Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 1

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 2

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 3

Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ...... 8 Executive Summary ...... 9 Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 10 Chapter 2: Study Design ...... 16 Chapter 3: Census of children ...... 23 Chapter 4: Life in Street situations ...... 34 Chapter 5: Major Occupational groups ...... 55 Chapter 6: Major in-migrants ...... 63 Chapter 7: Institutional care status ...... 68 Chapter 8: Recommendations ...... 71 Chapter 9: Action Plan ...... 75

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 4

Acknowledgements

The study would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of the organisations and people who stood by us through the course of the survey. Mr. Kunal Kumar IAS PMC commissioner, who reposed faith in us to do a study of this scale and Importance, Mr. Ganesh Sonune Chief Social Development Officer, for providing administrative support.Mr. Tripathi and Mr. Ajay Sathe Bajaj Finserve and Bajaj Allianz for their support Our field team from UCD team members, Local NGO personnel and civil society individuals who were part of the enumeration and interviewing teams, for their hard work and sincere efforts. Every individual has played a very important role. Our team of Technical Resource persons from different cities Hyderabad, Patna and Delhi for their crucial and important role in data collection, Our data entry team, under the supervision of Mr. Aditya, for their painstaking work and wielding patience with our endless queries and clarifications. Prof. T. Rajratnam for writing the report, Govt and NGO Children homes for providing their children data. Symbiosis Institute of Geoinformatics Pune for developing the maps, RFI admin team for their constant support in administration and accounting and related matters

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 5

Participants Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)

Rainbow Foundation India (RFI)

NGOs

New Vision

Kayakalp

John Paul Slum Development Project

Janiv Sanghatana

Janseva Foundation

Sadhana Institute

Bachpan Bachao Samiti

Stree Mukti Sanghatana

Ekta gram vikas

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 6

Study Team Core Team Shubhada - Advocacy Coordinator Arun Saginala - Field Coordinator Mayuri – FGDs Coordinator Adithya - Data management Coordinator

Technical Resources Persons

Ankita Somya - Patna Madhavi - Hyderabad Rubana - Pune Aparna Joshi - Pune Maya Sawant - Pune Sarika Kale - Pune Asumati Deshpandey - Pune Prity Kumari - Patna Shafiq Deshmuk - Pune Firoz - Hyderabad Rama Rani - Hyderabad Suresh S - Hyderabad Kranti Kiran - Hyderabad Ravindra - Hyderabad Vandana - Pune

Surveyors Alka Jayashree Dutta Pradnya Sushanth Anagha Those Jayashree Shinde Rahiman Mahat Swati Anuradha Chavan Jayshree Deolkar Rahul Mahajan Ujwala Anusaya Rathod Jugany Pathan Rajeshree Sarwade Usha Aruna Kanifnath Mane Ratan Mal Usha Suryawanshi Bhagyashree Banchhod Kunda Shinde Ravindra Chavan Vaishali Chetan Marathe Lalita Suryawanshi Rohini Nalawade Vijaya Gaikwad Deepali Shirsagar Mahendra Rupali Vijaya Hingane Depamala Pardeshi Manisha Dhavre Sagar Patil Usha Geeta Bidkar Manisha Nikude Samadhan Patil Geetanjali Ankam Milind Palaskar Seema Sonar Shital Shalunkhe Harshali Dev More Keshav Namrata Gunjal Indrajeet Hemlata Bhosale Mukta Shingre Nanda Sapkal

Data Entry team Arti Renuka Balika Sampada Chaitrali Shital Kundlik Smita Nilesh Vasanti Prachi Vinod

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 7

List of Abbreviations Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)

Rainbow Foundation India (RFI)

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

Technical Resource Person (TRPs)

Urban Community Development (UCD)

Urban Residential Hostels (URHs)

The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)

Women and Child Development (WCD)

Association for Rural and Urban Needy (ARUN)

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)

Early childhood Education (ECE)

Multipurpose Health Worker (MPHW)

Reproductive Child Health (RCH)

Urban Health Centers (UHC)

Non Residential Special Training Centre (NRSTC)

Remedial Coaching Centers (RCC)

Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)

Non Formal Education (NFE)

Resource center (RC)

The National Health Mission (NHM)

Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA)

Child protection committees (CPC)

National Plan of Action for Children 2005 (NPAC)

Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)

Child Welfare Committees (CWCs)

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 8

Executive Summary: Key Findings Street children constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in India. Deprived of adequate and appropriate protection, education and health-care, street children survive in the unsafe environment of city streets.

The Children in Street Situations issue is directly related to the quality of the existing relations between these children and the people in their immediate environment. That is why to use the term “Children in Street Situations” (CSS), since the problem is not “the street child” but the situation causing the child to be in the street. The literature uses UNICEF definition a street child as “anyone under the age of 18 years either lives or works on the street for most of the time.” Broadly they comprise of three major categories i.e. Street living Children, Street working children and children of street families.

To understand these street children population and demographics, Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in collaboration with Rainbow Foundation India (RFI) , other NGOs and civil society individuals conducted the census survey of children in street situations in Pune city covering all the 76 electoral wards and 2 cantonments in the Pune Municipal Corporation area.

A stratified three-stage sampling design has been used to capture the relevant information. The first stage being the census enumeration using a census questionnaire along with basic information and demographic characteristics of the street children. This was followed by a detailed survey of the sample of street children to elicit information on their socio-economic conditions, stay, schooling, water and sanitation, food, illness and disability, earning and spending, abuse and assistance. Further, Focus group discussions captured multiple perspectives and depict the situation of major occupational and migrant groups based on the census findings and specific vulnerability mapping.

A total of 10427 children were enumerated across the 76 wards and 2 cantonments during the time of enumeration. This accounts for 0.34 percent of the total population of the city.

Among all street children surveyed, 58.1 percent are boys, 41.7 percent are girls and 0.3 percent are transgender. An overwhelming 83 percent (8550) of the children belonged to street living families.

Among the street children covered in the survey, about 50 percent (5207) of children were in the 6 to 14 years age group. As many as 60 percent of surveyed children were not studying.

The poorest children of different parts of the State of Maharashtra migrated to the Pune city in search of job and livelihood. It was surveyed that about 48 percent of Children or their families migrated from the districts such as, Usmanabad, Latur, Beed, Parbhani, and Solapur in Maharashtra. Almost 82 percent of children or their families migrated in search of job and income.

The survey revealed that street children involved in a wide variety of income-generation activities. Of the total children surveyed, 33 percent were involved in Hawking/vending on the streets, 17 percent in Begging/used for begging and 12 percent in Construction Work during the enumeration.

Public toilet and open space are the places where children in street situations usually defecate. As revealed in the survey as many as 42 percent of children in Pune Defecate in open.

Hardly 7 percent of the children were aware of any NGO or Government programs that provide some assistance to street children Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 9

Chapter 1

Introduction & Rationale

Introduction Slum areas and poor districts grow up without any Contextualizing the Study: basic infrastructure and, in some cases, are pervaded by urban violence, contributing to people living on the The phenomenon of children in street situations has streets. multiple facets with interrelating consequences, making it very difficult to point to causes, and For economic reasons, children are forced to choose unhelpful to try to identify a single cause that can between domestic violence at home and public provide a blanket explanation for the phenomenon. violence on the street. Children move to and fro The dynamics in local contexts are determined by the between these two worlds. These children are so different combinations of economic, social and mobile and not permanently in the same place: they political factors at play. Urbanization causes huge may also spend time in juvenile homes or in problems for social relations, education, health and institutions, they may go back to their families for a housing, overburdening the capabilities of a short time, they may take part in project activities, or weakened public sector. Pune is 8th largest urban they may move from one town to another or be agglomerations in India by population as per 2011 forced to move. It is vital to evaluate their quality of census life by encouraging them to express their own

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 10 opinions. This makes it possible to identify different For, given the decline in the public sector, the profiles of children – a necessary stage in problem is likely to get worse. Inadequate education understanding the social dynamics affecting them policies (direct and indirect schooling costs, shortages and offering them the appropriate interventions to of scholarships) and a repressive and overly rigid help them improve their daily lives. The Children in juvenile-justice system lead to innumerable children Street Situations issue is directly related to the in conflict with the law being deprived of their liberty, quality of the existing relations between these with laws often only partially applied. Non-official children and the people in their immediate standards, influenced by public opinion, are often environment. That is why to use the term “Children preferred, reinforcing power relations and coercion – in Street Situations” (CSS), since the problem is not as are measures that have only a limited or even non- “the street child” but the situation causing the child existent basis in laws. In most countries, the general to be in the street. The literature uses UNICEF defines attitude is to see children’s physical and emotional a street child as “anyone under the age of 18 years survival strategies (work, theft, drugs, sexual either lives or works on the street for most of the relations) as symptoms of the social pathology of the time.” Broadly they comprise of three major poor, seen as a “dangerous class”. That sets in motion categories i.e. Street living Children, Street working a vicious circle of deviance and repression: as soon as children and children of street families. vagrancy is considered an offence, the criminalisation of children in street situations leads to even greater This common approach starts with a definition of CSS crime. At first, children commit small crimes just to that stresses the social-player model: children in survive, and then, since they have already been street situations are social players, and not just labelled a criminal, they assume the role of a real victims or offenders. They are not only victims, they criminal and end up making it their career. Repression are also players. As is always the case for those on the keeps children on the streets. margins of society, these children not only adapt to the situation, they actively try to overcome their However, prompted by occasional contact with these difficulties by joining another world – the street – and children, “public opinion” shifts between solutions creating their own world – their street. that range from pure and simple repression to measures to empower. Placing children in It is essential to look beyond the numbers and ask: for institutions, which is still commonplace in many whom, since when, how and why is living on the countries, just serves to hide the symptoms without street a problem. The problem of CSS requires that addressing the causes. The task is so enormous that we also educate those who are in contact with these only the network approach has any hope of making a children, because they are part of the problem, and, difference, provided there is a shared, common it is to be hoped, part of the solution. When they talk perspective. about these children, people routinely analyse the situation through the perspective of their own values, Trapped in a situation of disintegrating family ties, positions and interests. For some, these children are children are forced to take to the streets or to create crooks, while for others they are victims. Some inflate their own survival strategies. Although teenagers the statistics, and in doing so they possibly increase tend to run away from their families when they are the feeling of danger, which is then used to justify maltreated, the situation for girls is much more operations to “clean up” the streets. Others critical, as gender roles prevent them from underestimate the problem or simply refuse to developing the same degree of independence that is discuss the subject. generally attributed to boys. As a result, the risk of being caught up in underground physical and sexual

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 11 exploitation networks is greater for girls than for environment in which they live or survive are boys, as in the hidden case of “little maids”. Child themselves more likely to be subject to violence abuse, child trafficking and other shocking violations Today’s children are the future of tomorrow. Since of the International Convention on the Rights of the they create the world of tomorrow, they are at the Child (CRC, 1989) are therefore not without links to heart of social development. Children who are economic policies. healthy, well-fed and educated grow up to be However, the concept of “poverty” does not in itself productive, innovative workers and responsible explain street-living. Not all poor children live on the adults.1 Barely surviving at the bottom of the social streets. The affection that the majority of poor hierarchy, the street children are amongst the most families still manage to show their children is vulnerable children because of lack of proper care admirable. However, slum children are often not and protection. As signatory to the United Nations taken into account publicly until they have become Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), India “street children” – in other words, a public and visible has the responsibility to fulfill the child rights for all problem. Family breakdown and domestic violence the children, including the vulnerable street children. may be the immediate triggers causing children to run The street children are clustered around urban areas, away, but they are not the real and underlying causes essentially around large cities. Growing global of living on the streets. Poverty is just one condition concern since the 1980s for the Rights and welfare of increasing the likelihood of taking to the streets, but children has diverted attention towards children in it is not the cause. Destitution is a “symptom”, a state difficult circumstances, especially the problem of in which one finds oneself, the real causes being the increasing numbers of street children in urban areas factors leading to impoverishment – and these are, mostly within the developing world. The United above all, linked to economic policies. The greater the Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Urban concentration of wealth (economic capital and land Poverty Report 2009 cites the incidence of a street ownership) and power, the greater the inequalities in population as an outcome of the inability of urban status and access to dignified standards of living (and planning to accommodate the rapid inflow of people working). into a city. Slum and street dweller populations largely comprise of migrants who abandon rural However, given the general confusion that exists habitats due to: (i) Natural or man-made calamities, between symptoms and causes, it is the “deviant (ii) Socio-economic or ethnic distress, and (iii) Those behaviour” of poor children and their families that is who are pulled to cities in search of jobs, a better life, treated and not the macro-social dynamics that or are just attracted to ‘bright city lights’.2 produce this behaviour. The real problem is the crisis in social integration, which can be defined as the Situations of Street Children adjustment in relations between individuals and The street children are the most vulnerable group groups (erosion of social ties), based on a “social who survive in the most unsafe environment in the contract” that links them through mutual and city streets. They are deprived of shelter, protection, legitimate rights and responsibilities. Society education, health-care and other basic needs. They stigmatises “street children” by associating them with are found in different corners of the cities; near traffic all the dangers associated with the street in the public signals, around railway stations, outside temples and imagination. But children for whom the street is the

1Dr. Kazi Saleh Ahmed. (2003). “A Baseline Survey Of Street 2 S Findley (1977): Planning for Migration: Review of Issues and Children In Bangladesh”, Foundation for Research on Policies. US Bureau of Census, International Statistical Educational Planning and Development (FREPD) Programme Centre, Washington DC Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 12 mosques, in markets, under bridges and flyovers, any social security and without any holiday or leisure. near bus depots, bus stops and so on. Many street They are often exploited or abused by their children are out-of-school; spend most of their time employers, police, and strangers. Studies show that on the streets, work on the streets and often in children on the street without contact with families inhumane environments for their livelihood. They are are more vulnerable and few of them are forced to in continuous struggle to fulfill their basic needs like get into illegal activities than those in regular contact shelter, food, clothing, drinking water, health care with their families. A UNESCO document on and protection. Hunger, malnutrition and illiteracy Education for Street and Working Children in India are very common among the street children. (2001) illustrates the implications of being on the street during childhood: “Street children are Many street children work in the informal sectors as susceptible to drug/ alcoholic addiction and to child workers. They live in abject poverty that inhalants”5 that offers them an escape from reality, compels them to start earning at an early age and takes away hunger and cold and gives them the take responsibility of themselves and at times even ‘courage’ to steal and engage in survival sex. As a their parents and siblings. Many street children are result, they get into many physical and psychological engaged in occupations such as rag picking, street problems such as, hallucinations, kidney failure, and vending, domestic work and begging. As they grow irreversible brain damage resulting in serious older, boys may diversify their occupation to working consequences for their adult lives. in garages, food stalls, shops, porters at bus-stand or railways station, while girls diversify their occupation Estimation of street children: as domestic servant, begging and some of them even A census and profiling of street children is the first drawn into casual street-based sex work. Some step towards developing targeted programs for the children are even driven to illegal activities such as stealing, pickpocketing and drug peddling. “Misplaced childhood”- a study of the Red Barnet, The number says it all… Danish Save the Children revealed that street children 10,771 street children in Lucknow, are involved in the work such as, Street sex workers, 1,399 in Mugalsarai, Occasional workers at hotels, restaurants etc., 21,907 in Kolkata -Howrah, Transport labours, Coolies, Workers in informal 21,926 in Patna sectors, Rickshaw Pullers/ Van-driver etc. Hawkers and others. 28,560 in Hyderabad

Wasi (2002) 3 and Goyal (2005) 4 mentions that working street children are prone to exploitation by rehabilitation and welfare of the street children. employers who make them work for long hours in the However, estimating correct number of street same posture, without food, without providing any children anywhere in the world is a complicated task safety information or equipment, without informing and there have been a number of studies/census them about the consequences of the activity, and by since 1950’s that sought to find out magnitude of making them work for abysmally low wages without street children in India. There are attempts from the

3 Jehanara Wasi (2002): Children in Difficult Circumstances. 5 Like cobbler’s glue, correction fluid, gold/silver spray paint, National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development, nail polish, rubber cement, permanent/dry erase markers and New Delhi. gasoline. 4 P K Goyal (2005): Street Children and Child Labour. Vista International, New Delhi. Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 13 part of the Government to enumerate the number of Therefore, the objective of the survey was to measure street children in some major cities of India but as the incidence and the distribution of street children such, no official statistics made available so far on the in the Pune city. It is an attempt by the Pune numbers. Efforts to study street children so far have Municipal Corporation and civil society to understand largely been in the form of sample studies to the numbers, concentration locations, demographic understand their profiles and reasons for their being profiles, socio-economic condition, shelter and on the street. Government and development vulnerabilities. The degree of hazardousness faced by agencies have conducted such sample surveys mainly the street children is not known, so data collected on to formulate rehabilitation policies and programmes various modules would provide insight into the for children on the hostile streets. The first census on realities of street children’s lives in Pune are, street children was conducted in 1957 in Chennai (Madras) by the Tamil Nadu government, which was • Socio-economic variables and occupational followed by another study in Mumbai (Bombay) in characters. 6 1959 (cited in Bhattacharya 2003). • Working conditions and work hours • Nature of living, gender and age Some estimates7 for the period before 1990 put the disaggregation number of street children in India would be in the • Health hazards faced by them range 4-8 lakhs. On the other hand, a UNICEF • Information on abuse at work and at place of estimate for 1994 indicated that there were more sleeping than 11 million street children in India • Access to basic services and denial of their (www.childinindia.org.in). According to the same rights source, there were an estimated 314,700 street • Reasons for migration children in the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Kanpur, Bengaluru and Hyderabad and around 100,000 in Delhi. In Maharashtra state, the Tata Rationale for the study Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in association with In order to formulate the intervention strategies Action Aid India8 estimated that the number of street towards rehabilitation and reintegration of street children in Mumbai city (only a part of the Mumbai children, it is important to have conservative estimate urban agglomeration) was 37,059. A recent study of number of street children on which the state and conducted by the save the children, karvy insights and all other Stakeholders can rely upon. As mentioned, rainbow foundation India in 5 cities enumerated there is no comprehensive enumeration or precise 10,771 street children in Lucknow, 1,399 in estimate of the number of street children in India as Mugalsarai, 21,907 in Kolkata-Howrah, 21,926 in a whole or in the major cities and urban Patna and 28,560 in Hyderabad. Study by agglomerations where presence of street children is International Children’s Charity found that India is awfully visible and increasing in numbers. Further home to 20 million orphan children being most very little efforts has been made to address the susceptible to poverty, child labour and child problems of street children and the statutory trafficking9. provisions in the laws concerning children, more specifically street children, are not addressed

6 Sunil Kanta Bhattacharyya (2003): Social Defence: An 8 Making Street Children Matter: A census study in Mumbai Indian Perspective. Daya Books, New Delhi. City, TISS and ActionAid, 2013. 7 Chatterjee, A. (1992). "India: The forgotten children of the 9 Available on: http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/india-now- cities". Florence, Italy. home-20-million-orphans-study-finds Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 14 adequately. A large section of the street children is the streets. RFI shared their experiences and the still under abject poverty, illiteracy, exploitation, recent comprehensive surveys conducted in abuse and without food, shelter and protection. They Hyderabad and Patna to know the exact numbers of are vulnerable because they are young, small, poor, children on the streets. The Commissioner initiated a ignorant of their rights, and often have no family dialogue with RFI to do similar survey in the Pune city members who will come to their defense; in case they along with other civil society organizations of Pune do have guardians, it is more than likely that they may working for the cause. A series of meetings with Civil be incapable of defending them or of Society Organizations were conducted by the PMC to approaching/ensuring any legal help, or of generating take this discussion forward where PMC and CSOs any other kind of support. agreed to conduct the survey and RFI agreed to provide necessary technical support for the survey. Pune, the second largest city and the cultural capital of Maharashtra and also the 7th most populous city A detailed enumeration of children in street in the country, is no exception. The current estimated situations in Pune city covering all the 76 electoral population of Pune city is about 5.9 million including wards and 2 cantonments 10 in the Pune Municipal the population of the twin city Pimpri- Chinchwad and Corporation area was conducted by RFI in the cantonments. The large scale migration of poor collaboration with PMC and other NGOs conducted and drought affected people especially laborers from with the aim to understand their population and nearby districts and nearby states has led to lack of demographics. The unit of measurement was the affordable accommodation resulting in a higher street child who was selected using random number of urban poor and street children. procedure. This provided a basis to estimate the parameters as well as standard error of the estimate. A sample pilot survey was conducted by Rainbow This enumeration was followed by survey of a sample Foundation India during March and April 2015 in of street children eliciting information on their socio- certain pockets of the Pune city. Children in the age economic condition, places of stay, education and group of 6-14 years were mapped to find out their schooling, health (illness/disability), food, earnings, educational status. As a follow up to the study, RFI assistance received, contact with family, water & started running Rainbow Homes in the City to provide sanitation, place of origin and reasons for migration, comprehensive residential rehabilitation support to work activities, working conditions, vulnerability and the children in street situations. RFI engaged with abuses at the place of work and at the place of Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) and the Municipal sleeping, and so on. Further, Focus group discussions Commissioner allotted school buildings to start captured multiple perspectives and depict the residential homes where these children get proper situation of major occupational and migrant groups care and protection along with education. During his based on the census findings and specific visit to one of the Rainbow Homes, the municipal vulnerability mapping. commissioner expressed his concern about other children on the streets. He expressed his interest to address the problems of the other street children on

10 http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802814- pune-maharashtra.html Population of Pune :31,24,458

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 15

Chapter 2

Study Designs

2.1 Specific Objectives The specific objectives of the study were:

1) To enumerate the number of children in The study on the census and life of children in street street situations in Pune city in a reliable situations in Pune city is an attempt to provide an manner. account of their numbers, locations of concentration, 2) To understand the socio-economic profile in demographic profile, socioeconomic conditions and terms of age, gender, education, religion, access to services. The study also aims to find out social class, occupation, night shelter, and reasons behind the street children ending up on the link with family. street, running away from home, losing contacts with 3) To recommend intervention strategies, policy and program initiatives required for the parents/guardian while travelling, migrating in search rehabilitation, care, protection and of livelihoods, being kidnapped/trafficked and so on. reintegration of children in street situations.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 16

2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Operational Definition UNICEF categorizes Street Children as,

The definition of who is a street child is the 1. Street Living Children: Children who determinant element in assessing their numbers and have run away from their families and live undertaking profiling of street children. Blanc (1994) alone on the street, public/open spaces or and Jain (2006) elaborate upon who can be night shelters. They are not necessarily migrants and have no adult blood relative considered street children and according to them who looks after them on day to day basis. street children are those who i) Keep ties with their families, they return home at night; ii) Live at home in 2. Street Working Children: Children who spend majority of their time working urban areas or in the suburbs and contribute to the on the street or in public spaces and return household economy through their engagement in the either daily or occasionally to their families. informal sector mainly on the roadside in places such as eateries, workshops, all kinds of vending activities, 3. Children of Street Families: Children who live on the pavement/street, and begging; iii) Have no functional family ties, but public places with their families and are attempt to fill this void by forming ‘fictive family’ essentially homeless. relationships and even a strong emotional attachment to the street. UNICEF’s definition is also based on this clarification and according to them, a Civil Society Organizations, area experts from street child is “anyone under the age of 18 years academia and the policy making bodies such as, either lives or works on the street most of the time”. officials from Government Departments. In addition As per UNICEF, even if they live with their families on to this key informant interviews, focused group the street and only spend a few hours on the street discussions (FGDs) conducted to capture the case for work, these children still belong to the category of studies. Focus group discussions captured multiple children at high-risk.11 The study used the UNICEF perspectives and depict the situation of major definition of street children which is in line with the occupational and migrant groups. The study definitions by Aginelli (1996) and Muchini et al. attempted to visually document the street children in (1991). All three categories of children defined by action in some locations taking photographs of UNICEF are treated as children in street situations in children who all were willing to pose for photographs. this study and each child identified in street situations has been classified under any one of the above three The survey methodology consisted of three stages. categories for the purpose of present analysis. 1. Census enumeration 2. Detailed survey 2.2.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 3. Focus Group Discussion ( FGD)

In the first stage, a census enumeration was The study used quantitative methods supplemented conducted using a census questionnaire, during by qualitative methods to fulfill the objectives. In which each street child was identified as per UNICEF order to initiate the study, a field survey strategy and definition. In addition to enumeration, some basic tools for conducting the survey was developed through a series of meetings in consultation with the

11 UNICEF (1997): ‘Strategies for Eliminating Child Labour: Conference on Child Labour, Oslo, Synthesis Document, Prevention, Removal and Rehabilitation’, International UNICEF, New York Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 17 information and demographic characteristics of the street children was also obtained.

In the second stage, using the census as a listing exercise, a detailed socio economic profiling of a sample of street children who were enumerated in the census was conducted using a detailed questionnaire consisting of closed and open ended questions. For this purpose, from the list of children enumerated, every 7th female child and every 10th male child in the age group of 9-18 years was selected. The detailed questionnaire captured the details of socio economic condition, stay, place of origin and reasons for migration, schooling, water and sanitation, food, illness and disability, earning and spending, abuse and assistance of the children. The questionnaire was administered using one-on- one interviews in Marathi or Hindi to the selected street children.

In the third stage, based on the census findings, specific vulnerability mapping was done through FGDs capturing occupational characters and types of migrations of the sample surveyed.

Major Occupational groups Major in Migrant groups

 Construction  Elsewhere in Maharashtra  Begging  Karnataka  Street vendor  Rajasthan  Balloon sellers  Chhattisgarh  Working in street tea stalls/hotels  Uttar Pradesh and Bihar  Domestic work  Other countries: Nepal and Bangladesh  Children in sex work & children of sex workers  Potraj community  Selling lemon & chilli  Rag pickers  Transgender

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 18

2.2.3 Details of Data Collection Sample Survey:

Structure of Field Operations A total of 10427 children were enumerated during the time of enumeration to understand the lives, living conditions, mobility patterns, occupational Census Enumeration characters and issues faced by street children. Of the The census was conducted through one-on-one total children for whom the form filled, as many as interviews with the street children with a semi 6053 were boys, 4347 were girls and the remaining 27 th th structured questionnaire with closed and open ended were transgender. Every 10 male child and every 7 questions. The questionnaire (Annexure I) was female child was interviewed with the detailed administered with adult accompanying the child in questionnaire to constitute the sample. case the child is below 8 years old. The interviews were conducted in the field, close to the place of work Focused Group Discussions (FGDs): or habitual residence of the street children. The TRPs supported the surveyors on a daily basis and Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in a performed quality checks daily to ensure that the semi-structured manner to gather the valuable data collected was reliable. The data collected from qualitative insights on the lives of the street children all the wards were then digitized and validated for to understand their fears, aspirations, perspectives, errors. etc. It was decided to conduct the FGDs along two themes – occupation and migration. Accordingly, Detailed Survey: occupations were identified and the areas in which to conduct the FGDs were decided based on highest The census questionnaire had only a limited number concentration of the specific groups. of questions and therefore a detailed socio economic profiling was conducted through a sample survey Location Selection administering questionnaires (Annexure II) to understand vulnerabilities of the children in street The PMC has 15 administrative wards and each situations in detail in the areas like education, health, administrative ward has around 5 electoral wards. food security, dwelling, care and protection, water & The total number of electoral wards in PMC is 76 and sanitation, etc. It also attempted to understand in a in addition there are two cantonment areas. Detailed structured manner, the reasons for quitting enumeration of children in street situations in Pune education, place of origins of sample street children city was done covering all the 76 electoral wards and and reasons for ending up on the streets etc. All 2 cantonments of the city. Field workers started from together 681 interviews were administered with the a key location of the city and moved around in all street children. For this purpose of the sample survey, directions to cover the entire city. The identification children aged 8 and above were marked and every of street children for a head count was based on their 10th male child and every 7th female child was locations such as, on the footpath, in railway stations, interviewed with the detailed questionnaire. Detailed in road side establishments, bus stands, under a survey started simultaneously with the census survey bridge, at religious places and also based on street and the selected street children were directly specific behaviors such as, begging, sleeping on interviewed without any substitution. pavement, vending on road etc.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 19

Period and Timings of the Survey hire against a meager wage, the employers evade the law and also undermine the efforts of various agencies who try to rehabilitate child labour. The census including the follow up visit was made during 1-20 June 2016. The detailed sample survey  Majority street children worked either during the was also undertaken alongside the census daytime or in the evenings. Due to this, the field enumeration. The total time utilised for enumeration surveyors had to revisit every ward at least two to and conducting sample survey was June – August three times to interview the children at their 2016. The survey involved administration of convenient time. On top of that, the survey team had interviews during day and the night because some to cover long distances walking within the larger children were mobile and could only be found at night wards to administrate the survey. Similarly, certain in places of their sleep. areas in the maps did not match with the sample locations selected and hence the survey team had to Challenges and Limitations of the Study struggle to reach those places to administrate the

survey. These are the factors influential to take a  Street children have a very high mobility. It was often longer time to complete the process. difficult to keep a track of their movements to collect The efforts and the time taken to record the data got the information. In some sample locations street doubled due to the field level challenges. Therefore, children were not found because of this mobile these challenges in data collection turned to be a nature of their living and working conditions. In such limitation of the present study. situations the team moved to other neighboring locations to interview the remaining sample units. 2.2.4 Implementation process  Children who work on the street (in tea stalls, dhabas or as street vendors) were largely reluctant to Stakeholder consultation respond and it was very challenging to collect information when they are busy with their work. A Capacity Building total 220 children refused to give any information during the survey. Consequently, the sample has Pilot of the study relatively lower representation of those street children involved in economic activities in roads. Division of wards and respective teams  In certain cases, employers of the street children restricted the survey team access to speak to the Field study children. This is perhaps because the employers have some understanding of the legal position of child labor in India. Studies shows that in many cases even Data Management and quality control if a child between the age of 12-15 years is associated with a firm, the employer normally instructs her/him Review Meetings to tell whoever asks that she/he is 19 years of age or more.12 In the fear of losing these children who they Children Homes

12 Resmi P Bhaskaran, C Upendranath, and Dev Nathan (2010): ‘Invisible workers in the Delhi Garment Sector’, Paper presented Study of specific groups at a CPRC conference. Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 20

Stakeholders’ Consultation A pilot survey was conducted during the training to get the field team feedback and modified the survey The study initiated with Stakeholders consultation, questionnaires based on their feedback. conducted with Urban Community Development (UCD) members and other Stakeholders for finalising Formation of teams and allotment of Wards: the survey methodology and tools. The study team At the end of the training, 10 teams were formed had the structure as depicted below. based on their ward’s familiarity and working with Training for TRPs PMC corporator and each team has a mix of PMC members and representatives of local NGOs. The teams were led by a technical resource person. The 76 electoral wards were divided among the 10 teams depending on the extent of area and the expected number of street children in them. Identity card and tool kit were given for all the field teams. The survey was conducted ward by ward and later, after the census, a follow-up visit was made to the wards to enumerate if any missed children in the main survey. The survey was conducted in different timings early morning, late evenings and late night.

A Technical Resource Person (TRP) team with prior Review Meetings: experience in surveys in Hyderabad, Patna and Delhi formed to provide technical assistance to the field During the survey period, 3 review meetings were staff (surveyors). One-day training for TRPs was conducted to understand the progress made by each conducted to explain the survey methodology, field team and share their problems faced and how operations and role and responsibilities of the TRPs in managed in the field with other teams. In the review conducting the study. In addition, they were given meetings, data quality and data entry problems were orientation about the study tools. The field also assessed and guidelines were shared with the operations started with a training of about 54 teams. surveyors from PMC UCD members and local NGOs Data Processing and Analysis representatives and 10 Technical Resource Persons, for 4 days. In the training the surveyors were given Data was verified manually in two stages in the practical demonstrations of the definition of street survey. First field level data quality check was done by children, how to identify them, how to create rapport TRPs on daily basis after collecting the completed with street children and their parents/guardians and explanation of the questions contained in the census Process outcomes and detailed survey forms. 15 NGOs participated 30 urban community Development (UCD) members worked Participation of Different Govt. Departments Synergy built among NGOs, Govt and Civil society Conducive environment to initiate action

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 21 census questionnaire from surveyors. In the next stage the TRPs submitted the completed census questionnaire to data management team. Core team

Data management coordinator undertook a detailed cross verification and coding; kept record of the submitted census questionnaires and arranged it in Data Entry & the cupboards based on teams and wards. Field Coordinator Management Coordinator A team of 10 data entry operators were deployed simultaneously during the survey and the data entry was undertaken alongside the survey and completed Technical Data Entry team - Resources Persons at the end of survey itself. 10 (TRPs) - 10 Once data collection and entry process are completed, data cleaning such as removing duplicate entry, inappropriate code entry and final analysis was done on SPSS data analysis software with the support Surveyors - 54 of a professional expert. The report outline was developed by the core team and Data analysis was done as per the report outline.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 22

Chapter 3

Census of Street Children

3.1 Street Children Census 3.1.1 Profile of PMC

The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) area consists This chapter presents the findings of the census of 76 electoral wards and 2 cantonments. The undertaken in Pune City. The chapter provides number of street children in the PMC area as estimates of the number of children enumerated in enumerated in the census was 10,647. The number of street situations in the city and also provides broad children for whom enumeration form filled was profile based on the information collected by the way 10427 and the number of children for whom of census enumeration. It gives details of information enumeration form was not filled for various reasons, such as, categories of the street children, sex and age mostly refusal by the child and parents, was 220. It is distribution, marital status and religion/caste, place to be noted that the census was conducted on de of origin and mother tongue of the children in street situations. facto method and not de jure method. That is, only the children currently (at survey) living in Pune city were enumerated and those who were on transit or gone elsewhere for some purpose were not counted in the census enumeration.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 23

Profile of Pune Municipal Corporation No of wards 76 City Population 3115431 Participation in survey Street Children 10647 Participated 10427 98% Percentage of street children 0.34% Refused 220 2% in city Population Total Street Children 10647 100%

3.1.2 Number of Street Children Hotspot

The study identified 10427 street children in the Pune City during the survey period of June-August Hotspot is an area where ten or more children are 2016. Of the total children for whom enumeration found- either living or working together. The major form filled, as many as 6053 were boys (58.1 percent), known hotspots found in the survey were public 4347 were girls (41.7 percent) and the remaining 27 places such as railway stations, bus stops, places of (0.3 percent) were transgender. Ward-wise, the worship, under the bridge/flyover and children highest number of street children 1615 (15.5 percent) homes. In addition to these, the construction sites, were enumerated in the electoral ward number 9 and dumping yards also emerged as important (Erandwana plot), followed by 558 (5.4 percent) in hotspots in the PMC area. Street children are found Ward no 71 (Rajiv Gandhi Nagar Bibvewadi). more frequently near these hotspots for various Around 200 street children from each ward were reasons. Some hotspots shelter to sleep at night, enumerated in Ward no 16 (Khailare plot Erandwana while some others offer free food, drinking water and S N 42/A), Ward no 10 (Rajput Vasti plot no 14) & opportunities to work are also important criteria for Ward no 75 (Ramtekadi). The details of the number an area to become a hotspot. of street children enumerated by sex and ward are given in Appendix 1. Majority of the transgender street children were found in Ward no 9 (Erandwana plot, 22 percent), Ward no 49 (Tangewala colony arayaneshwar, 15 percent) and Ward no 72 (Behind shinde chatri (Tadi mala), 11 percent).

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 24

S.No Hotspots Ward No No of Children 1 Marketyard 9 313 2 Yerawada (Bus Stop, Market area and Yerawada Road) 15 205 3 Janta Vasahat, Canal, parvati 56 201 4 Balewadi road, (balewadi Fata, New Balewadi road) 9 193 5 Dudh Bhatti, Ganj Peth, Bhavani Peth 59 186 6 Near at flyover Katraj bus stop 76 157 7 Near Khadaki Railway Station 6 155 8 Appar Indiranagar 72 150 9 Dhankude Vasti, Baner 9 142 10 Kharadi 2 140 11 Sutarwadi, Pashan 10 126 12 Untvale vasti, ganga dham near at Markeet yard 71 118 13 108/109 Aanandnagar Ramtekdi,Hadapsar 46 114 14 Near Wondercity Katraj 75 113 15 juna bajar, Pune 23 106 16 Dais plot, Gultekdi 64 101 17 Baner 9 97 18 Virbhadra nagar,baner 9 93 19 Shani Nagar & Jambhulwadi, Katraj 76 90 20 sadanand hotel, Near D mart, Baner 9 89 21 Katraj snake park 75 84 22 Shinde mala Baner 9 82 23 Near Laxminagar Laxmi Temple, Balewadi 9 76 24 Near at Deccan Bridge 24 75 25 Bhavani Peth 48 73 26 Zambare vasti Appar Indiranagar 72 72 27 Near at Abhiruchi Moll, Vadgaon Budruk 54 71 28 Vidhate Vasti, Baner 9 71 29 Near at D, mart chowk, baner 8 68 30 P.L. Deshpande Garden near at water purification center, Sinhagad road 53 68 31 New Ira Bekari ,Balewadi 9 65 32 Tadiwala Road,Near Station 40 65 33 gosavi vasti happy colony 32 64 34 Near at Pune Railway Station 40 64 35 Wadekar colony, near Hadapsar railway station 20 63

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 25

3.2 Wards and Hotspots

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 26

3.3 Profile of Street Children children’ who spend majority of their time working on the street like Work in roadside food stall/tea stall, Begging, Working as domestic helper/servant, 3.3.1 Classifications of Street Children Rag picking and return either daily or occasionally to their families. At the same time, 3 percent of the For the purpose of the study, the enumerated street children are classified as the third category, children were classified as per UNICEF-identified ‘children on the street’ who are basically the street definition of street children such as, i) street living living children living alone or with friends on the children, ii) street working children and iii) children street, public/open spaces or night shelters. of street families. It is to be noted that the According to the definition, they might belong to definition and classification of street children are the orphaned, run away, or trafficked children already explained in chapter 2 and hence not categories and may also be children on the street, repeated here. Table 3.1 and Chart 3.1 give the but without any family or any adult blood relative percentage distribution of the street children by who looks after them in the city. type, classified by sex of the child. The classification of street children implies that Table 3.1: Percentage distribution of street most of the street children are on the street children by type of child, classified by sex of child. because their families are also on the street. So, Category of Boys Girls Total Total homelessness is the prime cause for most of the street children ( (N) children seen on the street. Percent) Street Living 5% 1% 3% 313 Children (Alone) Street Working 18% 10% 15% 1564 Chart 3.1: Distribution of street children Children by sex Children of 77% 89% 82% 8550 Street Family Street Living Children 1% 5% Total ( Percent) 100% 100% 100% … (Alone) Total (N) 6053 4347 10427 Street Working 10% Children 18%

Based on the definition and using conservative Children of Street 89% estimates of total population in Pune city, it is Family 77% estimated, as depicted in Table 3.1, that majority 0% 50% 100% of street children (more than 82 percent) belonged to the category ‘children of street family’, meaning Girls Boys that they were children who stayed on the pavement/street or public places with their families and these children and their families are essentially ‘homeless’. Mostly these families stay in temporary shelters in constructions sites, on the pavements and under bridges selling Balloons, lemon & chilli, flowers and begging on the road/traffic signals/bus stops. Another 15 percent of the children are classified as ‘street working

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 27

Table 3.2: Percentage distribution of street children by respondent to the census questionnaire, classified by age Respondent Age group

0-8 9-18 Total 3.3.3 Distribution of Street Children by Age and Self 0 84 41.8 Gender: Father 33.7 8.4 21.1 In the census some basic demographic particulars of the street children such as sex, age and marital Mother 62.3 6.1 34.3 status were recorded. The percentage distribution Grandparent/s 1.5 0.4 1 of street children by sex and age is given in Table Older Sibling 1.3 0.5 0.9 3.3 and chart 3.2. Age-wise, a larger proportion of Others 1.1 0.5 0.8 61 percent of the street children were in the age group 3-12 years (based on single age distribution, Total ( Percent) 100 100 100 not shown in table). As depicted in the table, Total (N) 5239 5188 10427 around 15-18 percent of the boys were in all the 3- year age groups except age zero.

3.3.2 Distribution of Street Children by Respondents: Table 3.3: Percentage distribution of street children by sex and age The enumerated street children or their Age group Male Female Total parents/guardians (in case of young children) were Below 1 2.3 3.2 2.7 01-03 14.2 17.5 15.7 asked a few questions. As per the census 04-06 17.7 22.2 19.6 enumeration instructions, the parents or guardian 07-09 14.5 20.2 16.9 was the respondent if the child was below age 9 10-12 17.5 18.6 17.9 years and the child itself or parents/guardian if the 13-15 15.4 11.3 13.7 child aged 9 years and above. Table 3.2 gives 16-18 18.3 7 13.6 percentage distribution of street children by Total 100 100 100 respondent to the census questionnaire, classified Number 6053 4347 by age. It is seen from the table that in respect of The chart similarly shows that 32 percent of street children of age 0-8 years, except for 4 percent of children were below 5 years of age. According to the children, either their mothers (62 percent) or the Child Labour Prohibition Act (1986), a majority their fathers (34 percent) were the respondents. of these children were outside the purview of law, For another nearly 3 percent of the children either even if they worked in roadside ventures or older siblings or grandparents were the enterprises. respondents. For the older children (age group 9- 18 years), the child itself was the respondent in The gender-wise analysis of age group indicated respect of 84 percent of the cases and parents that as the girls grew up their presence on the (father or mother) in respect of nearly 15 percent street reduced. As depicted in Chart 3.3 the of the cases. As such, except for a few (around 1 proportion of street girls increased as age percent of the) children, self, parents or any family increased up to age 9 or 10 and then decreased as member was the respondent. age further increased. However, as many as 11 percent of the girls in the age group 13-15 years

and 7 percent in the age group 16-18 years were seen in street situations. It implies that in the PMC Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 28

area a substantial proportion of the street girls (6.0 per 1000) girls. Of them 51 children married were teenage girls, more precisely 18 percent of after age 15 years and 18 got married below age of the street girls were in the age group of 13-18 15 years. It is important to note that only a few years, which is substantial. Among transgender, street girls are married indicating that girls after majority were in the age group 1-5 years. With marriage are rarely found on the street. It was respect to marital status, only a few boys and girls found that 19 children are living together but not reportedly married and the number of street married. children married was 43 (7.2 per 1000) boys and 26

Chart 3.2: Age group of children Chart 3.3: street children by sex and age

22.2 20.2 0 to 5 yrs 32% 17.5 17.7 17.518.6 18.3 14.2 14.5 15.4 11.3 6 to 14 yrs 50% 7 2.33.2

0-1 01--03 04--06 07--09 10--12 13-15 16-18 15 to 18 18% Age Group

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Male Female

Table 3.4: Percentage of street children by place of origin of the parents, classified by sex of the child. Place of origin (of parents) Boys Girls * 3.3.4 Distribution of Street Children by Place of Total Origin: Pune 9.8 9.7 9.8 Elsewhere in Maharashtra 45.1 50.4 47.3 In the census the respondents were asked about Karnataka 11.9 14.9 13.1 Uttar Pradesh 6.5 3.1 5.1 their places of origin, that is, from where the Chhattisgarh 4.2 5.6 4.8 children or their parents had come to Pune city and Madhya Pradesh 4.1 3.1 3.7 reasons for migration. The information was Rajasthan 3.7 3.1 3.4 classified as from within Pune city, elsewhere in Bihar 4 2.3 3.3 Andhra Pradesh & Telangana 2.8 2.5 2.7 Maharashtra, other specific states of India and Kerala 3.3 1.3 2.5 neighboring countries. Table 3.5 gives percentage Gujarat 1.2 1.4 1.3 of street children by place of origin of their parents, Jharkhand 1.3 0.9 1.1 North Eastern States 0.7 0.4 0.6 classified by sex of the children. Orissa 0.3 0.3 0.3 Rest of India 0.5 0.5 0.5 Nepal & Bangladesh 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 100 100 100 * Including Transgender.

29

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 30

As depicted in the table, nearly two-thirds (58 and Jharkhand. There were also street children percent) of the street children were from within originated from the north-eastern states and from Maharashtra, including 10 percent from within Nepal and Bangladesh. Sex differences in the Pune city itself. Apart from this, as many as 13 proportion of street children by place of origin was percent of the street children were from not substantial, except some indications that a Karnataka, 5 percent each from Uttar Pradesh and slightly higher proportion of girls than of boys were Chhattisgarh and 3-4 percent each from Madhya from Maharashtra and Karnataka, and a slightly Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and erstwhile Andhra higher proportion of boys than of girls were from Pradesh. Around 1 percent of the street children Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Kerala. However, the were from some of the other states like Gujarat differences are not substantial.

 48 percent of Children migrated from the districts Usmanabad, Latur, Beed, Parbhani, Solapur in Maharashtra.  7% of children are without parental care

Table 3.5 gives information on the types of and another 3 percent of children surveyed were parent/guardians the street children live with. It is found living alone. Only a less than 1 percent of the clearly seen that about 80 percent of both boys and children were living with their grant parents, sibling girls were living with their parents, another 11 or other unrelated persons percent were living with either one of the parents .

Table 3.5: Percentage distribution of street children by child live with whom, by sex of the child

Child live with whom? Male % Female % Total (N) Total ( Percent) Parents 4681 77% 3673 61% 8355 80% Mother 412 7% 344 6% 756 7% Father 220 4% 155 3% 375 4% Alone 274 5% 49 1% 323 3% With siblings 159 3% 16 0% 175 2% With Grandparent/s 47 1% 33 1% 80 1% With other relatives/ older relatives 118 2% 15 0% 133 1% With Spouse (wife/ husband) 54 1% 34 1% 88 1% Others 88 1% 28 0% 116 1%

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 31

3.3.5 Distribution of Street Children by Religion A caste-wise analysis of street children showed and Castes: that, about half of the total sample children (43 percent) were dalit (Scheduled Caste), the majority Religion and caste of the street children was not (28 percent) belongs to adivasi (Scheduled Tribe), ascertained in the census but asked in the sample while 15 percent of children were from minority. survey. Table 3.6 and Chart 3.4 and 3.5 provide About 14 percent children belonged to Other numbers and percentage distributions of the Backward Classes (OBCs). More than 25 percent of sample street children by religion and caste. It is to the children, mainly non-Hindus, had fallen under be noted that the caste list was lengthy (more than the category not known/not applicable. Another 50 castes) and only the numerically large numbers 32 percent of the street children had fallen in the of caste visible among street children are caste category ‘Others’ that constituted a large presented in the table. Further, the majority of number of castes. Based on the children for whom caste applies only to Hindus and hence the caste of their caste was known, it is seen that Matang and other children is treated as not applicable (NA). Maratha stand on the top with each accounting for Even among Hindus, a substantial proportion of 10 percent of the street children, followed by children did not know their caste. Pardhi and Lamani with each constituting 5 percent The religion wise classification of street children of the street children. Some of the other castes showed that, the majority of them, about three- represented by 2-3 percent of the street children fourths of the street children were Hindus, another are Mang, Dhangar and Mahar. 15 percent were Muslims and the remaining 10 percent were belonging to other religions. If we compare the religious composition of general population, street children among non-Hindus are higher than that among Hindus. Chart 3.4: Street children by Religion Chart 3.5 Street children by Caste

Other 9% OBC 14% Muslim SC Minority 15% 43% 15%

ST Hindu 28% 76%

Table 3.6: Distribution of Street Children by Religion and Caste Religion Number Percent Hindu 516 75.8 Muslim 100 14.7 Other 65 9.5

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 32

3.3.6 Distribution of Children by Mother Tongue:

Table 3.7 and Chart 3.6 provide percentage distribution of street children by their mother tongue, classified by sex of the child. The mother tongue of 43 percent of the street children was Marathi and for another 29 percent of the street children, it was Hindi. Though 13 percent of the street children were from Karnataka, only 7 percent admitted that their mother tongue was Table 3.7: Percentage distribution of street children Kannada. The mother tongue of another nearly 6 by mother tongue, classified by sex of the child. percent of the street children was Pardhi. Further, Mother Tongue Boys Girls Total the mother tongue of about 5 percent of the street Marathi 42.9 44.1 43.4 children was Telugu and of another 2.5 percent of Hindi 31.6 24.7 28.7 street children was Guajarati. The mother tongue Kannada 6.8 7.7 7.1 of the remaining 8 percent of the street children Pardhi 4.5 7.4 5.7 Telugu 4.5 5 4.7 are varied and many to name them individually. Guajarati 2.2 2.9 2.5 Others 7.6 8.3 7.9 Total 100 100 100

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 33

Chapter 4

Life in Street Situations

It is to be noted that some of the information are education and schooling, health (illness/disability), obtained in the census and the others are obtained water and sanitation, Food, Income earning in the sample survey and the source of information activities, Assistance received, vulnerability and is mentioned wherever appropriate. Census abuses at the place of work and at the place of enumeration of street children discussed in sleeping, and so on. The sample survey also Chapter 3 provided information about who the covered individual case studies and information children were; what were they doing; where they gathered in FGDs. This chapter focuses on profiling were located etc. A detailed survey of a sample of of sample’s socio economic, demographic street children also conducted alongside census conditions and important insights of their lives, enumeration eliciting information on their socio- especially to find out how they lived. economic condition, places of stay, place of origin and reasons for migration, contact with family, Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 34

4.1 Living conditions and kind of dwelling percent of the children stay in Pune city only during 4.1.1 Duration of stay in Pune City: the summer season and the remaining 2 percent of the children stay in Pune city during some seasons The respondents were asked about how long including summer season but not throughout the he/she was in Pune city and the reasons for being year. ended up on the street. The objective of asking such question was to observe whether the children knew about their families of origin and locations of origin (i.e., the family/village location from which they had come to the streets). The details, as explained by the children are presented in Table 4.1 and Chart 4.1. The table shows that more than 56 percent of the children below 9 years of age and only 32 percent of the children aged 9 years and above are in the Pune city since their birth. It means that in respect of these children their parents have migrated to the Pune city before they were born. It is also supported with our observation that most of the street children were living with their parents and the respondents of 46 percent of children live on street more than 10 almost all 0-8 age group children were their years parents. In respect another 34 percent of street children, their duration of stay in Pune city was up to 2 years. It is often the practice of notable number of With respect to the seasons during which the families that they go back to their villages during street children are found in Pune city, as many as kharif season (starting during the rainy season) to 83 percent of the children were found in all the look after crop cultivation (as cultivator and/or as seasons (throughout the year) and another 15 agriculture labourer) and come to the city after Table 4.1: Percentage distribution of street children by duration of stay in Pune and seasons stayed in Pune, classified by age of child Particulars Age group 00-08 09-18 Total Duration in Pune city Since birth 55.6 31.9 43.8 Up to 2 years 32.8 35.1 33.9 Above 2 to 5 years 10.3 13.5 11.9 Above 5 to 10 years 1.3 15.5 8.3 Above 10 years 0.0 4.0 2.0 Season in Pune city All the seasons 82.0 83.1 82.6 Summer season only 15.5 14.6 15.1 Summer/Other seasons 2.5 2.3 2.4 Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total (N) 5239 5188 10427 Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 35

harvesting the kharif crops, sometimes after the  72 percent of children migrated along rabi crops that ends before the summer season. with the family, of which 86 percent The data indicates that for a substantial proportion were girls, 64 percent were boys. of at least 15 percent of the street children, it is the  24 percent of children (31 percent boys case that they go back to their native place during and 11 percent girls) migrated alone. crop harvesting season and return to the streets after the season gets over.  82 percent of children migrated along with their family in search of work/jobs and 8 percent migrated due to poverty. Types of Male Female Total ( Migration from Percent) other cities Reason for migration Male Female Total Migrated with 64.0 86.0 72.0 ( Percent) family In search of jobs/income 79.0 88.0 82.0 Migrated alone 31.0 11.0 24.0 Poverty/ Hunger/ did 10.0 5.0 8.0 Migrated with 4.0 3.0 4.0 not have money at unrelated people home Total ( Percent) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Don’t Know/ Can’t Say/ 4.0 2.0 3.0 Total (N) 433 248 681 No response

Other (please specify) 4.0 2.0 3.0 There was abuse/ 1.0 3.0 2.0 4.1.2 Place of Stay/Sleep: violence In the detailed survey of street children aged 9 and Was too young to 1.0 1.0 1.0 remember above, a question was asked on how many times Family feud/ discord/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 they changed their places of stay during the last disharmony/ separation one year. In response to this question as many as of parents, etc. 88 percent of the street children reported that they Total ( Percent) 100.0 100.0 100.0 did not change their places of stay and only 6 Total (N) 433 248 681 night were the street/ footpath/ percent of the children reported that they changed roadside/pavement (13 percent), at/near a traffic their places of stay more than two times (figures not presented in table). So, it is clear that most of signal (5 percent) and construction site (4 percent). A small proportion of the street children also sleep the street children do not change their places of at night in various other places as listed in the stay often, and for them the main place they sleep at night is the only place of stay. table.

Table 4.2 gives percentage distribution of street children by main place they sleep at night, classified by sex and age. As depicted in the table, as many as 45 percent of boys and 51 percent of girls sleep at night in the Katchi Abadi home/squatter settlement/temporary shelter, followed by about one-fourth of children (24 percent) sleep at the Slum/ Cluster. The other significant places where street children sleep at

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 36

Table 4.2: Percentage distribution of street children by place where they mainly sleep at night, classified by sex and age

Place where street children Boys Girls Combined mainly sleeps at night Age group Age group Total 00-06 07-12 13-18 Total 00-06 07-12 13-18 Total Katchi Abadi home/ squatter 50.3 47.4 36.5 44.7 51.2 50.0 51.3 50.8 47.2 settlement/ temporary shelter Slum/ JJ colony/ Cluster 19.9 22.6 30.3 24.3 19.6 23.6 25.7 22.3 23.5 On the street/ on the footpath/ 14.1 14.2 10.5 12.9 13.6 14.0 13.9 13.8 13.3 roadside/ pavement At/ near a traffic signal 5.8 6.4 4.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 3.7 5.4 5.4 Construction site 6.6 3.5 2.0 4.1 6.7 2.8 1.8 4.3 4.2 Near my Work site/ place 0.7 1.1 7.2 3.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 2.0 Pukka home 0.8 1.5 4.1 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.5 Open place/ Park/ ground 0.9 1.5 0.1 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 Under bridge/flyover/underpass 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.5 0.5 Institution/ Shelter/observation/ 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 juvenile remand home, etc. In a Drop-in shelter 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 Railway station/ platforms 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 At/ near a marketplace 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 In a Night-shelter 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 At/ near a Tourist place 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 At/near worship/ religious place 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Bus stop/ station 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Other (please specify) 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Total ( Percent) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total (N) 2051 1919 2037 6007 1848 1664 793 4305 10312 Note: Table excludes transgender and information missing cases.

4.2 Basic Facilities

4.2.1 Access to Drinking Water Table 4.3: Percentage distribution of children by source of drinking water, classified by sex of child Access to drinking water is major issue in urban Source of drinking water Boy Girl Total scenarios in any part of India including Pune city. Public source - Restricted 58.4 55.0 57.4 Public source - Unrestricted 28.0 29.8 27.6 Table 4.3 gives percentage distribution of sample Private source - Restricted 6.0 8.7 7.2 street children by source of drinking water. It is Private source - Unrestricted 0.5 0.9 0.7 seen from the table that 57 percent of the street Tanker 2.9 3.2 3.2 children use water from restricted public source Others 4.2 2.3 3.8 Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 and another 28 percent use water from public Total (N) 382 218 681 source that was unrestricted. Use of water from private sources was very rare. The pattern did not differ between boys and girls on the street.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 37

4.2.1 Access to Toilet Facility girls than boys use public toilet. It may be that, with the limited public toilet facility, boys tend to It is an accepted fact that street children are defecate in open allowing the girls and females to deprived of access to sanitation facilities. Table 4.4 use the public toilets. The proportion of children and Chart 4.1 gives percentage distribution of having own/individual toilet, the proportion using sample street children by type of toilet used by private toilet and proportion using community them, classified by sex of child. It is seen from the toilet was just around 2 percent each. table that a majority of the street children defecate in open and all others had some toilet 4.2.1 Place of Bathing arrangements. The proportion of children going to Table 4.5 provides percentage distribution of the open for defecation was marginally higher sample street children by place where they take among boys (47 percent) than among girls (37 bath, classified by sex of child. Nearly a half (49 percent) but still it is a great concern that more percent) of the street children reported that they than one-third of the girls do not have any type of take bath at home in a place used for this purpose. Another one-third of the children (34 percent) take bath at an open space. A few children also take bath at public places and at work place. The pattern did not differ much between boys and girls but there is an indication of taking bath at home was slightly higher among girls (53 percent) than among boys (46 percent). Table 4.5: Percentage distribution of children by place where they take bath, classified by sex of child Place of bathing Boy Girl Total At Home (temporary bath 46.1 53.2 48.6 place) Table 4.4: Percentage distribution of children by At Open Place 34.3 32.6 34.2 type of toilet used, classified by sex of the child At Public Facilities 5.8 5.0 5.4 Toilet Facility Boy Girl Total At Workplace 2.1 0.9 1.8 Defecate in open 46.9 36.7 42.1 Not answered 11.8 8.3 10.0 Public Toilet – free 29.3 36.2 32.2 Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Public toilet – paid (like Sulabh 9.9 12.8 11.3 Total (N) 382 218 681 Shauchalaya) Private toilet – shared by 2.4 2.8 2.8 multiple families

Have own toilet (for own family) 2.6 1.8 2.2 Use community toilet 2.4 1.8 2.2 Others 6.5 7.8 7.2 Total (%) 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 Total (N) 382 218 681 toilet facility. As many as 43 percent of the children reported that they were using public toilet and for one-third of the children the public toilet was free and for the remaining 11 percent of the children it was on payment basis. However, it was more of Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 38

4.2.1 Clothing With respect to illness, as many as 13 percent of the children reported illness in the past 6 months The sample street children were also asked a and 2 percent reported long term health problems question about whether they wear good clothes. at the time of survey. The nature of illness was The idea was to understand if they wear some good largely common cold, cough and fever. As evident (new or old but neat) clothes at all. At least on from Chart 4.2, boys are more prone to illness like some occasions. For this, 67 percent of boys and 73 common cold, cough and fever as well as physical percent of girls said that they do wear good clothes injuries whereas girls are suffering more than boys (table not shown). This shows that the street from long term health problems. Further children are not always dirty and dress neatly at segregation of types of illness, as depicted in Chart least on some occasions. 4.3 shows that as many as 61 percent girls and 50 percent boys suffered from common cold during 4.3 Health and Nutrition Status last week before the survey while about 2 percent of the boys reported diarrhea and malaria in the

past 6 months. In respect of girls, the type of In this chapter the health problems of the street napkin used to absorb menstrual bleeding is also children such as disability, injury and illness, type documented (Table 4.7). of illness and source of treatment are dealt with. In respect of girls, the type of napkin used to absorb Table 4.7: Distribution of menstruating girls by type of napkin menstrual bleeding is also documented. Under used to absorb the menstrual bleeding nutrition, sources of food and skipping of food are Napkin used Number Percent analyzed. Sanitary napkin 71 49.0 New Cloth 33 22.8 4.3.1 Illness and Injury: Old Cloth 38 26.2 Street children live in an unhygienic and unhealthy Other 3 2.1 condition without proper food and nutritional care. Total 145 100.0

All these factors enhance their vulnerability to unimaginable levels. For the purpose of the sample survey, to understand the street children’s health status, information on injuries and illness of children in the last 6 months was collected (data

not shown in table). As per their responses, about 6 percent of the children had injuries mostly physical injuries in the last 6 months before the survey. Table 4.6: Percentage of children who had injury, illness, and long term health problem during the last 6 months, by sex of child Health Problem Boy Girl Total Injury 6.5 4.6 6.2 Illness 13.4 11 12.8

Long term health problem 1.6 4.1 2.3 Number of children 382 218 681

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 39

Place of treatment: Out of the 681 children who International Classification of Functioning reported that they fallen sick during the last six Disability and Health (ICF) consider disability at months, the largest proportion of them (42 multiple levels of functioning of a person such as at percent) went to government hospital or charitable the body level, personal level, and societal level. As clinic where they need not to pay for the services. per media reports and various earlier studies on About 25 percent of the children approached local street children, they often had a private clinic/doctor or hospital. This could be due disability/handicap following torture by the agent to easy access of such facilities. Another 2 percent or kidnapper who wanted them to earn for him of the children resorted to home remedy or local through begging. The handicap/disability would chemist/medicals. At the same time 15 percent of also ensure that the child would not be able to run the children did not seek any treatment. away.13 In the census of street children, disability among the children was assessed mainly through 4.3.1 Disabilities among street children: observations. Table 4.8 and Chart 4.4 give The Persons with Disability (PWD) Act (1995), information about physical or mental disability per defines disability as blindness, low vision, leprosy- 1000 children. It is seen from the table that almost cured, hearing impairment, loco motor disability, 7 boys and 6 girls per 1000 children were assessed mental retardation, and mental illness. The as disabled. Between physical and mental

13 Dr. Reshmi Bhaskaran and Dr. Balwant Mehta (2011), Surviving the Streets : A census of Street Children in Delhi by the Institute for Human Development and Save the Children Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 40

Table 4.8: Disability among street children disabilities, physical disability was found to be (Per 1000 children) higher among boys while mental disability was Disability Boys Girls Total found to be higher among girls. Physical 4.0 2.3 3.3 Mental 2.8 3.9 3.3 Any 6.8 6.2 6.5 Total children 6053 4347 10427

4.4 Sources of Food having their food at home and another 16 percent The sample survey of street children inquired reported that they buy food from eateries/market. about the sources of food for the sample street A small proportion of the street children also seek children. Their responses, as depicted in Table 4.8 food by begging, food from employer, shelter, and showed that about 70 percent of the children were so on. Overall almost all street children were taking food at their homes.

Table 4.8: Percentage of children depending on different sources of food by sex of child

Source of food Boy Girl Total Food at home 67.8 72.9 69.0 Buy food from market 17.3 11.9 15.6 Charity 4.5 1.4 3.2 Begging 4.2 1.4 3.2 Food given by the employer 2.1 4.6 2.9 Food at shelter 2.6 0.9 2.3 Jan Aahar Yojana 2.4 1.4 1.9 Leftovers 1.0 0.9 1.5 Religious offerings/ Langar 0.5 0.0 0.4 Railway platform/Pantry 0.3 0.0 0.3 Midday meal 0.5 0.0 0.3

Others (please specify) 11.0 10.6 10.6 Number of children 382 218 681

Note: Multiple sources applicable 4.4.1 Skipping of Food: during the past one week before the survey. Table 4.9 shows the percentage distribution of children A question was asked to the sample street children by number of days the meals skipped. As depicted if they have skipped their normal food any time in the table, 94 percent of the children had not

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 41

skipped their normal meals in the one-week period basic education and skill training. Literacy rate was before the survey. About 4 percent of the children worked out for the children aged 7-18 years, and mentioned that they skipped normal food for only the percentage of children literate by age and sex one day and another below 2 percent reported that Table 4.10: Percentage of street children they skipped their normal food for 2-3 days. literate and percentage attending school by sex and age of the child Table 4.9: Percentage of children who missed at Age group Boys Girls Total least one meal in last one week before survey, Literacy classified by sex of child 7-9 37.9 43.7 40.8 Days skipped meals Boy Girl Total 10-12 57.5 54.7 56.3 None of the days 94.5 94.5 94.3 13-15 64.3 54.4 60.9 1 day only 3.4 3.7 3.7 16-18 59.3 54.6 58.4 2-3 days 1.6 1.4 1.5 Combined 55.3 50.7 53.5 4-5 days 0.5 0.0 0.3 Schooling 6-7 days 0.0 0.5 0.3 4-6 9.4 9.5 9.4 Total (%) 100 100 100 7-9 46 49.6 47.8 Total (N) 382 218 681 10-12 58.2 56.3 57.3

13-15 56.1 48.1 53.3 16-18 37.5 36.8 37.4 The major reasons for missing the food, as 4-18 40.8 38.6 39.9 explained by the children were that they did not 7-18 49.2 49.9 49.5 have money to buy food, working late/busy and did NA: Not applicable (no or very few cases) not have time to eat food and some of the children of the child is presented in Table 4.10 and Chart also mentioned that their food was snatched/ 4.5. It is seen from the table that among children of taken away by somebody. So, for children not age 7-18 years, only 55 percent of boys, 51 percent taking meals at home, the main reason for skipping of girls were literate. Further, in the age group 7-9 food was not only because of not having money to years, only 38 percent of the boys and 44 percent buy food. of the girls were literate and it increased to more than 58 percent for boys and 54 percent for girls in the higher age groups. This is an indication of late 4.5 Education Levels of Street Children school enrollment and slow progress from illiteracy to literacy among the street children. Street children are largely deprived of many things, including access to school and educational Among the children enumerated in Pune city, support. Their condition of life such as having to about 50 percent of the boys and girls in the age live on the roads, moving from one place to other, group 7-18 years were attending school and the lack of an address/ identity, and lack of family among the transgender it was only 40 percent. or parental support to get educated, did not leave Chart 4.6 depicts that the highest proportion of them with any option other than to work to ensure children attending school was 56-58 percent in the food security which limited their access to school age group 10-12 years, both among boys and girls. and education. As age increased, the proportion of children attending school decreased and reached 37 4.5.1 Literacy and Schooling percent for both boys and girls in the age group 16- 18 years. Understanding the educational levels of street children is critical for providing them appropriate Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 42

Though the educational level was not sought in the secondary education. These, hopefully, may not be census, the fact that 37 percent of boys and girls possible without the helping hands of some NGOs were continuing education in the age group 16-18 working in this city, besides the PMC’s contribution is a good trend towards a good proportion of street to the schooling facilities for the weaker sections of children completing secondary and higher the communities.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 43

4.5.2 Types of school and Regularity to school

Information on type of school and regularity to school were asked in the detailed sample survey and not in the census. From the detailed sample survey (age group 8-18 years) it was revealed that among the children attending school, as many as 70 percent were studying in government schools and another 16 percent were studying in semi- government (that is, government-aided) schools while only 15 percent of the children were going to private schools (figures not presented in table).

With respect to regularity in attendance as many as Chart 4.7 shows the percentage distribution of this 86 percent of the children attending schools are sample children (9+ age group) by highest level of reported as regular to the schools. education attained, classified by sex and current schooling status. The detailed sample survey for age group 9-18 years revealed that as many as 57 4.5.3 Highest Educational Levels attained percent of the children in this age group have not completed first standard at survey and they may be It was attempted to survey the sample street illiterate. The percentage of street children children in age group of 9-18 years to ascertain the illiterate was slightly higher (57 percent) among highest level of education attained. Table 4.11 and boys than among girls (54 percent).

Table 4.11: Percentage distribution of sample street children (8+ age group) by highest level of education completed, classified by sex and schooling status Standard completed Attending school Not attending school Combined Boy Girl Total Boy Girl Total Boy Girl Total Nil 12.7 14.6 13.5 88 88.7 88.3 57.1 53.7 56.7 1-4 std 18.5 20.4 20.1 4.9 4.3 5.1 10.5 11.9 11.5 5-7 std 34.4 26.2 29.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 16.2 14.2 14.5 8-9 std 22.9 28.2 24.7 2.7 3.5 2.5 11 15.1 11.9 10+ std 11.5 10.7 11.8 0.9 0 0.8 5.2 5 5.4 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total (N) 157 103 288 225 115 393 382 218 681 Note: Combined includes children for whom sex not recorded. For as many as 81 out of 681 children, sex was not recorded. Decide if number to be presented or not.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 44

It was noted that as high as 88 percent of children school and 12 percent completed SSLC and the were not attending school during the survey pattern remained almost the same for boys and period. It indicates that most of the children girls. It is to be noted that the children are at currently not attending school were those never varying ages and some are not yet crossed the age attended school or dropped out before completing to complete the school level. For example, a child 1st standard. However, among those attending of age 10 cannot be expected to complete SSLC and school, only 14 percent have not yet completed 1st so the proportion completed SSLC for the cross- standard. Further, only 7 percent of the children section of the children would be an under completed primary school (5th standard) and estimated. But such a segregated analysis is below 1 percent completed SSLC (10th standard), difficult due to the fact that late school enrollment and it did not differ between boys and girls. As the is very common among the street children. data is pertaining to children of age group 9+, it implies that for many street children school enrollment is very late. Among children attending school, about 30 percent have completed primary

4.5.4 Reasons for discontinuing Schooling:  They did not have money to continue schooling (27 percent), In the detailed sample survey, the children who  To work and earn money (27 percent) and discontinued schooling were asked about the  To look for a job to support the family (25 reasons for discontinuing their schooling. The percent). multiple reasons stated by the children are tabulated and presented in Table 4.12. The single most predominant reason for the discontinuation of schooling by the street children was ‘economic’ reasons such as,

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 45

The pattern of the responses was almost the same percent of the boys and girls left their places with for boys and girls. About one-fourth of the girls had their family and so they had to discontinue their to discontinue schooling to attend to household schooling. A few children also felt that they were work. About 8 percent of boys and 4 percent of girls abused or discriminated by teachers or by fellow also felt that their parents/family did not want students and therefore left the school. them to continue schooling. Further, around 6-7

Table 4.12: Reasons for discontinuation of schooling by sex of street children

Reasons Boy Girl Combined Did not have money to continue in school 28.4 33.9 27.4 Left home to earn money 23.9 32.3 27.4 Had to look for a job to support family 25 27.4 25.1 Had other household work to take care of 6.8 25.8 14.3

My parents/ family did not want me to continue 8 4.8 6.3 in school Left the place with family and came away here 5.7 6.5 5.7 Abused in school by teacher/fellow students 6.8 1.6 4 Lost interest in studying 3.4 0 2.9 Other reasons 5.7 0 4 Number of children 88 62 175 Note: Multiple reasons applicable

4.6 Work and Working conditions from 6 percent in the age group 1-3 to 79 percent in the age group 13-18. 4.6.1 Nature of Occupations of Working Street Children: However, among girls, the increase was from 4 percent in the age group 1-3 to 60 percent in the Most street children, including small children, were age group 13-18. It is clear that among the street either self-employed (rag pickers, beggars, and children most boys and majority of girls had started street vendors) or worked for others. Irrespective working even before they crossed their teen-ages. of age, sex and schooling status, the street children were invariably asked if they were working for cash Table 4.12: Percentage of street children working by age and sex of child or kind, including begging or used for begging. Age group Boys Girls Total Table 4.12 and Chart 4.8 give the percentage of 00 0 1.4 0.7 street children working by age and sex. 01-03 5.8 4.1 5 04-06 8.3 8.8 8.6 It is seen from the table that, overall, in the age 07-09 20.5 20.6 20.5 group 0-18, about 30 percent of the street children 10-12 36.5 31.9 34.5 were working at the time of survey and the 13-15 58.8 51.1 56.1 proportion increased to 44 percent for the age 16-18 78.9 59.5 74.7 group 7-18 and it further increased to 65 percent Total (00-18) 35.2 22.8 30 for the age group 13-18. Among boys, the Total (07-18) 50 35.1 44.3 Total (13-18) 69.7 54.3 65.4 proportion of children working increased rapidly

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 46

Table 4.13 provides information on the nature of the same time, as age increased, the proportion of work the street children were involved in during girls engaged in domestic work also increased. the period of survey. It is to be noted that some children reported multiple work activities. Hawking/vending on the streets was the most popular occupation among street children. As evident from the table, the largest proportion of working street children, such as 36 percent of boys and 33 percent of girls were engaged in hawking or vending on the streets. The next most popular occupation of street children was to work on roadside/food stall/tea stall etc. among boys (16 percent) and begging among girls (17 percent). About 8 percent of boys and 12 percent of girls were found in construction work. Rag picking was the occupation of 5 per cent of boys and 9 percent of girls. While, about 10 percent of the girls were working as domestic helper/servant, it was below 1 percent among boys. Nearly 10 percent of the boys and girls were working in various activities even while studying. A fewer proportion of boys and girls were also engaged in a variety of other occupations.

With respect to age, hawking or vending on the streets was more in the middle age group 7-12 years than in the younger and older age groups and it was evident for both boys and girls. Similarly begging was more in the younger age group than in the middle and older age groups. At

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 47

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 48

Table 4.13: Proportion of street children in different occupations by sex and age Occupation Boys Girls 01-06 07-12 13-18 Total 01-06 07-12 13-18 Total Hawking/vending on the streets 32.1 45.2 33.1 36.0 17.9 39.7 31.5 32.9 Work in roadside food stall/tea stall/etc. 1.3 6.5 21.3 16.2 2.4 1.4 3.1 2.3 Begging/used for begging 34.6 10.7 2.6 7.0 39.8 19.6 6.6 16.8 Construction Work 10.3 6.1 7.7 7.6 8.9 7.8 15.7 11.7 Rag Picking 3.2 9.0 3.8 5.1 4.1 11.2 8.4 8.9 Other work on the street 1.3 4.8 5.0 4.7 0.8 7.0 3.9 4.8 Work in shop/establishment 0.0 4.6 5.9 5.1 0.8 0.8 4.2 2.3 Working as domestic helper/servant 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.9 4.9 5.9 15.0 9.7 Mechanic/vehicle repair/garage 3.8 1.5 5.3 4.3 4.1 0.3 1.8 1.5 Head loader 0.6 1.1 3.6 2.8 0.0 0.3 1.6 0.8 Any work/no fixed work 0.6 0.8 2.8 2.2 0.8 0.3 1.8 1.0 Working - and studying/ is a student 8.3 10.7 7.2 8.2 10.6 10.6 8.1 9.5 Other (cleaning/shoe shining/etc.) 10.9 3.6 4.7 5.0 10.6 2.2 2.9 3.7 Number of working children 156 522 1449 2127 123 358 381 862 Note: Column total may exceed 100 Percent due to multiple occupations reported by some street children. Table excludes children for whom occupation information not available.

4.6.1 Number of days Worked and Hours working in the one week preceding the survey was Worked per day in last one week higher among girls (18 percent) than among boys (11 percent). However, the proportion of girls who During the enumeration process the study also worked all the 7 days did not differ much from that captured the number of days children were of boys (58 percent of boys and 60 percent of girls). involved into different work activities in last one week before the survey. The sample of working The sample working street children were also street children were asked about the number of asked about how many hours they worked per day days they worked in the last one week before the in the last one week preceding the survey. Average survey. Table 4.14 and Chart 4.9 shows the number number of working hours in a day going by the and percentage distribution of working street number of working hours per day during the week children by number of days they worked in the last prior to the survey was calculated. The one week before the survey. international child rights norm propagated and practiced by the United Nations Convention on the As evident from the table, a major chunk of the Rights of a Child (UNCRC) and the International working children (60 percent) were involved into Labour Organisation (ILO) norms categorically various work activities in all the 7 days. Another disapprove any form of child labour. However, 24 percent worked for 4-6 days, while 13 percent considering household poverty concerns, ILO did not work at all during the one week before the Convention 138 discusses the norms on working survey. The proportion of working children not age and weekly working hours for children.14

14 ibid Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 49

Table 4.14: Percentage distribution of sample working street children (age 8-18 years) by number of days they worked in the last one week before survey, classified by sex Days worked Boy Girl Total No days 11.1 18.7 13.4 1-3 days 4.3 1.2 2.8 4-6 days 26.4 19.9 23.9 All 7 days 58.2 60.2 59.9 Total (%) 100 100 100 Total (N) 280 166 506

Table 4.15 shows the percentage distribution of Between boys and girls, work pattern in terms of sample working street children by number of hours number of hours worked remained more or less worked per day during the last one week preceding the same. Further, on the average, both boys and the survey. It is seen from the table that 18 percent girls worked for 7 hours per day. The analysis of the street children worked 10 or more hours a indicates that majority of the boys and girls were day, including 7 percent of the children who working for long hours every day for their worked more than 12 hours a day. Another 40 livelihoods. percent of the children worked for 7 to 9 hours a day.

Table 4.15: Percentage distribution of sample working street children by number of hours worked per day in the last one week before survey, classified by sex Hours worked Boy Girl Total 1-3 11.0 8.8 9.8 4-6 31.1 32.1 31.1 7-9 37.4 39.4 40.0

10-12 12.2 13.1 11.6 13+ 8.3 6.6 7.4 Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total (N) 254 137 447 Mean 7.12 7.09 7.12 Note: Table excludes children not worked in the last one week before the survey and for whom hours of work not reported. The mean hours worked is based on individual frequencies.

4.6.2 Earnings of Working Street Children per money for a decent living. The sample working day street children were asked about how much they earned per day for their work during the last one It is clear that street children in the area under week before the survey. Table 4.16 shows study engaged in longer hours of economic percentage distribution of sample working street activities with many children working in all seven children by their income per day reported, days to earn money. However, it stands important classified by sex of the child. to know whether the hard work they do being involved in work conditions at levels that ILO Clear from the table, about one-fifth of the defines as hazardous, help them to earn enough children (48 percent) earned below Rs. 200 per Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 50

day only. The Average wages per day based on the the employer and the nature of work the children reported income of the working children worked performed. out to Rs. 150, and the median income worked out to Rs.100 only. There was no gender difference Table 4.17: Percentage distribution of noticed in terms of earning, while the difference wage earned sample working street was with regard to the age group. As the children children by frequency of payment for work grew up they earned better (not shown in the Frequency of payment Boy Girl Tota table). l Daily wages 47.4 48.3 47.7 Weekly wages 12.3 11.5 11.6 Monthly wages 22.7 20.7 21.3 Table 4.16: Percentage distribution of sample As and When 1.3 1.1 1.1 working street children by income per day during Others 16.2 18.4 18.4 the last one week before the survey, classified by Total (%) 100. 100. 100. sex 0 0 0 Income per day (Rs.) Total (N) 154 87 277 1-100 42.6 101-200 48.1 201-300 9.1 Total (%) 100.0 4.7 Incidence of Child Abuse & Unsafe Life Total (N) 430 in Street Average 150 Median 100

Children particularly street children are vulnerable 4.6.3 Frequency of payment for work to verbal and physical abuses. The term abuse from the perspective of a child is defined as an act that It is to be noted that only about 40 percent of the causes or permits any harmful or offensive contact sample street children were working for wages with her/his body and any communication or and rest were self-employed. The sample street transaction of any kind which humiliates, shames, children who worked for wages were asked for the or frightens the child. Abuse is also defined as any frequency at which they received payment for their act or failure to act on the part of a parent or work. Payment patterns of the working street caretaker, which results in death, serious physical children varied for the sample. Table 4.17 shows or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or percentage distribution of wages earned by the an act or failure to act which presents an imminent sample working street children. As depicted in the risk of serious harm to a child (WHO 1999). 15 table, nearly a half of the children (48 percent) Different studies looked at the various kinds of among the eligible children received wages every abuse a child on the street has to undergo. Drug day, while 12 percent received wages weekly and abuse, sexual abuse, and verbal abuse have been another 21 percent received their wage monthly. constantly deliberated upon. There was no sex difference in the frequency of payment. It appears that the payment depends on In this study the sample children were asked if they were abused orally/verbally, physically or

15 World Health Organisation (1999): ‘Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention’, Geneva. Available at: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ violence/neglect/en/ Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 51

Table 4.18: Percentage of sample street children emotionally and also asked if they had seen who faced different types of abuses, by sex of child. children face such abuses and the places where Type of abuse * Boy Girl Total children faced more abuses. None 79.6 87.2 82.4 4.7.1 Types of Abuses faced by Street Children: Verbal 18.8 12.8 16.4 Physical 9.9 8.3 9.1 Table 4.18 shows, by sex of child, the percentage of Emotional 12.3 7.8 10.3 sample street children who faced different types of All the three 0.0 7.8 7.9 abuses. It is seen from the table that as many as 80 Number of children 382 218 681 percent of boys and a still a higher proportion of 87 * Multiple responses applicable percent of the girls reported that they did not face 4.7.2 Types of Abuses Observed by Street any abuses. However, for these children, some kind Children: of abuses may be common and they have not considered them as abuses. On the other hand, 19 Considering that the issue of abuse is a sensitive percent of boys and 13 percent of boys reported one and children may not be comfortable in that they faced verbal abuses, 8-10 percent of both answering this or they may not consider some boys and girls faced physical abuses and further 12 abuses as serious ones, we framed the question in percent of boys and 8 percent of girls faced slightly indirect manner. We asked the child emotional abuses. interviewed for this purpose whether h/she has ever seen or observed any child in their peer group Further, no boys but 8 percent of girls reported being abused by anyone. that they faced all the 3 types of abuses. It is important to note that the proportion of girls Table 4.19 shows, by sex of child, the percentage reporting abuses was lesser than the proportion of sample street children who reported that they of boys reporting the same, which is relatively a have seen different types of abuses faced by street positive approach with street girls. children. It is seen from the table that 56 percent of the boys and 61 percent of the girls reported that they have not seen street children were abused. A major chunk of 34-36 percent of boys and girls reported that they had seen street children were verbally abused. Another 20-25 percent boys and girls reported that they witnessed other children getting physically and emotionally abused. This certainly indicates that a large number of children undergo some kind of abuses everyday being in street situations.

4.7.3 Places of abuse reported:

Table 4.20 gives percentage of children by places where children faced more threats, classified by

sex of child. It is seen from the table that according to around 26 percent of boys and girls, the threats to children were more on the roads during day time and another around 12 percent of boys and girls

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 52

Table 4.19: Percentage of sample street parental support to get educated, did not leave children who have seen different types of them with any option other than to work to ensure abuses faced by street children, by sex of child. food security which limited their access to school Type of abuse * Boy Girl Total and education. Interventions and initiatives from None 56.3 61.0 57.6 NGOs and/or the Government are therefore Verbal 36.9 33.9 36.1 essential to rehabilitate these children and initiate Physical 21.5 22.0 21.7 education and vocational training programmes so Emotional 21.2 20.6 21.3 that they are able to have a better future. The All the three 15.2 16.5 15.9 sample street children were asked if they knew any Number of children 382 218 681 NGO or Government providing assistance to street * Multiple responses applicable children and if so what assistance the children opined that the threats were more on the roads received. during night. About 6 percent of children mentioned about threats they faced at work and Table 4.21 gives percentage of street children who their places. The proportion of children who felt were aware of NGOs or Government and the more threat while sleeping, while bathing and percentage who received assistance from them. defecating, etc. was very small (1-5 percent only). Hardly 7 percent of the children were aware of any NGO or Government programs that provide Table 4.20: Percentage of children by places some assistance to street children. However, the where children face more threats, classified by proportion of street children who received some sex of child assistance was 7 percent among boys and just 3 Places where children face Boy Girl Total percent among girls. more threats On the road during day time 25.4 28.0 26.1 The sample street children mentioned about the On the road during night 13.4 11.0 12.5 At my place of work 5.8 5.0 5.6 various kinds of supports extended so far Where I sleep at night 2.6 2.8 3.2 constitute supply of clothes, medicines, food items, At the time of bathing/ 0.5 0.5 0.4 educational trainings etc. Table 4.22 gives defecating percentage of sample street children by type of And in custody / detention / 0.8 0.5 1.2 confinement assistance received, classified by sex of child. It is Others 3.9 5.0 4.3 seen from the table that about 5 percent of the Can’t say/No threats 63.4 63.3 62.6 children received clothing, about 3 percent Total 382 218 681 received food, 2 percent received money, and

another 2 percent received education support or training. About 1 percent of the children reported 4.8 Assistance and Access to Support to receive medicine, shelter, job offer and Programs among Street Children protection from abuse. There is no sex differences Street children are largely deprived of any basic in the assistance received except education service. Their condition of life such as having to live support that was received by a higher proportion on the roads, moving from one place to other, the of boys (2.4 percent) than the girls (0.5 percent). lack of an address/identity, and lack of family or

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 53

Table 4.22: Percentage of sample street children by Table 4.21: Percentage of street children who were type of assistance received, classified by sex of child aware of and assistance received from NGOs and/or Type of assistance Boy Girl Total Government Money 2.4 1.4 1.9 Clothing 4.7 4.6 4.6 Medicines 1.3 0.0 0.9 NGO/Government Boy Girl Total Education or Training 2.4 0.5 1.9 Shelter 0.5 0.5 0.6 Food items 3.7 1.4 2.6 Awareness of NGOs/Govt who provide 7.6 6.9 7.0 Job offer 0.8 0.0 0.6 facilities for street children Protection from abuse 0.3 0.0 0.3 Received any assistance from 7.3 3.2 5.6 Others (Please specify) 1.6 3.2 2.1 NGOs/Government Number of children 382 218 681 documents. It is not known, if the documents were 4.8 Identification Documents issued in Pune city or at their native places or elsewhere. Whatever may be the place of issue, all except the ration card are valid anywhere in India In order to access services/support provided by the including Pune city. As far as the ration card is government and non-government agencies, concerned, the family can avail ration only if it was entitlement proof is essential. Lack of a proper registered or transferred to Pune city, which is not entitlement and identification proof is also a known. deprivation that will deny the street children access to various programs/services designed for them by the Government. The respondents were Table 4.23: Number and percentage of sample street children having different asked about what kind of identification documents identification Documents the street children had. Table 4.23 shows the Identification Boy Girl Total percentage of sample street children having Documents different identification documents. It is to be noted None 55.2 45.4 53.3 that some documents such as ration card are Unique ID 26.4 34.4 27.9 card/Aadhar Card common to the whole family and others like aadhar Ration card 16.5 16.5 16.0 card are for the individuals. Education Certificate 11.5 15.6 13.2 Birth certificate 13.4 12.4 12.5 Evident from the table, majority of the street BPL card 4.5 4.1 4.0 children (53 percent) did not possess any Other identity card 10.5 11.9 10.6 identification documents such as aadhar card, Number of children 382 218 681 ration card, school certificate and birth certificate. Nearly 28 percent of the children said that they had aadhar card, 16 percent possessed ration card and

13 percent possessed birth certificate. There are no substantial differences in the proportion of boys and girls possessing different identification

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 54

Chapter 5

Major Occupational Groups

To get a deeper insight in to the lives of children in Deccan Flyover Children Selling Balloon street situations, the present study covered individual case studies of sample of children and information gathered through Focused Group Discussions (FGDs). For the purpose of FGDs, the team took frequent visits to meet the children and parents to make a rapport with them ensuring that they feel comfortable and open up in great details on some of the sensitive issues. This chapter presents the outcome of the focus group discussions conducted to capture multiple perspectives and depicts the situation of major occupational groups based on the census findings and specific vulnerability mapping. The study team identified certain broad issues under major occupational groups and looked for the cases to elaborate on those. In total, 9 focus group discussions (FGDs) and detailed interviews using a A mixed group of 9 children (4 girls and 5 boys) in structured questionnaire were conducted with the the age group of 6-10 years selling balloons in children and their parents on the following traffic signals of some part of the Pune city were identified focused areas. selected for the focused group discussions. Deccan  Cause and effects is an area of Pune city. River Mutha runs alongside the Deccan Gymkhana area which is an upmarket  Seasonality area centrally located in the city with a confluence of 5 major roads.  Starvation

 Aspirations

 Gender perspective

 Dignity / Discrimination

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 55

Gender No of children Male 749 would never end up being on street. They aspire Female 277 support in terms of have better housing and toilet

Total 1026 facilities. Ward No No of children

23 102 Schooling for children of these families was not a 75 63 priority because they also engage in begging and 24 58 selling balloons for supplementing their parents’ 76 53 income. Out of 9 children interviewed 4 were 50 45 enrolled in school of which only one could read and 40 35 write. 71 33

49 32 Although the children belong to the Pardhi 58 31 community, traditionally labeled as criminals, they 62 28 themselves were not able to express any caste About 30- 40 families live in tents or in the open discrimination. However, they shared their along the river banks seeking shelter under the experiences of being humiliated by the people on flyover or under closed shops at night. All the the road. The children are also afraid to work alone families have migrated from Karnataka for survival during nights as people use abusive language and as they did not find anything to address their treat them badly. hunger in the places they were migrated from. The children mentioned that they stay and work in the city throughout the year and go back to their native Children Selling Flowers and Limbu-Mirchi places during festivals and religious functions.

Owing to lack of work opportunity in the city, these families ended up selling balloons or involve themselves in casual labour work, whenever possible. They work an average of 6-7 hours per day and earn about Rs. 200-300 a day and hand over their earning to their parents. Major part of their earning goes towards buying food. The children report having faced starvation in the initial days of their migration though gradually they have managed to earn to feed themselves on regular basis.

These families’ work activities do not yield enough income for them to live in a rented place which has A group of 8 girls in 9-12 years of age group forced them to live in the open in makeshift tents. involved in selling flowers, lemon-chilli on roads, They have access to clean drinking water from mainly at the traffic signals or the bus stops were public tap but compelled to use free public toilets interviewed during FGD sessions. They live with or defecate in the open becoming more vulnerable their families in rented tin sheds in a large open to deceases. Their personal stories revealed that if area called Sambhanagar on the outskirts of Pune there was any support system from the city, adjacent to a large dumping area. As a result Government to address their basic needs, they they are prone to health hazard. Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 56

Their families have migrated from Karnataka in The girls interviewed in the FGD did not face search of work opportunity and have lived here for anything so far related to caste discrimination; many years. Most of the girls shared that they have neither shared any experience of being abused in been living in that place since their birth. The street situations. However they have seen children families have not moved within the city and are in in their community getting abused. The girls’ the same occupation of selling flowers/lemon- personal stories revealed that upon getting free chillis, while few are engaged in begging. The girls time they are very keen to spend time with their shared that they visit their native place during families, go shopping, watch movies or simply festivals and for religious ceremonies and comes roam around. back to the city for survival as they could not find anything in Karnataka to address their basic needs. The reason why girls need to work was because the Wonder city - Parents of children selling lemon- family found difficulty to survive in the city and the chilli girls had to supplement their families’ income.

Their families have become stable in the city hence the girls have not faced starvation ever. They work 6-7 hours a day and earn about Rs 700-800 on certain days. They are able to sell flowers almost all days while lemon-chilli only on certain days. They hand over all their earning to their parents and spend about Rs. 20 on buying snacks etc.

Although they have a shelter and access to clean drinking water from a public tap in their community, they need to use a free or paid public toilet or have to defecate in the open causing various diseases like diarrhea and intestinal worm infections very often. These girls use a shack near Nine parents (one female and 8 male respondent) their homes for bathing. They expect the in the age group of 21 – 50 years selling lemon- government to support them and their families chillis in the road participated in the focused group providing shelter, toilet facility, medical care and discussions. Katraj area is on the outer limits of the social security. city where in an open plot of land several families have put up tents. The girls’ families were able to obtain identification documents like Aadhar card and Ration Card The families migrated into Pune city in search of required for school admission, yet it was noticed jobs and money for survival as it was difficult to that only 2 among the 8 girls had been to school survive in their native place for lack of work and among them only one can read and write. opportunities. These families have not moved to According to the girls the best thing about being on any other location of the city so far. the streets is that it allows them to earn money These families ended up selling lemon-chilli in the though sometimes it is embarrassing for them road, earning an average Rs. 1200/- per week. when people stare at them. They also feel ashamed Their children help them in their work and few of to defecate in the open. them are also involved in begging. The children

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 57

earn an average Rs. 500 a day and hand over all the Potraj community was interesting to get to their earnings to their parents. The families spend know their traditional occupation to whip their considerable part of their earning on food and even bodies and beg. This community is located on the the children are spending their earnings on buying periphery of Janata Vasahat – a large slum in the eatables. The families have never faced starvation city. About 70 families, who are in the traditional during their stay in this city. work of whipping themselves and begging, live here in tents put up in the open along a canal. However, their income is not enough for them to be able to live in a rented place and hence lack of These families keep this tradition alive by not access to proper toilet and bathing facilities. These getting into any other form of work. As they face families have access to clean drinking water from discrimination in their native place and the public taps nearby. Very few children of the possibility of earning an income is lesser in their parents interviewed go to school of which only villages, they have moved to the city. Coming from some can read and write. The parents expressed a small village in Pune district, they have lived in their expectation from the government to provide the city for an average of 6 years. The children stay supports for fulfilling their basic minimum needs here permanently and go back to their village for such as, housing and educational facilities to their festivals and religious functions. children. However, they are barely able to fulfill their basic Their personal stories revealed that they do not needs even after having shifted to the city. As the face any caste discrimination in the city. However, family income is not enough for sustaining in a city faced threats from police or PMC officials to vacate the children also engage in this activity for 3-4 the place or confiscate their goods. They also hours a day and full day on holidays. Traditionally shared their experiences of being ill-treated many this was an activity performed only by males but a times. Physical as well as verbal abuse meted out with times they have started using young girls also to their children by the police and Municipal to engage in this activity. Most of their earnings are Corporation workers. spent on food and the children share that there are times when they don’t earn enough to manage a Children of Potraj Community Whipping and day’s food. Begging Gender No of children Male 94 Female 89 Total 183 Ward No No of children 47 35 23 16 71 11 24 7 6 6 40 6 59 6 62 6 The children were not able to express if they faced Interviewing a mixed group of eight children (6 any discrimination due to their caste or profession. boys and 2 girls) in the age group of 7-9 years from

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 58

However, their parents shared their experiences of These children work in the construction sites as discrimination in their native place. casual labourers for about 10 hours a day which is an utter deprivation. They earn an average of Rs. Children Working at Construction Sites in 200/- per day as daily wages which seems enough Balewadi to supplement the income of their family. Regular work gives them a sense of satisfaction as they are better off than in their native place and are able to help their families repay their loans. They aspire to earn as much as possible to help their families to come out of poverty and to be able to buy a home of their own.

Every one of them spends an average of Rs. 50-100 and the rest of the earning is given to their families. None of the children had to face starvation after coming to the city as their families have a regular source of income.

All the children live with their families in rooms provided by the builder at the construction site and Six children (3 boys and 3 girls) in the age group of not aware of any night shelters or services available 16-18 years working at construction sites of to street children. They use common toilet Balewadi were involved in this FGD. An enquiry provided by the builder in the site and a temporary about where these children hailed from revealed tin-shed bathroom to take bath. The source of their that they migrated to Pune city from different drinking water is either the tap at their work site or states and different point of time, due to lack of the water from bore well. work and heavy debts incurred in their native They reported that they are not discriminated or place. They have been in the city for an average of abused on the basis of caste or otherwise. 1 year and are happy to leave their home town to However, the girls felt that working with men has make a living. been the biggest challenge initially but have gradually learnt to adjust with the circumstances. Gender No of children They are not part of any NGO or network which Male 135 engages them in teaching. Female 85 Total 220 Ward No No of children 71 24 Mothers of Young Children at Baner 9 17

31 14 72 14 Eight mothers having children in 0-6 year of age 75 14 group were interviewed during the FGD. They live 1 13 38 12 in temporary huts raised in a congested manner 6 8 around several construction sites in a fast 28 8 developing area close to the IT hub of the city. The 29 8 respondents have migrated from different parts of

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 59

Maharashtra and Karnataka in search of work due to lack of work opportunities in their native place.

They believe their decision to leave their native place and relocate to Pune city is correct because they now have some source of income for their livelihood. Some of them work as domestic help in nearby apartments while some work on the construction sites and earn an average of Rs. 5000- 6000 per month. They either have a relative or their own older children to take care of their babies during work hours. None of their children go to school due to lack of access to school as they live in the outskirts of the city, far away from the main road. The girls along with their families have migrated There is no paid/public toilet nearby which forces from Madhya Pradesh and staying on the outskirts them to defecate in the open resulting in various of the Pune city for survival, tenting up in an open diseases. The respondents mentioned that they area. The families are in the city for over 5 years use a shack for bathing. The source of their drinking now and have started earning well. The girls water used to be bore well water that caused supplement the family income working as illness and now they bring clean drinking water domestic help in nearby apartments. They live and from the construction sites. eat with their families and have never faced starvation, neither have their employers ever given In the absence of a government hospital nearby them stale food. they need to approach expensive private clinics. Therefore, they aspire to have access to civic Although the Gender No of children amenities of the PMC, medical clinics and other families now earn Male 27 Female 243 facilities to fulfill basic minimum needs of their about Rs. 6000 per children. The participants did not share any Total 273 month and stable Ward No No of children experiences of being discriminated in the city or at financially, they 71 113 their work place, neither faced any kind of abuse. cannot afford 9 26 living in rented 6 21 Girls in Domestic work - Kondhwa road houses. Due to this 42 18 5 16 reason they live in The FGD was conducted with five girls in the age tents, defecate in the open and use a shack for group of 11-16 years engaged into domestic works bathing. However, they do have access to clean at Kondhwa road. This community is known as the drinking water. camel community as they own camels and the men in the community go around the city with the Four girls had studied up to 8th standard but camels and earn money. The women do only discontinued study after attaining puberty. Reason household work for discontinuing education was also because the families did not want to send them school as they

would face eve teasing. However, the participants

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 60

are eager to continue their schooling and would Gender No of children like to be part of any NGO that provides vocational Male 105 training so that they have chances of a better Female 74 Total 179 livelihood. Ward No No of children The participants do not have any experience of 32 26 28 18 facing caste discrimination, neither abused by their 23 15 employers who treat them well and provide food, 60 11 clothes and also allow them to take off when they 47 9 fall sick. However, they are embarrassed and 9 8 ashamed to defecate in the open and therefore 31 8 expect support from the Government in terms of 39 8 56 6 providing toilets. 59 6 Rag pickers at Balewadi Dumping Ground 71 6

All the children’s families have migrated from different districts of Maharashtra in search of work opportunities and have lived in the same place for an average 6-7 years. The families and children go back to their native place only during festivals and religious functions.

The families took up waste picking as their occupation probably because it is one of the easiest jobs to get. They earn enough to live in rented rooms with an enclosed bathing area and common toilet facilities. They also have access to clean drinking water. The children are also engaged The FGD was conducted with a mixed group of 9 in rag picking activity to supplement the income of children (5 boys and 4 girls) of 10-14 years of age their parents. It was revealed that all the children engaged in waste picking at Balewadi dumping attend a school nearby and work few hours before ground. They live with their families in rented and after school earning about Rs. 100-200 per day. rooms near a large dumping area near a fast growing residential area close to the IT hub of Pune The children have never experienced any sort of city. discrimination or abuse in the city. However, they find their work hazardous to their health. All the

children aspire to educate themselves well to be able to earn well and live in their own better houses.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 61

Working in street tea stalls/hotels A group of 7 boys in the age of 12-18 years working in street side shops and eateries participated in this FGD. These stalls are outside one of the large gardens in Pune – Sarasbaug.

Gender No of children Male 325 Female 18 Total 343 Ward No No of children 71 47 38 33 40 31 57 16 67 12 59 11 66 11 14 9 78 9 financially. On an average they earn Rs. 6000 per 13 8 month and lead a simple life to be able to send to 31 8 their parents as much money as they can. 49 8 58 7 Although their current work has helped them to 62 7 sustain themselves, they face the threat from the labour department as they may be admitted to observation homes and lose this opportunity to Upon inquiring about the location these boys earn. They did not show any inclination to become hailed from, it was revealed that these boys part of any NGO or network that could impart migrated to the city in search of work from vocational skills to them. different states viz. UP, Bihar, Karnataka and Nepal. The reason being ended up to the city was lack of All the children belong to Schedule Caste but have work opportunities in their native places. They not experienced discrimination in the city due to have been in the city for an average of 8 months this. However, they are subject to ill-treatment by staying in the same stalls where they work. They the owner and disrespect from the customers. use a paid public toilet and bathroom. Since they They have to work even if unwell and cannot work in food stalls they have access to clean retaliate in any condition as they are badly in need drinking water. of work. They aspire to have better job opportunities and better life. They expect the The children now have a stable income though government to provide shelter and jobs. initially they had to face hardship and starvation. They are happy to be able to help their families

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 62

Chapter 6

Major In-migrants

Migration studies state that the incidence of family Migrant Boys from UP and Bihar as Head migration from rural to urban areas is very high Loaders among landless and dalit households. Migration is the only available option for survival for these people. They are among the more vulnerable groups on the street due to their migrant status.16 Migrants (specifically those who have migrated due to economic distress and for survival) often live on the streets before getting into any slum settlement. This chapter captures outcomes of the focus group discussions conducted with street children and their parents and depicts the situation of migrant groups based on the census findings and specific vulnerability mapping. The study team identified certain broad issues under major migrant groups and looked for the cases to elaborate on those. In total, 5 focus group discussions (FGDs) and detailed interviews using a A group of 6 children of age 16-17 years who were structured questionnaire were conducted with the migrants from States like UP, Bihar and engaged in children and their parents on the following casual labour (hamali) work was selected for the identified focused areas. FGD of major migrant groups. None of them had ever been to school and cannot read or write but  Cause and effects can sign their names. These children are the only  Seasonality bread earners of their family and that has been the  Starvation reason for ending up as migrant to this city. They  Aspirations have chosen Pune as it is safe with lot of work  Gender perspective opportunities. They do not mind leaving their  Dignity / Discrimination native place to work in Pune as their family is getting settled with the money they earn.

16 Dr. Reshmi Bhaskaran and Dr. Balwant Mehta (2011), Surviving the Streets : A census of Street Children in Delhi by the Institute for Human Development and Save the Children Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 63

However, sometimes they felt homesick and Rajasthan Boys doing Sculpture Work missed their families, but seldom visit their native place. After coming here they have not moved to any other place in the city. All the boys stay in the A mixed group of 9 boys along with their 5 parents same shop where they work. They have been here who migrated from Rajasthan was interviewed for an average period of 3-4 years. Prior to this they during FGD sessions of survey. The families as well lived with their families in their native town. They as many younger children are engaged into stay with friends and do not have any family sculpture work and living at KK market area in members with them. rented tents and do not use or know any night shelters. Economic distress and poverty are the All the boys are head loaders and work for about sole reason for them to leave their native town and 12 hours a day and more causing health hazards migrate to Pune in search of work opportunities. with frequent complaints of back ache and They also have many relatives working in Pune and stomach ache. In a day they lift around 2000 kg hence having good support system for survival. load. On an average, they earn Rs. 300 a day or Rs. They have been in this place for more than 2 years. 1800 over a week. They admitted that they cannot They spend 10 months in Pune and go home for 2 afford to spend on anything except essential things months. Since their migration to this city, they have and lead a simple life. Sometimes they spend about lived in the same place continuously. Rs. 100-200 on eating non-veg food or for buying clothes. They manage to save some money and The families decided to be engaged in sculpture send it to their parents in their native villages. work because, as per their explanation, Pune is a culture city where people demand show-piece or Owing to lack of toilet in the shop, they all use a sculpture of god and goddess at all the seasons. paid public toilet cum bathroom against Rs. 10 per Therefore they get a regular source of income from use. However, they have access to clean drinking this occupation and hence sticking to it. The water from a public tap about a kilometer from children stay with their families, simply playing and their shop. These children aspire to have a home roaming around with no interest to go to school and a toilet and a good job. They felt they can fulfill though they were enrolled in school. However, these wishes by getting more education and with because of being on the street they sometimes the support of government or NGO. They are not face starvation. It is only during the festival seasons part of any NGO or any network and do not wish to when the families earn handsomely and children be associated with them. need not go hungry.

Very often they are harassed by the local boys, get All the children help their parents in their work ill-treated and exploited by the employer who being exposed to health hazards like skin eruption, make them work more and pay less. The owner eye and respiratory problems. The place they stay does not pay them on time and uses abusive is full of dust, and children don’t have even the language. As casual workers, they face lots of basic amenities. When unwell they mostly use exertion and physical stress. They get abused by home remedy and if required go to a private the owner and local goons mostly during evenings. clinic/hospital. The families and the children use paid public toilet and take bath in the open in a

little covered place. They have access to clean drinking water from a public tap. A home, toilet, education and money are their most urgent needs

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 64

that will make their life less stressful. They feel by families are staying on the pavement opposite to education and with support from government and the PMC building for more than 10-12 years now NGOs they will be able to fulfil these. and have not move to any other part of the city except once when the PMC took action against They belonged to Backward Caste and they did not them. They once again came back after a while to share any experience of how people of their caste the same place. All the participants mentioned that were treated. The children reported that they get they use a paid public toilet nearby and take bath verbally and physically abused by parents when either on the footpath or in the river nearby, while they do mistakes but did not share whether they sometimes use the paid PMC bathroom. The faced any sort of abuse being in street situations. participants have access to a public tap where they get clean drinking water. All the participants take medical help at the Govt general hospital and do Parents of Children at Congress Bhavan not face any difficulty in getting medical services.

All the families mentioned that their children are with them, except one family whose children were staying in an NGO called Maher in Pune. None of the families except one are part of any NGO or network. Parents of children who are in care of NGO felt happy with their engagement and as their children’ needs are now being fulfilled and they are able to go to school. The parents also shared that these children no longer like to stay on the street and eager to complete their education in the children’s home.

Most families sell flowers, balloons, umbrellas, etc. and earn Rs. 200-300 per day. Sometimes they also During the survey it was observed that about 30 beg at the signals. The participants shared that families along with their children stay on the their children help them in their work and footpath near Congress Bhavan bus stop in Pune sometimes go to school, though not regularly city selling balloons and flowers, while few begging attending school. The parents felt the entitlements on the traffic signals. These families start their arranged by the Government in school such as mid- work by 10 am which goes on till midnight. Nine day meal and school bags were useful to their parents of street children (5 females and 4 males) children. The participants shared that their in the age group 21-50 years were involved in the children help them earning about Rs. 100-200 per focused group discussion as part of the study. day but do not always share those earnings with All the parents who participated in the FGD were the parents. The parents also encourage their originally from drought areas of Solapur and children to spend their earnings on buying items migrated to Pune in search of livelihood. Their like food, clothes or toys. Their story revealed that personal opinions revealed that relocating to Pune children did not have to go hungry ever since they city yielded result as they now have some source of relocated to this city. income that was lacking in their native places due to lack of sufficient work opportunities. The

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 65

Some parents shared that their children can read On inquiring the children could only tell their and write but were not able to express the religion and they were a mix of Hindus and advantages of school education. Some of them had Muslims. However, they could not throw light on identification documents, while some had to their castes. They understand that due to poverty arrange through some agents after coming to the their mothers had to leave home and as there was city. The parents interviewed felt that a home, no one to take care of them they had to be put into schooling and documents are the 3 most essentials the children’s home. They feel happy and safe in that will make their children’s life better and the home. They are happy with the decision to government and/or NGO should come forward to leave but miss their native place. However, they do not want to go back home as they are happy in support towards fulfilling these needs and children’s home and feel comfortable because of motivating children continue education. the compassionate care by the caretaker. Their Children of Sex Workers Staying in a Shelter mothers meet them whenever possible. All children attend a nearby school and are able to

read and write. They are already part of the NGO A total of 10 children in the age group 7 -13 years which has also helped them to acquire participated in the focused group discussion identification documents. conducted at the Kayakalp NGO at Budhwarpeth. The organization provided a shelter for 26 children Sufferings of Transgender of sex workers along with proper care, basic education, nutrition and teach moral values. When the team entered in the shelter the children looked A transgender individual feels a lack of fit between through the window and their mothers were on the their own internal gender and the gender roles road negotiating with customers, some of them fighting among themselves. formed by society around their assigned sex, thus they challenge the socially constructed border During FGD it was found that the children were too between the genders. A group of such 6 attached to the care taker, looked good and transgender persons of age 15-29 years found in healthy. The children shared that they were aware market yard area were also involved in the FGDs as of their mothers’ work and felt very bad when their part of the survey. Upon inquiring about their mothers avoided them. The shelter house where address they shared that all of them staying they stay lacks proper sunlight, fresh air and not together at Upper Indira Nager. All of them are located in a good location. Children were much from Pune and belong to Maratha community. All involved in the FGDs asking questions, sharing their of them stay in rented rooms in a lower middle feelings with the team. The children shared that class society where they have been living since they needed the family and love. The children did almost 3 years. Prior to this they lived with their not have direct experience of being on the streets families. Non acceptance by parents made them as their mothers had admitted them in the leave home. They are happy and satisfied with their children’s home where they are staying since an decision to leave home. They still have emotional average of five years. Prior to this almost all were bonding with their families, and would like to go with their parents or grandparents in their native back with their current identity. They live in rented places. Except two children who are from Pune, houses with toilet, bathing and drinking water most of them were from other states and two facilities. At present they either stay alone or with children from Bangladesh. their guru whom they have known for the past 2-3

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 66

years. They prefer to live in one place and do not education. They do manage to save money. They like to move around in the city. But as they live in eat a full meal and have never faced starvation. rented places the landlord can ask them to leave They aspire for job opportunities so that they can and hence they sometimes move around. financially stand up. Their needs include work They were eager to talk openly sharing their opportunities, dignity, equality and acceptance in experiences and journey of life since childhood. the society. They feel these needs can be fulfilled Revealed from the discussion, they were involved by creating awareness in the society, and in multiple work economic activities like, sex work, government and NGOs can come forward to begging, make-up artist, dancing, jogtin and social support them in this regard. work. Being on the street gave them a chance to They felt that it is only because of their sexual meet others like them who supported them during orientation, they are treated badly by society. They crisis. They shared their achievements on how they shared their experiences about how people use made their lives, despite negligence from the abusive language, abused sexually in childhood. society that still hesitate to accept people with Also how people’s negative approach towards different sexual orientation. Four participants are them, negligence and lack of respect hurts them. in sex work and begging while two have more Their personal stories revealed that police asks for dignified jobs such as make-up artist and social bribe while begging on trains. They have worker. They go in a group for begging and themselves experienced verbal, physical as well as individually for sex work though they are aware sexual abuse several times by parents, police and that sex work involves health issues and the risk of public. They are often abused when they beg and being HIV infected. On an average they earn Rs. when they visit their homes. 3000- 5000 per day and spend around Rs. 20,000 for 3 persons per month. They enjoy spending on All the transgender respondents had studied more cosmetics, clothes, entertainment and rent, daily than 10th std. and very much willing to contribute household expenses, personal expenses and to any NGO or network to work for the society.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 67

Chapter 7

Institutional care

Children in street situations are brave, resilient but cognitive growth and development. The profoundly vulnerable survivors who all the time government and civil society organizations have carry a well of emptiness in themselves because sought to intervene through the “rehabilitative the significant adults in their lives failed to support approach”, which seeks to relocate children in them. Children on the streets need a lot from residential institutions, specifically extending adults around them and the community around support to i) Identify & mobilize vulnerable them has many roles to play to fill the gaps in their children; ii) Support in enabling holistic lives. The Right to Education 2009 and the adoption development of these children; iii) Help to of the UN Charter of Rights of Children that provide reintegrate them into the mainstream society as the legal and policy framework, together with independent & responsible citizens. enabling schemes that exist in the country; have In the present study of Street Children in Pune city, brought children to the centre of political and we identified 24 children homes run by social conscience. However, it is impossible for a Government and Non-Government Organization in street child to avail any of these resources without PMC area and of them 20 children homes provided a facilitative, collaborative and concerned some basic information about their children, while community that links the two together and stays in other homes were not willing to provide any the picture till the child’s journey of life reaches a information. As identified during the survey, there state of emotional, psychological and financial are 20 children homes in total registered under stability. It requires multi-sectorial institutions to Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act. Out of which 11 homes are come together synergistically at separate stages in for both boys and girls, 8 homes for girls and 1 the life of a child.17 home for boys. The gender wise combination A significant fall-out of the interplay of various shows that majority of the children in homes is social, economic and political situations is that the female. About 617 girls and 347 boys are residing number of homeless adults and children on the in all 20 homes. (Refer table 7.1). Tabulated below street keeps swelling. It is believed that the only are the detailed information on number of children way that a street child can enjoy his or her in each home and their distribution in terms of age fundamental rights is in voluntary, open homes group, religion, place of origin, parental status and that are exciting, loving, accepting, absorbing, educational levels attained. stimulating places, offering freedom, dignity, respect, and space for physical, emotional and

17 Comprehensive Care for Street Children: Handbook for Planners and Practitioners developed by Rainbow Foundation India Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 68

Table 7.1 List Of Children Homes And No Of Children Status By Sex

S NO Home Name No Of Girls Boys Children

1 Kayakalp 26 8 18 2 Nalini Balsadan 8 8 3 Girls Observation Home 54 54 4 Janseva Foundation 62 39 23 5 Sarvseva Sangh 18 18 6 Light House 7 4 3 7 Anjuman Islam run Muslim girls’ 83 83 orphanage 8 Hingne Karve Stree Shikshan sanstha 93 93 9 Bholagiri Eklavya 60 20 40

10 Anath Hindu Mahilashram 45 45

11 JNUK 46 28 18 12 Bachpan Bachao Samiti 53 32 21 13 SOFOSH 57 30 27 14 Rescue Foundation 5 5 15 Dagadusheth Halwai Bal Sangopan 46 46 Kendra 16 Gharat Prakalp 98 35 63 17 Swadhar 76 35 41 18 Muslim Samaj Prabhodhan 22 22 19 Ekalvya Balshikshan 58 24 34 20 Sarhad School 47 34 13 964 617 347

Out of 964 children 822 children details only were given.

Age Group: Religion:

The study revealed of the total 822 children placed The religion wise classification of children placed in in different homes, 94 children (11 percent) are in different homes show that a majority were Hindu age group of 0-5 years, while 586 children (71 (71 percent), while 22 percent of children were percent) in the age group of 6 to 14 years and 142 Muslim and the remaining nearly 7 percent were children (17 percent) in 15 to 18 years of age group. from other religions.

Age Group Total ( N) Percentage Religion Percent 0 to 5 94 11.0 Hindu 71.0 6 to 14 586 71.0 Muslim 22.0 15 to 18 142 17.0 Others 7.0 822 100.0

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 69

Place of origin:

Information on the place of origins of children placed in different homes revealed that nearly 77 percent of children were from Pune city, while nearly 17 percent mentioned that they are from Present Educational Status: different districts of Maharashtra outside Pune. Nearly 6 percent of children present in homes were Of the total 822 children placed in different homes, from different states. 368 children (45 percent) are in primary schooling, while 344 children (42 percent) completed high school and nearly 110 children (13 percent) Place of Percent completed higher secondary education and Origin Pune 77.0 different vocational trainings. Out of Pune 17.0 Other states 6.0

Education Status Total Percentage Parental Status: (N) To gain insight on with whom the children were Primary (I - V) 368 45.0 High School (VI-X) 344 42.0 living before coming to the children’s homes, High Secondary ( XI- XII ) 110 13.0 information on their parental status was gathered. & Vocation Trainings It is noted that a majority of children (54 percent) 822 100.0 has only mother whereas 20 percent reported to have both the parents, 11 percent reported to have only father. As high as 14 percent of children mentioned that they are without parents and only 1 percent mentioned to have a guardian to live with.

Parental Status Percentage Only Mother 54.0 Both Parents 20.0 Without parents 14.0 Only Father 11.0 Guardian 1.0

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 70

Chapter 8

Recommendations

In view of findings of the sample survey, this study • Shelters for the homeless families/people makes some general and specific need to be created across the city at recommendations on different aspects and policy various locations in Pune city, based on the interventions that would ensure the rights of street children as future citizens of India. mapping of the population as per the directions of the Supreme Court. Government and NGOs should pay more General overall key recommendations: attention to girls and women on the street and hence increase number of day as well  Specific policy, legal framework and as night shelters for them. programmes need to be designed at all levels focusing on the children in street • The National Health Mission (NHM) situations. Strategies for intervention scheme needs to be made effective to towards re-uniting street children with reach out to street children as a highly at- their families should be adopted and strategies for interventions need to risk category. For example, establishing consider ways of strengthening families’ health-centres at railway stations and bus responsibility for their children. stands for street children.

• Resource Center (RC) needs to be created • As per the survey 82 % are street living for capacity building, research and families and 65 percent children’s families development, knowledge sharing and have not had a fixed place to stay since technical support for the stakeholders like birth or for a considerably long time (2 GOs and NGOs working with children in years to 10 years). To bring down the street situations. Existing and new incidence of street children, existing state government programmes aimed at street and central housing schemes (Slum children should essentially have the Rehabilitation Authority) should be made component of awareness creation for available on priority basis for these street Govt/NGO schemes or programmes for living families with in the vicinity of street children. residence or extend the housing facilities also for street living family in the line of • The PMC should provide basic amenities slum dwellers. like drinking water, water and sanitation (public toilet) to all families living in street • Most of the children are the poorest of the situations to extend this with the slum poor who have migrated to urban areas in dwellers. search of their livelihoods. Interventions in rural areas are required to reduce migration of young children from rural to Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 71

urban areas. As revealed in the survey, 47 programs with regular school so that right % are migrated from elsewhere in to education reaches to street children as Maharashtra, 42% are from other states it is to children attending school in and countries, 82 % are street living mainstream education system. families and mostly migrated from other • Child protection committees (CPC) need states. Children should be facilitated in to be set up in various places where getting identity proof which the children are living and studying. Intensive Government accepts as an entitlement trainings to be provided to the children and document so that they can get admission CPC. into school. Street living families need to be provided with valid Ration card (it • Some of these children get involved with should be renewed on periodical basis) and drug, sex work and other unsocial illegal they may issue Aadhaar card which is activities. The civil society organizations linked to social protection, employment can initiate programs for such children and pension schemes. (through sports, music) and divert them in various rehabilitation programs. There is a • Urban Livelihood scheme should be made need to create and set up de-addiction and available as an alternative livelihood to rehabilitation facilities for children found the parents who are into begging, street in substance abuse. Such children may be vending, rag picking, whipping (potraj) reached out to through a dual strategy of community, nimbu-mirchi and other major rescue and outreach. In this connection, occupations. the DWCD should convene a meeting with • It was surveyed that about 15% are street the Health Department, the Police and working children in Pune city. Task Force NGOs working in the area of drug abuse and vigilance should be enhanced to and treatment to devise a strategy to rescue and curtail the employees from address the issue. hiring children on street based • A mapping exercise should be done on occupations. Duty bearers such as the street children and updated once in 3 years Departments of Education, WCD, SCPCR, or in respective wards on yearly basis. police, and civil society members need to ensure that street children are protected • A strong MIS should be created to put all and not hired on street based occupations. information on street children, NGOs Government needs to work on strategies working with them. that can facilitate their rehabilitation and integration into the mainstream, starting with getting them enrolled in schools. Specific Recommendations – Age wise

• The survey also revealed that about 60% of children in street situations were never 0 – 5 Years Age Group: enrolled in schools and remained illiterates in Pune city. Efforts should be made to • In the present survey, the number of initiate vocational training programs for street children in the age group 0-5 years these children and mainstream these is 3299 (31%). There is a need for

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 72

community mobilization ensuring that the organize Mothers and child clinic at certain duty bearers keep their promises to the location wherever street children are street children. This calls for sensitizing the found. important stake holders like police, • 7 percent of children are without teachers, school administrations and parental/adult care and hence referring Anganwadi workers, UCD members and them to family based alternatives like Urban Health Centers (UHC) members. adoption and foster care. Nutrition & Education

• Anganwadies should be strengthened to 6 – 14 Years Age Group: reach these children. This requires a comprehensive strategy to capacitate • The survey revealed that 50 % (5207) Anganwadi workers and parents in children are in the 6 to 14 years age group. addition to linking the children with Anganwadis. • 2569 children (49%) in the 6 to 14 age group are not studying. Vocational training • Early childhood Education (ECE) programmes in rural areas should be linked Programme for children of age group 3-6 to NFE programmes. There is a need to years through Balwadi programme bring all out-of-school street children in coverage to be ensured along with the 6 to 14 age group through Urban community specific strategies. Residential Hostels (URHs - Gharta) • The construction sites need to be provided scheme and Non Residential Special with crèches / child care centers for the Training Centre (NRSTC) and children of the construction workers mainstreamed with regular schools as per irrespective of number of women working the RTE Act ensuring that right to in the particular site along with proper education reaches the street children. monitoring by respective departments • 2633 children (51%) are studying but not Health attending school regularly and having learning difficulties Remedial coaching • Mobile Health Care services to provide centers (RCC)/ Bridge courses for quality Healthcare services including of education need to be started for quality immunizations/ vaccinations and referral education at major hotspots of street services. children. • Multipurpose Health Worker (MPHW) to • Mobile school (School on the wheel) need engage with these families for the better to be started for children who are not delivery of health care services. Extend the admitted in URHs. existing services related to health to the street living families. • Those children, who are already living in urban areas as street children, should be • Reproductive Child Health (RCH) provided with rehabilitation assistance by programme to care for pregnant, lactating NGOs who are involved in their assistance. mothers on the street is required. Need to A network of drop in shelter/ Open Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 73

shelters with food, health care, de- 15 – 18 Years Age Group: addiction and rehabilitative services As per the survey, about 18 % (1921) children should be established. are in the 15 to 18 years age group. • ICPS scheme should be sufficiently • The urban street children do have the resourced to reach out to each and every desire for various types of skill training street child with a community specific programs. An assessment of the training strategy. needs should be conducted by the • Identifying and re-deploying more Government and/or NGOs and unused/ under-utilized spaces in schools subsequently Vocational/Skill as residential facilities. Creating a development training programmes and collective of organizations and social Career counseling and placements should groups who are identified and trained to be provided. provide comprehensive care for children • Non Formal Education (NFE) should be needing long term care. provided for age of 15 and above children. • A contextualized high quality bridge Also the vocational education programs course is needed for children and can be linked to non-formal education mandatory before mainstreaming into the programs, so that immediately after schools. completion of the non-formal schooling these children can continue with the • Mobile Health Care services to provide vocational training programs. Healthcare services such as vaccinations, referral services. • Life skills education for children of age 15 and above to be imparted. • Referring family based alternatives like foster care and Sponsorship programmes • Awareness programmes to be conducted for the children without parental care. on adolescence and sexuality.

• Life skills education for children of age 10 years and above, to be imparted.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 74

Chapter 9

Action Plan

Children in street situations have had their most basic rights disregarded and are especially vulnerable to all sorts of phenomena likely to endanger their life, their survival and their development. These include child- labour exploitation, child trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation, drug abuse and participation in criminal activities. All the situations are likely to endanger the child or even bring about the child’s death.

Children in street situations, as a result of their life experiences and independence, need specific strategies to reintegrate them socially. To this end, such strategies must respond to their need for affection, protection, care and education and must be appropriate to the realities that they have experienced and come to accept.

The reason to act is therefore a strong motivation to provide concrete help to children in difficulty and a sense of outrage at the conditions that they face. Without help, children in street situations have a greatly reduced quality of life and life expectancy. They are exposed to all sorts of abuse – physical, psychological and social. In the absence of viable alternatives, it is more than likely that daily reality for these children will be maltreatment and crime. They are victims of injustice and inequality and, since they are unable to have any influence on social structures, they perpetuate and accentuate the effects of their condition. What we need to do, therefore, is facilitate a change in their status from that of criminals bound by social exclusion to that of players engaged in moving towards social integration.

Priority areas Priority targets Health • Mother and child health/ nutrition • Specialist care • Water, sanitation & hygiene

Care & Protection • The street situation, lack of family support • Abuse and exploitation • Juvenile justice • Non-custodial approach

Consequently, the help that we offer these children consists of reducing their distress, building their trust and empowering them, and, wherever possible, getting involved with their families and communities. At the same time it also seeks to have an impact on the structural causes (government, institutions, culture etc) that force millions of children around the world to have to survive on the streets. The key to our strategy is, on the one hand, direct action both on behalf of and involving the children, their families and their communities in order to help them survive and empower them and, on the other hand, intervention in social structures

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 75

(governmental, institutional and cultural) through advocacy and training from a social-development perspective. Indeed, the one does not work without the other: help with survival and empowerment is pointless without changes in the causes of social exclusion; and there can clearly be no social development without individuals who, over and above survival, are able to develop on a personal level. The actions that form part of our strategic policy framework are implemented at different “speeds”: help with survival constitutes an urgent humanitarian need; empowerment takes place over the medium term; and prevention of related abuses and promotion of rights is a long-term endeavor

•Survival •Network •Empowerment •Oraganizational development

Child & Government Family

Implemen Civil ting Society Partners •Rights promotion •Abuse prevention

Recognizing the vulnerabilities faced by the children in street situations, the government and non-government agencies formulated intervention strategies to support them catering to different aspects of their lives. Some of the interventions aimed towards educational development, while some aimed to supply food, clothes, medicines and some of the interventions aimed to reduce infections and diseases that these children are prone to. Findings of the present census and the sample survey of street children revealed that the scope and interventions for street children taken up by Government and NGOs were insufficient, thereby increasing the number of children still ending up on street. Also the mobility pattern of these children creates hindrance to access services on a constant basis over a period of time, which is essential if the children are to bring about some changes in their lives. Therefore a detailed need assessment study of a sample number of children in sample 35 wards were undertaken to prepare a set of Action Plans towards mainstreaming and supporting them.

Action Plans for Children in Street Situations Our Comprehensive Future Program includes the following  De-addiction  Bridge course  Vocational & Skill development training  Linking job placements

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 76

The following tables (Table 9.1 to describe the list of selected wards, number of children targeted in selected sample wards and different interventions planned for the selected hotspots.

 A total of 74 toilets and bathrooms and 7 drinking water units were planned to be constructed in the selected hotspot in sample wards.  31 water points for Bathing, Washing and Cleaning were proposed in 8 selected hotspot in sample wards.  23 Anganwadi Centers were planned to set up in 21 hotspots of sample wards.  13 Children Crèches /Care Centres planned to start in 12 selected hotspots in sample wards.  7 remedial coaching programs planned in the sample wards.  3 Foster Care planned along with Sponsorship programs in selected hotspots.  About 10 Reproductive Child Health (RCH) programs to be initiated in different wards.  11 Open School/Open Shelter18 proposed to be taken up in selected hotspot.  11 Vocational and Skill Development Training Programmes planned to be conducted for children in street situations in selected wards.  9 de-addiction centers are proposed to construct in selected areas.  5 Non Formal Education centre (NFE) proposed as part of action plans in selected hotspots.  12 Mobile Health Care Services for street children and their families proposed in the action plan for selected hotspots.

9.2 Recommendations Number No of Required Wards 0 to 5 Age group Children Crèches /care centers 13 12 Anganwadi/ Balwadi 23 21 Reproductive Child Health (RCH) 10 10

6 to 14 Age group Urban Residential Schools 18 40 Open school /Open Shelters 11 11 Remedial coaching 7 7 De-addiction Centre 4 4 15 and Above

Vocational and Skill development training 11 11 programmes Non Formal Education (NFE)/Bridge course 5 5 De-addiction Centre 5 5 General

Drinking Water points 7 4

18 Three major components to be taken care of in the Open School and Shelter are, Food, Education and Social Mobilisation

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 77

Toilet/Bathrooms 74 26 Water points – Bathing, Washing, Cleaning 31 9 Mobile health care services 12 12 Homeless shelters 5 5

9.1 Hotspots Ward No of S.No No Children 1 Marketyard 9 313 2 Yerawada (Bus Stop, Market area and Yerawada Road) 15 205 3 Janta Vasahat, Canal, parvati 56 201 4 Balewadi road, (balewadi Fata, New Balewadi road) 9 193 5 Dudh Bhatti, Ganj Peth, Bhavani Peth 59 186 6 Near at flyover Katraj bus stop 76 157 7 Near Khadaki Railway Station 6 155 8 Appar Indiranagar 72 150 9 Dhankude Vasti, Baner 9 142 10 kharadi 2 140 11 Sutarwadi, Pashan 10 126 12 Untvale vasti, ganga dham near at Markeet yard 71 118 13 108/109 Aanandnagar Ramtekdi,Hadapsar 46 114 14 Near Wondercity Katraj 75 113 15 juna bajar, Pune 23 106 16 Dais plot, Gultekdi 64 101 17 Baner 9 97 18 Virbhadra nagar,baner 9 93 19 Shani Nagar & Jambhulwadi, Katraj 76 90 20 sadanand hotel, Near D mart, Baner 9 89 21 Katraj snake park 75 84 22 Shinde mala Baner 9 82 23 Near Laxminagar Laxmi Temple, Balewadi 9 76 24 Near at Deccan Bridge 24 75 25 Bhavani Peth 48 73 26 Zambare vasti Appar Indiranagar 72 72 27 Near at Abhiruchi Moll, Vadgaon Budruk 54 71 28 Vidhate Vasti, Baner 9 71 29 Near at D, mart chowk, baner 8 68 30 P.L. Deshpande Garden near at water purification center, Sinhagad 53 68 road 31 New Ira Bekari ,Balewadi 9 65 32 Tadiwala Road,Near Station 40 65 33 gosavi vasti happy colony 32 64 34 Near at Pune Railway Station 40 64 35 Wadekar colony, near Hadapsar railway station 20 63

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 78

Toilet/Bathrooms Ward Hotspot Need Anganwadis No Ward Hotspot Need 1 Lohgaon Nandi Bail Community 2 No 2 Kharadi Construction Site 2 1 Lohgaon Nandi Bail 1 8 Aundh Vidhate Community 2 Community 8 Nana Petil House 1 2 Kharadi Construction 1 9 Opposite D-Mart 4 Site 16 Rajiv Gandhinager 5 5 Vadar Community 2 24 Deccan Bridge 10 6 Mula Road 1 39 Daruwala Pul 2 8 Aundh Vidhate 1 40 Camp 1 Community 40 Pune Station 1 9 Chakankar Mala 1 42 Gosavi Vasti 1 9 DSK 1 44 Pandharmala / Hingne Mala 1 16 Fule Nager Community 2 49 Rameshwar Market 2 24 Deccan Bridge 1

51 Pune University Bridge 1 39 Daruwala Pul 1 54 Suncity 2 39 Khadiche Maidan 1

56 Janata Vasahat 4 40 Camp 1 57 Canol Behind Bus Stop 1 40 Pune Station 1 61 Pulgate 1 42 Gosavi Vasti 1 62 Khadi Machine 1 53 Manikbag Anandnager 1 65 Shankar Sheth 3 54 Near Abhiruchi Mall 1 70 Kk Market Sclupture Community 1 55 Manikbag Anandnager 1 71 Unt Community Kondhva Road 6 62 Khadi Machine 1 76 Katraj Navin Vasahat 10 65 Macchi Market 1 76 Wondersity 10 71 Unt Community Kondhva 1 Total 74 Road 77 Khadki Railway Station 1 C2 Total 23 Remedial Coaching Children Crèches /Care Centres Ward Hotspot Need Ward No Hotspot Need No 9 Moje Girme Collage 1 1 Lohgaon Nandi Bail Community 1 24 Congress Bhavan 1 5 Vadar Community 1 24 Deccan Bridge 1 16 Kathe Community 1 40 Camp 1 24 Congress Bhavan 1 40 Pune Station 1 24 Deccan Bridge 1 44 Pandharmala / Hingne 1 51 Ambil Odha 1 Mala 65 Shankar Sheth 1 56 Janata Vasahat 2 Total 7 59 Macchi Market 1 61 Kedare Nager Petrol 1 Pump 76 Shivaji Putala Katraj 1 Sponsorship And Foster Care Talav Ward No Hotspot Need 76 Wondersity 1 24 Congress Bhavan 1 77 Khadki Railway Station 1 24 Deccan Bridge 1 C2 51 Ambil Odha 1 Total 13 Total 3

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 79

Reproductive Child Health (Rch) Mobile school (School on the wheel) Ward No Hotspot Need Ward Hotspot Need 13 Pune University Bridge 1 No 24 Congress Bhavan 1 9 Balewadi 1 42 Gosavi Vasti 1 9 Shindemala 1 44 Pandharmala / Hingne Mala 1 24 Congress Bhavan 1 61 Pulgate 1 40 Pune Station 1 65 Shankar Sheth 1 42 Gosavi Vasti 1 71 Unt Community Kondhva Road 2 45 Krushna Nager /Ganesh 1 76 Katraj Navin Vasahat 1 Nager 76 Wondersity 1 51 Ambil Odha 1 Total 10 62 Khadi Machine 1 71 Unt Community Kondhva 1 Road 76 Katraj Navin Vasahat 1 77 Khadki Railway Station C1 1 Vocational And Skill Development Training Programmes Total 11 Ward Hotspot Need No 1 Katraj Navin Vasahat 1 De-addiction centre 1 Lohgaon Nandi Bail Community 1 Ward Hotspot Need 7 Renjil Corner 1 No 13 Pune University Bridge 1 7 Renjil corner 1 16 Rajiv Gandhinager 1 49 Rameshwar market 1 24 Congress Bhavan 1 69 chavan nager 1 40 Pune Station 1 73 Wondersity 1 42 Gosavi Vasti 1 74 chaitanya nager 1 45 Krushna Nager /Ganesh Nager 1 74 kumar shindhchal construction 1 62 Khadi Machine / NIBM /Potraj 1 site Community 75 bharati vidyapith 1 71 Unt Community Kondhva Road 1 76 katraj navin vasahat 1 Total 11 76 Wondersity 1

Total 9

Drinking Water Points Non Formal Education (Nfe) Ward Hotspot Need Ward No Hotspot Need No 7 Renjil Corner 4 1 Lohgaon Nandi Bail Community 1 8 Aundh Vidhate Community 1 49 Rameshwar Market 1 8 Nana Petil House 1 71 Unt Community Kondhva Road 1 13 Pune University Bridge 1 76 Katraj Navin Vasahat 1 76 Wondersity 1 Total 7 Total 5

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 80

Mobile Health Care Services Water Points – Bathing, Washing, Cleaning Ward Hotspot Need Ward Hotspot Need No No 1 Lohgaon Nandi Bail Community 1 9 Opposite D-Mart 4 2 Kharadi Construction Site 1 16 Rajiv Gandhinager 5 56 Janata Vasahat 2 6 Mula Road 2 62 Khadi Machine 1 8 Aundh Vidhate Community 1 71 Kenjale Nager 2 9 Opposite D-Mart 1 71 Unt Community Kondhva Road 10 10 Montword Construction 1 76 Katraj Navin Vasahat 3 16 Rajiv Gandhinager 1 76 Wondersity 4 54 P L Deshpande Udyan 1 Total 31 56 Janata Vasahat 1 71 Kumar Shindhchal Construction Site 1 Drop In Shelter/ Open Shelters 71 Unt Community Kondhva Road 1 Ward No Hotspot Need Total 12 49 Rameshwar Market 1

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 81

Need assessments and Action Plans for Homeless

Homeless population is those who live and sleep on the streets in urban areas. As per UNICEF definition (mentioned in Chapter 1) ‘Children on the street’ are homeless who earn their living or beg for money on the street. They maintain contact with their families and some of them go home at night, whereas ‘children of the street’ live on the streets and probably lack parental, emotional, and psychological support. There are approximately 28,321 homeless populations in overall Pune city. This includes children living alone on the street; children along with their parents and family members who stays on the street and the street working children.

Category Percenage Formula Total Homeless families (Father & Mother) 82% 82 *10647 * 2 17461 Homeless children with family 82% 82 * 10647 8731 Street living children (alone) 3% 3 * 10647 319 Street working children 15% 15 * 10647 1597 Homeless Married but no children 1% 1 * 10647 106 Above 18 years unmarried adult 1% 1 *10647 106 Total homeless population 28321

An attempt made to undertake a detailed requirement analysis of these homeless populations in sample survey areas and the following points came up on which concrete action plans needs to be proposed.

1. Requirement of 24/7 Shelter needed for the Homeless population and the hotspots identified were, 1. Pune station 2. Congress Bhavan & Deccan Bridge 3. Shankarshet Road 4. Katraj 5. Sarasbaugh 2. In the absence of sufficient capacity of Government to provide livelihood, Alternative Livelihood centers within the shelters required to be established. 3. Requirement of Mobile health Services in Van where Homeless can seek treatment. 4. Require to arrange Basic Entitlements such as ID cards, PDS and suitable jobs with minimum income for the homeless populations. 5. Requirement of measures to be undertaken towards family link up of homeless population or mainstream them into group living/ single living.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 82

Appendix 1: Number and percentage distribution of street children by ward, classified by sex.

Appendix 1: Number and percentage distribution of street children by ward, classified by sex. AW Admin Ward EW Electoral Ward Number distribution Percentage distribution Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 Aundh 1 Gopi Chawal , bopodi 155 93 248 2.6 2.1 2.4 2 Telichawal bopodi SN 37 143 106 249 2.4 2.4 2.4

3 Bhori Chwal Bopodi 27 31 58 0.4 0.7 0.6

4 Deabai Chawl , SN 49 7 11 18 0.1 0.3 0.2

5 Hamal Chwal Bopodi SN 37 51 41 92 0.8 0.9 0.9

6 Bopodi Gaothan 93 95 188 1.5 2.2 1.8

2 Ghole Road 7 Ghode Vasti near Lumbini Society 16 14 30 0.3 0.3 0.3 8 Bhalekar Vasti plot no17/4 57 28 85 0.9 0.6 0.8 erandwana 9 Erandwana plot 833 776 1615 13.8 17.9 15.5

10 Rajput Vasti plot no 14 197 195 393 3.3 4.5 3.8

3 Karve Road 11 Sainath vasahat, Peru baug 6 3 9 0.1 0.1 0.1 12 Sainath vasahat, near 11 25 37 0.2 0.6 0.4 smashanbhumi 13 Shshtrinager behind police chowki 35 13 48 0.6 0.3 0.5

14 sagar colony shashtrinager 26 18 44 0.4 0.4 0.4

15 Laxmi nager 4 5 9 0.1 0.1 0.1

4 Varje 16 Khailare plot Erandwana S N 42/A 223 175 399 3.7 4.0 3.8 Karvenagar 17 Bhimjyoti Sambhaji nager 48 20 68 0.8 0.5 0.7

18 Ramnager warjesn 34,35,36 15 9 24 0.2 0.2 0.2

19 Vadar vasti Karve nager s n 53 7 7 14 0.1 0.2 0.1

20 Shravandhara kothrud s n 46 77 66 143 1.3 1.5 1.4

5 Dhole Patil 21 Achanak nagar somwar peth 46 26 72 0.8 0.6 0.7 Road 22 Parge chowk, Mangalwar peth 27 9 36 0.4 0.2 0.3

23 New Bhim Nagar 228,223 206 91 298 3.4 2.1 2.9

24 Bhai Ali -kumbharwada 88 77 166 1.5 1.8 1.6

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25 Garpr vasti somwar peth 10 1 11 0.2 0.0 0.1

AW Admin Ward EW Electoral Ward Number distribution Percentage distribution Mal Female Total Male Female Total e

6 Yerawada 26 Suraksha Nager 12 17 29 0.2 0.4 0.3 27 Bhim nagar dhanori road’s no 10 4 14 0.2 0.1 0.1 46 28 Ektanagar, Tingre nager Airport 66 38 104 1.1 0.9 1.0 road 29 Soniya Gandhi kalas alandi road 32 21 53 0.5 0.5 0.5

30 Ramabai Ambedkar nagar 23 40 63 0.4 0.9 0.6 vishrantwadi 31 Lohgaon Airport 36 27 63 0.6 0.6 0.6

7 Nagar Road 32 Yashwant nager part 1 36 24 60 0.6 0.6 0.6 33 Sury nagar, Pune nagar road 9 2 11 0.1 0.0 0.1

34 Vadagaon Sheri opposite 2 1 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 sampark karyalaya 35 Netaji Nager, yerwada pune s n 7 8 15 0.1 0.2 0.1 8 36 Vimannagar Sanjay Park 17 10 27 0.3 0.2 0.3

8 Kasba 37 Nimbalkar wada sadashiv peth 23 10 33 0.4 0.2 0.3 Vishrambagw 255 ada 38 Paga durjan sigh ,guruwar peth 106 37 143 1.8 0.9 1.4

39 Jori plot 38 27 65 0.6 0.6 0.6

40 Rathiwada 204 92 296 3.4 2.1 2.8

41 Joshi wada 674 ghorpade peth 25 27 52 0.4 0.6 0.5

9 Tilak Road 42 Gosavi vasti, dhayri phata 74 75 150 1.2 1.7 1.4 43 Gurudatta nagar , dattawadi 36 27 63 0.6 0.6 0.6

44 Gosavi vasti, vadgaon budruk - 36 28 64 0.6 0.6 0.6 gosavi mala 45 Sai Nagar khorad vasti hingne 24 31 55 0.4 0.7 0.5 khurd 46 Gosavi Vasti near 44 57 101 0.7 1.3 1.0 smashanbhomi -vadgaon budruk 10 Sahakar Nagar 47 SN76 near Navjivan society 63 52 115 1.0 1.2 1.1 navjivan vasahat

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48 SN85 Ambedkar nagar sahakar 63 47 111 1.0 1.1 1.1 nagar no 2 49 Tangewala colony 163 128 295 2.7 2.9 2.8 arayaneshwar 50 Gawaliwada Aryenshwer 82 15 97 1.4 0.3 0.9

51 Sanjaynager vasahat , sahakar 5 0 5 0.1 0.0 0.0 nager 11 Bibvewadi 52 Padmawati nager 28 20 48 0.5 0.5 0.5 53 Shanti nagar 114 74 188 1.9 1.7 1.8

54 Anand nagar , bibwewadi 151 130 281 2.5 3.0 2.7

55 Prem Nagar market Yard 127 86 213 2.1 2.0 2.0

56 Ambedkar nagar Market yard 161 154 315 2.7 3.5 3.0

12 Bhavani Peth 57 Ghorpade peth 249 , 257 68 41 111 1.1 0.9 1.1 58 Ghorpade peth csn 234 38 10 48 0.6 0.2 0.5

59 Ghorpade peth (ghorpade 64 53 117 1.1 1.2 1.1 udyan)csn 674 60 Ekbote coloney ghorpade peth 77 24 102 1.3 0.6 1.0 365 61 Chadratara chowk ghorpade peth 11 15 26 0.2 0.3 0.2 csn 332 13 Hadapsar 62 Tukai nagar kale padal hadapsar 106 74 180 1.8 1.7 1.7 63 Kokane vasti hadapsar 29 29 58 0.5 0.7 0.6

64 Chamcham nagar parshi vihar 83 58 141 1.4 1.3 1.4

65 Hingane mala 50 35 85 0.8 0.8 0.8

66 Kamthe vasti kamthe mala 36 13 49 0.6 0.3 0.5

14 Dhankwadi 67 Navin Vasahat katraj 85 26 111 1.4 0.6 1.1 68 Shramik vasahat dhankavdi 27 11 38 0.4 0.3 0.4

69 Patil Vitbhatti dhankavdi 52 41 93 0.9 0.9 0.9

70 Chaitraban bibwewadi 84 27 113 1.4 0.6 1.1

71 Rajiv Gandhi nager bibvewadi 368 190 558 6.1 4.4 5.4

15 Kondwa 72 Behind shinde chatri (Tadi mala) 173 143 319 2.9 3.3 3.1 Wanori 73 Kamela vasahat near azad mitra 28 10 38 0.5 0.2 0.4 mandal 74 Bhimnagar kondhwa 38 26 64 0.6 0.6 0.6

75 Ramtekadi 196 142 339 3.2 3.3 3.3 Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 85

76 Jambhulkar Mala Fatima nagar 134 101 236 2.2 2.3 2.3

16 Canton-ment 77 11 6 17 0.2 0.1 0.2 78 70 28 98 1.2 0.6 0.9

605 4347 10427 100.0 100.0 100. 3 0 Note: Transgender total 27; max 6 in Ward 9, 4 in ward 49, 3 in ward 72 and others in different wards.

Children in Street Situations – Life on Pune Streets 86