some parts of Central Europe, commercial classes began to emerge because of setting up of industries and beginning of trade. This class caused the emergence of new social groups like the middle class and the working class. The middle class included industrialists, businessmen and professionals. They were less in number. It was the liberal and educated middle-class that encouraged national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges. 5 89. How did the growth of industrialisation change the social and political equation of Europe. Or What led to the emergence of new middle class in Europe? Ans : Industrialisation began in Europe during the 19th century and brought with it growth of towns and cities inhabited by strong commercial class which produced goods for domestic markets. Along with it a class of people emerged called the new working class. It included professionals, businessmen and industrialists. Though they were small in number, educated, liberal minded and believed in national unification. They strongly condemned aristocratic set up in the society. It was because of these ideals they gained popularity and emerged as a new . They stood for equality and freedom and stressed the formation of constitution giving preference to representative form of government rather then established autocratic regimes. 5 90. ‘‘Equality before law did not necessarily stand for universal in Europe.’’ Discuss. Ans : The new middle class in Europe advocated the concept of liberalism emphasising the concept of freedom and equality for all. But at the same time, this was not visible in the political experiment around Europe. The right to vote was exclusively with the propertied class, that too only men. Women even with property rights were excluded from right to vote. The Jacobins who stood for revolution for equality were also biased on this issue. They too granted right to vote to all adult male population only. Napoleon who stood to end privileges too reduced women to the margin of the society with no political rights. For long did these women and non-propertied male struggled to win political rights for themselves. 5 91. Mention any two economic obstacles that the liberal-nationalists wanted to overcome. In what way did the Zollverein customs union of 1834 try to overcome these shortcomings? Ans : During the early nineteenth century, Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Two economic obstacles that the liberal-nationalists wanted to overcome were: (a) Restricted movement of goods and capital. (b) Existence of countless small and different currencies, weights and measures. These barriers created obstacles to economic exchange and growth of the new commercial classes. To sort out this problem, in 1834, a customs union called zollverein was formed by Prussia alongwith most of the German states. The following steps were taken to resolve this issue: (i) Tariff barriers were abolished. (ii) Number of currencies operating were reduced to two. (iii) A network of railways was created for harnessing economic interests. 5 92. What views did the conservatives hold? Ans : was adopted by the European governments after defeating Napoleon in 1815. They favoured it to preserve the established traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchies, property and family. There were some who did not want to adopt the prerevolutionary system, rather they favoured Napoleonic changes and wanted to adopt modernisation as it would rather contribute to strengthen traditional institutions and state power and make it much more effective. Conservatives began to believe that aristocratic monarchies of Europe too would be strengthen from a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom. 5 93. What led to the rise of the revolutionaries after the establishment of the conservative regimes in Europe after 1815? Ans : The following were the reasons that led to the rise of revolutionaries after the establishment of conservative regimes in Europe after 1815. (a) During the years following 1815, the conservative regimes began curbing activities that questioned the legitimacy of the autocratic governments in Europe. (b) Criticism and dissent was not tolerated. (c) Censorship was imposed to control the spread of the ideas like liberty and freedom. (d) Freedom of expression was curbed as thinkers were not allowed to raise their views. (e) The liberal nationalists, inspired by French Revolution, began to carry their opposition secretly and formed secret societies to spread the ideas of nationalism and train the revolutionaries. 5 94. How did French territory undergo changes due to the Treaty of Vienna in 1815? Ans : Representatives of European powers—Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia—after defeating Napoleon drew the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 to undo the changes initiated by him in Europe. The objective was to restore the monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe. (a) The Bourbon dynasty deposed during the French Revolution was put back in power. (b) The territories annexed by Napoleon were taken back from France. (c) To prevent any future expansion of France, a series of states were set up on French boundaries. Kingdom of including Belgium came up in the north, while Genoa along with Piedmont placed in the south. (d) Along with some new territories were given to Prussia on its western frontiers. Austria got the control of northern Italy. (e) Russia got the control of Poland. 5 95. How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feeling among the educated elite across Europe? Ans : Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. (a) The Greeks were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe and they started a struggle for their independence in 1821. (b) Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in different countries. (c) Even the West European countries sympathised with the Greek and their ancient culture. (d) Poets and artists too admired Greece as the basis of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion in its support. English poet Lord Byron even organised fund and participated in the war. (e) Finally, in 1832, Greece was recognised as an independent nation by the Treaty of Constantinople. 5 96. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe? Explain with four examples. Ans : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways. (a) Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments. (b) Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk. (c) Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings. (d) Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists. (e) Two , Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the German spirit against the domination of the French. (f) Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit. (g) Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka became national symbols. 5 97. What is the significance of 1848 for France and the rest of Europe? What did the liberals demand? Ans : In 1848 Europe, the poor, unemployed workers and starving peasants led many revolts. In France, the educated middle class too started a revolution for the abolition of monarchy and establishment of a republic based on universal male suffrage. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to put forward their demands for the creation of a nation-state based on parliamentary principles with a constitution, freedom of press and association. Political rights for women was an issue in which large number of women took active part. They formed political associations and published newspapers voicing their demands. Men and women from the liberal middle classes around Europe combined their demands for constitutionalism alongwith national unification. 5 98. Examine the different stages of the unification of Germany. Or Describe the process of unification of Germany. Ans : The process of German unification was carried out in the following ways. (a) The first attempt for the unification of Germany was made in 1848 through the establishment of a under the Prussian king Wilhelm IV by convening a parliament at Frankfurt. The Prussian king rejected this move and joined the other monarch to oppose the elected assembly. (b) There were widespread nationalist feelings among middle-class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state. (c) Prussia took the initiative and leadership of the movement for national unification. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy carried the process further. (d) He fought three wars over seven years against Austria, and France, which ended in Prussian victory. This victory completed the process of German unification. (e) Prussian King William I was proclaimed as German emperor at Versailles. Thus on 18 January, 1871, the new headed by Kaiser Wilhelm of Prussia was proclaimed. 5 99. Discuss the role played by the women in nationalist struggles. Ans : Women played a vital role in the nationalist struggles around the world. (a) Women from many parts of Europe like Germany, Italy and Poland actively supported the liberals demanding constitutional monarchy with national unification. (b) They too joined their demands for political rights’ like suffrage’ along with the struggle of the liberals. But in spite of their active participation, extension of political rights to them remained a controversial issue. (c) They took advantage of the unrest in Europe to push their demands for freedom of press and association and creation of a nation-state. (d) They even formed their own political associations and founded their newspapers. (e) They held political meetings and staged demonstrations to gain support to their demands. But they were denied suffrage rights during the assembly elections. When the Frankfurt parliament was being convened in the St Paul Church, they were granted admission merely as spectators. 5 100. How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871? Explain with examples. Or Discuss the reasons for the emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans. Or How did the Balkan issue became the reason for First World War? Ans : The Balkan region during 1871 comprised modern-day states like Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. Its inhabitants were known as Slavs. (a) This region had various ethnic and geographical diversities and was under the Ottoman Empire for a long period. As the ideas of romantic nationalism spread in this region, it resulted in breaking up of the Ottoman Empire which made the situation even more serious. (b) The Ottoman Empire could not do much to integrate these regions. As a result, most of the European subject nationalities broke away from the Ottoman Empire’s control and declared their independence. (c) The Balkan people based their claim to be independent on the basis of nationality. They referred to the examples from history as a proof that they were once independent and were subjugated by foreign powers. Therefore, they thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence. (d) Because of this development, various other Slavic nationalities also struggled to define their identity and independence which made the Balkan a region of severe conflicts. At the same time they were jealous, of each other and wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others. (e) European powers like Russia, Germany, England, Austro- Hungary too fought with each other to control more colonies and establish their naval and military might. They were also keen to grab more of the Balkan region for expanding their trade. This made the situation more serious which ended up with the waging of the First World War. 5 101. Who were the ‘liberals’? What ideas were supported by them? Ans : Liberals were the people who demanded freedom and equality. The term liberalism was derive from the Latin root liber which meant ‘to be free’. They wanted to establish a constitutional and parliamentary government with national unification. They advocated freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Liberals constituted of professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans. The following ideas were supported by the Liberals: (a) They thought it necessary to create a nation-state on parliamentary principles. They emphasised on the concept of government by consent. (b) They demanded the formation of a national assembly and drafting of a constitution. (c) They firmly held the ideas of freedom of press and association. (d) They asserted that right to vote be granted only to men owning property. (e) They stressed on the idea of right to private property. 5 102. Write briefly about the political conditions in Europe in the 1870s. Ans : The following were the conditions in Europe in the 1870s. (a) By the last quarter of the 19th century, liberaldemocratic sentiment could not be maintained by the nationalists. (b) Nationalism was now sought to have narrow aims and beliefs with limited means. (c) Trust on each other and tolerance among the nationalist groups disappeared. (d) They just wanted to accomplish their aims at the cost of others. (e) Even the nationalist aspirations of the subject people were manipulated towards the fulfilment of their imperialistic goals. (f) A new definition of nationalism emerged which created havoc in the world order. (any five) 3 103. From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices amongst the French people. What values were instilled among the people through this effort? Ans : The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries instilled the following values among the people. (a) Sense of collective belonging. (b) Equality before the law. (c) Spirit of nationalism. (d) Uniform administration. (e) Sense of freedom and liberty. 3 104. “In 1867, Giuseppe Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the papal state, where a French garrison was stationed. It was only in 1870 during the war with Prussia, that France withdrew her troops from Rome and the papal state was finally merged with Italy.” (a) What was the desire of Giuseppe Garibaldi? How would his desire be possible? (b) What values do you learn from this extract? Ans : (a) He desired to unite the whole country. This would have been possible only by driving away the French from the . (b) The values learnt are love, patriotism and nationalism, feeling of being independent and united. 3 105. ‘Let us ask how many men, possessed by the thoughts of living and dying for the sake of liberty, would be prepared to fight for the freedom of the entire people of all human beings? (a) What does ‘entire people’ mean and what should they enjoy? (b) What values do you learn from the above extract? Ans : (a) ‘Entire people’ means all the people including both men and women. They all should enjoy liberty and equality. (b) Values learnt from this extract are liberty, freedom, equality, unity and combined efforts by the people. 3 106. Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Who favoured the ideology of liberalism? What values can be derived from the term ‘liberalism’? Ans : The educated middle class including industrialists, businessmen and professionals, favoured liberalism. Values that can be derived from the term liberalism are: (a) Freedom for all and equality of all before the law. (b) Creation of a nation-state on parliamentary basis, i.e., government by consent of the people. (c) National unification.