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December 1998

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December 1998 DECEMBER 1998 GAME DEVELOPER MAGAZINE V GAME PLAN 600 Harrison Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 t: 415.905.2200 f: 415.905.4962 w: www.gdmag.com Ditch the Death March Publisher Cynthia A. Blair cblair@mfi.com EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief t the conclusion of World As Walton explains in his article, Alex Dunne [email protected] War II, Japan was nowhere Kesmai (like practically every game Managing Editor near the industrial power- development company) experienced Tor D. Berg [email protected] Departments Editor A house that it is today. The intense pressure to complete a number Wesley Hall [email protected] management of Japanese companies of games in time to guarantee their Art Director was almost feudal in nature: plant man- delivery to stores by Christmas. The Laura Pool lpool@mfi.com agers were practically overlords, and burnout and frustration that this used Editor-At-Large Chris Hecker [email protected] workers were viewed as serfs. One of the to cause his teams prompted the com- Contributing Editors people who helped turn Japan around pany to find ways to gain better control Jeff Lander [email protected] in the ‘50s was American management of projects. And while Walton stresses Mel Guymon [email protected] consultant Dr. Edwards Deming. that Kesmai’s developers still encounter Omid Rahmat [email protected] Advisory Board Deming’s lesson to managers in the occasional “crunch period,” adopt- Hal Barwood LucasArts Japan and America was fairly simple. In ing formalized development standards Noah Falstein The Inspiracy a nutshell, he said that managers’ infat- and procedures for their projects has Brian Hook id Software Susan Lee-Merrow Lucas Learning 2 uation with short-term thinking, merit given everyone more confidence in esti- Mark Miller Harmonix systems, quotas, management by objec- mating work duration, resulted in fewer Paul Steed id Software bugs in their games, and made the Dan Teven Teven Consulting tives (MBO), and so on, was all wrong. Rob Wyatt DreamWorks Interactive Instead, he said, special importance process of developing a title more should be placed on the process of pro- rewarding for everyone. Without a ADVERTISING SALES duction, not the end product itself. If doubt, Walton’s article provides the Western Regional Sales Manager Alicia Langer alanger@mfi.com t: 415.905.2156 the production process was good, quali- most detailed accounting of process Eastern Regional Sales Manager ty products would naturally flow from improvement by a game development Kim Love klove@mfi.com t: 415.905.2175 the company. studio that I’ve seen. Sales Associate/Recruitment It worked. Take Toyota, for instance. Ayrien Houchin ahouchin@mfi.com t: 415.905.2788 The company’s initial experience sell- ADVERTISING PRODUCTION ing cars in America was disastrous; the “Sundance” Postscript Vice President Production Andrew A. Mickus Toyota Toyopet was a stark, underpow- Advertising Production Coordinator Dave Perrotti ered vehicle that sold poorly. Later, In the wake of my September editorial Reprints Stella Valdez t: 916.983.6971 armed with production processes based (“Where’s Our Sundance?”), I received MILLER FREEMAN GAME GROUP MARKETING on the work of Deming, Walter quite a number of letters from readers Group Marketing Manager Gabe Zichermann Shewhart, and others, Toyota went about various events that either already MarComm Manager Susan McDonald back to the drawing board (literally). exist, or that are in the planning stages. Marketing Coordinator Izora Garcia de Lillard Using product testing, customer feed- First, Brooke Boynton of P.F. Magic CIRCULATION back, and studying the lessons of the reminded me that New Media maga- Vice President Cirulation Jerry M. Okabe then-successful Volkswagen Beetle, zine’s Invision Awards (http://www. Assistant Circulation Director Mike Poplardo Toyota came up with the Corolla. This invisionawards.com) honor a wide Circulation Manager Stephanie Blake car sold well, and thanks to continued range of multimedia and web products, Circulation Assistant Kausha Jackson-Crain use of process improvement method- including games. Second, it appears that Newsstand Analyst Joyce Gorsuch ologies, Toyota’s engineers were able to Milia Games (http://www.milia.com), INTERNATIONAL LICENSING INFORMATION improve the product each year. the French conference for interactive Robert J. Abramson and Associates Inc. Of course, games are not pieced entertainment, will host a “New Talent President Libby Abramson 720 Post Road, Scarsdale, New York 10583 together on an assembly line. But many Pavilion” at its upcoming event in t: 914.723.4700 f: 914.723.4722 of Deming’s lessons still hold true for February. Finally, the Game Developers e: [email protected] game developers. In this month’s cover Conference (http://www.gdconf.com) is Miller Freeman feature (“Bringing Engineering launching the “GDC Independent A United News & Media publication Discipline to Game Development”, Game Festival” at its show in San Jose, Chairman-Miller Freeman Inc. | Marshall W. Freeman page 37), Kesmai Studios Manager Calif., this March. In the interest of full President/COO | Donald A. Pazour Gordon Walton explains how better disclosure, I must remind everyone that Senior Vice President/CFO | Warren “Andy” Ambrose Senior Vice Presidents | H. Ted Bahr, Darrell Denny development processes helped his com- the GDC and Game Developer magazine Galen A. Poss, Wini D. Ragus, Regina Starr pany, and many of these experiences are owned by the same company. Ridley, Andrew A. Mickus, Jerry M. Okabe jibe with Deming’s lessons. Many of Which, of course, made it very easy for Vice President/SD Show Group | KoAnn Vikören ■ Senior Vice President/Systems and Software you worked your tails off to complete me to twist their arms. Division | Regina Ridley projects in time for Christmas, so you’re probably receptive to better BPA International Membership methods of managing projects. Wasn’t Applied for March 1998 that death march fun? GAME DEVELOPER DECEMBER 1998 www.gdmag.com SAYS YOU Solving the Orc Problem score for attacking unit a with unit b Fitness (S, m, n ) given my new unit j depends on what other units are attacking the enemy’s unit i in combi- attacking it (or the configuration of nation with the configuration just read through the October 1998 units as a whole ) then you have to use described by the cells of the previous I issue of Game Developer (all of us an algorithm that’s just a little bit row in turn. So for M(0,1) I would get here at GameFX... err THQ... fight over smarter. The trick here is that if I have the maximum of Fitness (S, m, n) the latest issue of Game Developer every an algorithm, where each time my unit 1 attacks the month), including Swen Vincke’s and enemy’s unit 0, and my unit 0 attacks interesting article, “The Orc Problem.” each of the enemy’s units in turn. I While the article was informative, We’ll let you talk. E-mail us at keep a pointer in cell M(0,1) to the cell there are, in fact, well-known and bet- [email protected]. Or write to Game in column 0 that I used to obtain the ter ways to solve this exact Developer, 600 Harrison Street, San maximum score. Once I have done problem. This is a classic this for column 1, the largest score in resource allocation Francisco, CA 94107. column 1 represents the optimal con- problem that if I figuration given those 2 units. The can be give it an score in each cell M(i,j) represents the solved quick- optimal solution for a given optimal score given my unit j attack- ly and easily set of units and then add one ing the enemy’s unit i, and with all of using a tech- more unit to my team, the my units less than j on the board. I can nique known as algorithm will give me a new repeat the process for each new col- 5 dynamic program- optimal solution. Then, given umn for as many units as I want. Each ming. This algorithm anyN set of units, I just start by cell has a pointer to the cell in the pre- is also sometimes known finding the optimal solution given vious column representing the rest of as Viterbi decoding or Hidden Markov one unit and then I keep adding units the configuration of units. When I get model decoding. These algorithms one by one and finding a new optimal to the last column and have placed all were developed in the 1960s to assign solution, given the old optimal solu- my units, I can get the optimal config- nuclear missiles to targets. tion as input. uration of units by following the back You want to avoid greedy solutions Here’s how to execute that task. pointers from the cell with the best for simple fitness functions if they are First, I make a matrix with enemy score in the last column all the way not the optimal choice. If you have a units indexing the rows, and with my back to the first column. simple fitness function that only takes own units indexing the columns. Then The first column costs n evaluations into account the two units involved, I start with column zero, evaluating of the fitness function. Each subse- (that is, if unit a attacks unit b you get my zero unit against each enemy unit quent column costs n^2 evaluations. one score, and then if you also attack b in turn. Next, I fill in the correspond- For an eight on eight battle, this is 456 with another unit c, the score for ing matrix cell with that score. I might evaluations to get the optimal solution attacking b with c is not affected by evaluate it with Vincke’s fitness func- to the problem.
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