Weldability of Tungsten and Its Alloys
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Fundamentals of Joining Processes
Outline ME3072 – MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING II BSc Eng (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering • Introduction to Welding Semester - 4 • Fusion-Welding Processes • Solid-State Welding Processes Fundamentals of Joining • Metallurgy of Welding Processes • Weld Quality • Brazing & Soldering Prepared By : R.K.P.S Ranaweera BSc (Hons) MSc Lecturer - Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Moratuwa 2 (for educational purpose only) Joining Processes Classification of Joining Processes 3 4 1 Introduction to Welding • Attention must be given to the cleanliness of the metal surfaces prior to welding and to possible • Is a process by which two materials, usually metals oxidation or contamination during welding process. are permanently joined together by coalescence, which is induced by a combination of temperature, • Production of high quality weld requires: pressure and metallurgical conditions. Source of satisfactory heat and/or pressure Means of protecting or cleaning the metal • Is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative Caution to avoid harmful metallurgical effects method for casting or forging and as a replacement for bolted and riveted joints. Also used as a repair • Advantages of welding over other joints: medium to reunite metals. Lighter in weight and has a great strength • Types of Welding: High corrosion resistance Fusion welding Fluid tight for tanks and vessels Solid-state (forge) welding Can be altered easily (flexibility) and economically 5 6 • Weldability has been defined as the capacity of • Steps in executing welding: metal to be welded under the fabrication conditions Identification of welds, calculation of weld area by stress imposed into a specific, suitably designed structure analysis, preparation of drawings & to perform satisfactorily in the intended service. -
Cast Stainless Steel Technology Developments
Cast Stainless Steel Technology Developments Raymond Monroe SFSA CN3MN CF8 CD4Cu CB 7 Cu CA 15 Calculation of Chromium Equivalent and Nickel Equivalent CrE = %Cr + 2 × %Si + 1.5 × %Mo + 5 × %V NiE = %Ni + 0.5 × %Mn + 30 × %C + 0.3 × %Cu Ferrite from Chemistry Schoefer Diagram 2.2 2.1 • Chemistry: C=0.07, 2 Mn=0.56, Si=1.30, 1.9 P=0.028, S=0.009, 1.8 o i t 1.7 Cr=19.5, Ni=10.7, a 1.6 on R i t i Mo=2.18 (Cb ~ 0.05 1.5 pos m o and N ~ 0.04) 1.4 C i N / r 1.3 C • ASTM A800 predicts 1.2 10.5 volume percent 1.1 1 ferrite with a range of Cr Cr (%) + 1.5Si (%) + 1.4 Mo (%) + Nb (%) − 4.99 0.9 e = 6.5 to 14.5 (chromium Ni e Ni (%) + 30 C (%) + 0.5Mn (%) + 26 ( N − 0.02 %) + 2.77 0.8 0 10203040506070 equivalent to nickel Volume Percent Ferrite equivalent = 1.19) Means of Calculating Ferrite • Severn Gage: 11 • Feritscope: 7 • Magne-Gage: 2 • Two different instruments: 5 • Manual point count • ASTM A800 • 1949 Schaeffler Diagram • WRC Diagram Unit of measure: • FN: 8 (all 4 of the non- foundry) • Volume percent: 7 • Use both methods: 2 Identification of Phases by Composition FERRITE AUSTENITE Stainless Steels - Strength Grade Yield (ksi) UTS (ksi) CF8 70 30 CF3MN 75 37 4A(2205) 90 60 6A(Zeron 100) 100 65 Stainless Steel - Corrosion Grade Critical pitting temperature oC CF8 5 (calculated) CF3MN 29 (calculated) 4A(2205) 35 - 40 6A(Zeron100) 45 – 55 Pseudo Phase Diagram for 68 % Fe – Cr Ni CCT Diagram - CD3MN 5oC/min 2oC/min 1oC/min 0.5oC/min 0.1oC/min 0.01oC/min 1100 1050 TTT curves 1000 (initial & final) 950 900 850 800 750 700 Temp. -
Repoussé Work for Amateurs
rf Bi oN? ^ ^ iTION av op OCT i 3 f943 2 MAY 8 1933 DEC 3 1938 MAY 6 id i 28 dec j o m? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Public Library http://www.archive.org/details/repoussworkforamOOhasl GROUP OF LEAVES. Repousse Work for Amateurs. : REPOUSSE WORK FOR AMATEURS: BEING THE ART OF ORNAMENTING THIN METAL WITH RAISED FIGURES. tfjLd*- 6 By L. L. HASLOPE. ILLUSTRATED. LONDON L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W.C, 1887. PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, LONDON. 3W PREFACE. " JjJjtfN these days, when of making books there is no end," ^*^ and every description of work, whether professional or amateur, has a literature of its own, it is strange that scarcely anything should have been written on the fascinating arts of Chasing and Repousse Work. It is true that a few articles have appeared in various periodicals on the subject, but with scarcely an exception they treated only of Working on Wood, and the directions given were generally crude and imperfect. This is the more surprising when we consider how fashionable Repousse Work has become of late years, both here and in America; indeed, in the latter country, "Do you pound brass ? " is said to be a very common question. I have written the following pages in the hope that they might, in some measure, supply a want, and prove of service to my brother amateurs. It has been hinted to me that some of my chapters are rather "advanced;" in other words, that I have gone farther than amateurs are likely to follow me. -
Guidelines for the Welded Fabrication of Nickel-Containing Stainless Steels for Corrosion Resistant Services
NiDl Nickel Development Institute Guidelines for the welded fabrication of nickel-containing stainless steels for corrosion resistant services A Nickel Development Institute Reference Book, Series No 11 007 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ i PART I – For the welder ...................................................................................... 1 Physical properties of austenitic steels .......................................................... 2 Factors affecting corrosion resistance of stainless steel welds ....................... 2 Full penetration welds .............................................................................. 2 Seal welding crevices .............................................................................. 2 Embedded iron ........................................................................................ 2 Avoid surface oxides from welding ........................................................... 3 Other welding related defects ................................................................... 3 Welding qualifications ................................................................................... 3 Welder training ............................................................................................. 4 Preparation for welding ................................................................................. 4 Cutting and joint preparation ................................................................... -
Metals and Metal Products Tariff Schedules of the United States
251 SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS 252 Part 1 - Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Schedule 6 headnotes: Materials 1, This schedule does not cover — Part 2 Metals, Their Alloys, and Their Basic Shapes and Forms (II chemical elements (except thorium and uranium) and isotopes which are usefully radioactive (see A. Precious Metals part I3B of schedule 4); B. Iron or Steel (II) the alkali metals. I.e., cesium, lithium, potas C. Copper sium, rubidium, and sodium (see part 2A of sched D. Aluminum ule 4); or E. Nickel (lii) certain articles and parts thereof, of metal, F. Tin provided for in schedule 7 and elsewhere. G. Lead 2. For the purposes of the tariff schedules, unless the H. Zinc context requires otherwise — J. Beryllium, Columbium, Germanium, Hafnium, (a) the term "precious metal" embraces gold, silver, Indium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Rhenium, platinum and other metals of the platinum group (iridium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium), and precious- and Zirconium metaI a Iloys; K, Other Base Metals (b) the term "base metal" embraces aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gallium, germanium, Part 3 Metal Products hafnium, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, A. Metallic Containers molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, the rare-earth metals (Including B. Wire Cordage; Wire Screen, Netting and scandium and yttrium), selenium, silicon, strontium, tantalum, Fencing; Bale Ties tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, urani C. Metal Leaf and FoU; Metallics um, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium, and base-metal alloys; D, Nails, Screws, Bolts, and Other Fasteners; (c) the term "meta I" embraces precious metals, base Locks, Builders' Hardware; Furniture, metals, and their alloys; and Luggage, and Saddlery Hardware (d) in determining which of two or more equally specific provisions for articles "of iron or steel", "of copper", E. -
Keyhole Gas Tungsten Arc Welding: a New Process Variant Brian Laurence Jarvis University of Wollongong
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2001 Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding: a new process variant Brian Laurence Jarvis University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Jarvis, Brian Laurence, Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding: a new process variant, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1833 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Keyhole Gas Tungsten Arc Welding: a new process variant. tSS!1' This photograph is an end-on view of keyhole GTAW on 8mm wall-thickness stainless steel pipe. Certification I, Brian Laurence (Laurie) Jarvis, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Brian Laurence Jarvis 15m July 2001. Keyhole Gas Tungsten Arc Welding: a new process variant By Brian Laurence Jarvis B.Sc. (Hons) Flinders University, 1975 Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong June 2001. Wollongong, New South Wales 1 Dedication To my Mother and Father Acknowledgements I wish to thank my adviser and supervisor, Professor Michael West, for his support and direction during this investigation. Special thanks are also due to my co-supervisor, colleague and friend, Dr Nasir Ahmed for laying the foundations for this work, and for his continued encouragement and support. -
6 W Elding Accessories Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Aluminum
Sylvania Tungsten Vendor Code: SYL Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Magnesium alloys are in 3 groups. They are: (1) aluminum-zinc-magnesium, (2) aluminum-magnesium and (3) manganese-magnesium. Since magnesium will absorb a number of harmful ingredients and oxidize rapidly when subjected to welding heat, TIG welding in an inert gas atmosphere is distinctly advantageous. The welding of magnesium is similar, in many respects, to the welding of aluminum. Magnesium was one of the first metals to be welded commercially by the inert-gas nonconsumable process (TIG). Accessories Welding Aluminum The use of TIG welding for aluminum has many advantages for both manual and automatic processes. Filler metal can be either wire or rod and should be compatible with the base alloy. Filler metal must be Ground Dia. Length Electrodes dry, free of oxides, grease or other foreign matter. If filler metal becomes damp, heat for 2 hours at Part No. (inches) (inches) 250˚ F before using. Although AC high-frequency stabilized current is recommended, DC reverse polarity 0407G .040 7 has been successfully used for thicknesses up to 3/32". 1167G 1/16 7 Stainless Steel Pure 3327G 3/32 7 In TIG welding of stainless steel, welding rods having the AWS-ASTM prefixes of E or ER can be used as 187G 1/8 7 filler rods. However, only bare uncoated rods should be used. Stainless steel can be welded using AC high frequency stabilized current, however, for DC straight polarity current recommendations must be increased 5327G 5/32 7 6 25%. Light gauge metal less than 1/16" thick should always be welded with DC straight polarity using 0407GL .040 7 argon gas. -
Welding and Joining Guidelines
Welding and Joining Guidelines The HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys are known for their good weldability, which is defined as the ability of a material to be welded and to perform satisfactorily in the imposed service environment. The service performance of the welded component should be given the utmost importance when determining a suitable weld process or procedure. If proper welding techniques and procedures are followed, high-quality welds can be produced with conventional arc welding processes. However, please be aware of the proper techniques for welding these types of alloys and the differences compared to the more common carbon and stainless steels. The following information should provide a basis for properly welding the HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys. For further information, please consult the references listed throughout each section. It is also important to review any alloy- specific welding considerations prior to determining a suitable welding procedure. The most common welding processes used to weld the HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys are the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW / “TIG”), gas metal arc welding (GMAW / “MIG”), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW / “Stick”) processes. In addition to these common arc welding processes, other welding processes such plasma arc welding (PAW), resistance spot welding (RSW), laser beam welding (LBW), and electron beam welding (EBW) are used. Submerged arc welding (SAW) is generally discouraged as this process is characterized by high heat input to the base metal, which promotes distortion, hot cracking, and precipitation of secondary phases that can be detrimental to material properties and performance. The introduction of flux elements to the weld also makes it difficult to achieve a proper chemical composition in the weld deposit. -
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of The
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of the Chinese Bronze Age Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Bronze Transition from Clay 4 Elemental Analysis of Bronze Alloys 4 Melting Temperature 7 Casting Methods 8 Casting Molds 14 Casting Flaws 21 Lost Wax Method 25 Sanxingdui 28 Environmental Effects on Surface Appearance 32 Conclusion 35 References 36 China can claim a history rich in over 5,000 years of artistic, philosophical and political advancement. As well, it is birthplace to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. By 1100 BC, a high level of artistic and technical skill in bronze casting had been achieved by the Chinese. Bronze artifacts initially were copies of clay objects, but soon evolved into shapes invoking bronze material characteristics. Essentially, the bronze alloys represented in the copper-tin-lead ternary diagram are not easily hot or cold worked and are difficult to shape by hammering, the most common techniques used by the ancient Europeans and Middle Easterners. This did not deter the Chinese, however, for they had demonstrated technical proficiency with hard, thin walled ceramics by the end of the Neolithic period and were able to use these skills to develop a most unusual casting method called the piece mold process. Advances in ceramic technology played an influential role in the progress of Chinese bronze casting where the piece mold process was more of a technological extension than a distinct innovation. Certainly, the long and specialized experience in handling clay was required to form the delicate inscriptions, to properly fit the molds together and to prevent them from cracking during the pour. -
The Lost-Wax Casting Process—Down to Basics by Eddie Bell, Founder, Santa Fe Symposium
The Lost-Wax Casting Process—Down To Basics By Eddie Bell, Founder, Santa Fe Symposium. Lost-wax casting is a ancient technique that is used today in essentially the same manner as it was first used more than 5,000 years ago. As they say, there's no messing with success. Today, of course, technology has vastly expanded the technique and produced powerful equipment that makes the process faster, easier and more productive than ever, but the basic steps remain the same. The steps below represent a simple overview and are intended to provide a beginning understanding of the casting process. Concept This is obviously where the design is initally conceived, discussed,evolved, and captured on paper—or on computer; CAD (computer aided design) software is increasingly popular among designers. You create the design you envision using the computer tool and the software creates a file that can be uploaded into a CNC mill or 3D printer. Model Build a model, either by hand-carving, guided by the paper rendering, or by uploading the CAD file into a computer controlled milling machine or a 3D printing machine. Models are made using carving wax, resin or similar material. This process can also be done in metal by a goldsmith or silversmith. Note: If a 3D printer or other rapid prototyping equipment is used, it is possible to skip the molding and wax-injection steps by using one of the resins that are specially made to go directly to the treeing process. Molding Create a mold from your master model, placing it in one of a variety of rubber or silicone materials, curing the material, then removing the model from the finished mold. -
Welding Core: Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Course Outcome Summary
Welding Core: Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Course Outcome Summary Course Information Description Through classroom and/or lab/shop learning and assessment activities, students in this course will: explain the gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW); demonstrate the safe and correct set up of the GTAW workstation; relate GTAW electrode and filler metal classifications with base metals and joint criteria; build proper electrode and filler metal selection and use based on metal types and thicknesses; build pads of weld beads with selected electrodes and filler material in the flat position; build pads of weld beads with selected electrodes and filler material in the horizontal position; perform basic GTAW welds on selected weld joints; and perform visual inspection of GTAW welds. Types of Instruction Instruction Type Credits 3 Competencies 1. Explain the gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW) Properties Domain: Cognitive Level: Synthesis You will demonstrate your competence: o through an instructor-provided written or oral evaluation tool Your performance will be successful when: o you differentiate between types and uses of current o you identify the advantages and disadvantages of GTAW o you identify types of welding power sources o you identify different components of a GTAW workstation o you describe basic electrical safety 2. Demonstrate the safe and correct set up of the GTAW workstation Properties Domain: Cognitive Level: Application You will demonstrate your competence: o in a lab or shop setting o using a GTAW workstation Your performance will be successful when: o you demonstrate proper inspection of equipment o you demonstrate proper use of PPE o you demonstrate proper placement of workpiece connection o you check for proper setup of equipment o you inspect area for potential hazards/safety issues o you troubleshoot GTAW equipment and perform minor maintenance 3. -
Section XV BASE METALS and ARTICLES of BASE METAL Notes
Section XV BASE METALS AND ARTICLES OF BASE METAL Notes. 1.- This Section does not cover : (a) Prepared paints, inks or other products with a basis of metallic flakes or powder (headings 32.07 to 32.10, 32.12, 32.13 or 32.15); (b) Ferro-cerium or other pyrophoric alloys (heading 36.06); (c) Headgear or parts thereof of heading 65.06 or 65.07; (d) Umbrella frames or other articles of heading 66.03; (e) Goods of Chapter 71 (for example, precious metal alloys, base metal clad with precious metal, imitation jewellery); (f) Articles of Section XVI (machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical goods); (g) Assembled railway or tramway track (heading 86.08) or other articles of Section XVII (vehicles, ships and boats, aircraft); (h) Instruments or apparatus of Section XVIII, including clock or watch springs; (ij) Lead shot prepared for ammunition (heading 93.06) or other articles of Section XIX (arms and ammunition); (k) Articles of Chapter 94 (for example, furniture, mattress supports, lamps and lighting fittings, illuminated signs, prefabricated buildings); (l) Articles of Chapter 95 (for example, toys, games, sports requisites); (m) Hand sieves, buttons, pens, pencil-holders, pen nibs or other articles of Chapter 96 (miscellaneous manufactured articles); or (n) Articles of Chapter 97 (for example, works of art). 2.- Throughout the Nomenclature, the expression “parts of general use” means : (a) Articles of heading 73.07, 73.12, 73.15, 73.17 or 73.18 and similar articles of other base metal; (b) Springs and leaves for springs, of base metal, other than clock or watch springs (heading 91.14); and (c) Articles of headings 83.01, 83.02, 83.08, 83.10 and frames and mirrors, of base metal, of heading 83.06.