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Republic of Iraq
Republic of Iraq Babylon Nomination Dossier for Inscription of the Property on the World Heritage List January 2018 stnel oC fobalbaT Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 State Party .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Province ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Name of property ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ................................................................................................. 1 Center ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 N 32° 32’ 31.09”, E 44° 25’ 15.00” ..................................................................................................................... 1 Textural description of the boundary .................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria under which the property is nominated .................................................................................................. 4 Draft statement -
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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
The Ancient Greek Trireme: a Staple of Ancient Maritime Tradition
Wright State University CORE Scholar Classics Ancient Science Fair Religion, Philosophy, and Classics 2020 The Ancient Greek Trireme: A staple of Ancient Maritime Tradition Joseph York Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ancient_science_fair Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Repository Citation York , J. (2020). The Ancient Greek Trireme: A staple of Ancient Maritime Tradition. Dayton, Ohio. This Poster is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Ancient Science Fair by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Origin of the Trireme: The Ancient Greek Trireme: A staple of Ancient Maritime Tradition The Trireme likely evolved out of the earlier Greek ships such as the earlier two decked biremes often depicted in a number of Greek pieces of pottery, according to John Warry. These ships depicted in Greek pottery2 were sometimes show with or without History of the Trireme: parexeiresia, or outriggers. The invention of the Trireme is attributed The Ancient Greek Trireme was a to the Sidonians according to Clement staple ship of Greek naval warfare, of Alexandria in the Stromata. and played a key role in the Persian However, Thucydides claims that the Wars, the creation of the Athenian Trireme was invented by the maritime empire, and the Corinthians in the late 8th century BC. -
Neo-Assyrian Treaties As a Source for the Historian: Bonds of Friendship, the Vigilant Subject and the Vengeful King S Treaty
WRITING NEO-ASSYRIAN HISTORY Sources, Problems, and Approaches Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the University of Helsinki on September 22-25, 2014 Edited by G.B. Lanfranchi, R. Mattila and R. Rollinger THE NEO-ASSYRIAN TEXT CORPUS PROJECT 2019 STATE ARCHIVES OF ASSYRIA STUDIES Published by the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki in association with the Foundation for Finnish Assyriological Research Project Director Simo Parpola VOLUME XXX G.B. Lanfranchi, R. Mattila and R. Rollinger (eds.) WRITING NEO-ASSYRIAN HISTORY SOURCES, PROBLEMS, AND APPROACHES THE NEO- ASSYRIAN TEXT CORPUS PROJECT State Archives of Assyria Studies is a series of monographic studies relating to and supplementing the text editions published in the SAA series. Manuscripts are accepted in English, French and German. The responsibility for the contents of the volumes rests entirely with the authors. © 2019 by the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki and the Foundation for Finnish Assyriological Research All Rights Reserved Published with the support of the Foundation for Finnish Assyriological Research Set in Times The Assyrian Royal Seal emblem drawn by Dominique Collon from original Seventh Century B.C. impressions (BM 84672 and 84677) in the British Museum Cover: Assyrian scribes recording spoils of war. Wall painting in the palace of Til-Barsip. After A. Parrot, Nineveh and Babylon (Paris, 1961), fig. 348. Typesetting by G.B. Lanfranchi Cover typography by Teemu Lipasti and Mikko Heikkinen Printed in the USA ISBN-13 978-952-10-9503-0 (Volume 30) ISSN 1235-1032 (SAAS) ISSN 1798-7431 (PFFAR) CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. vii Giovanni Battista Lanfranchi, Raija Mattila, Robert Rollinger, Introduction .............................. -
Warships of the Ancient World 3000–500 Bc
WARSHIPS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3000–500 BC ADRIAN K. WOOD ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com NEW VANGUARD 196 WARSHIPS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3000–500 BC ADRIAN K. WOOD ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 t Chronology BCE EGYPT 5 t Egyptian ships and seafaring t Warships of Rameses III t Tactics, organization and the battle of the Delta t Ships of the Sea Peoples MINOAN CRETE 15 t The Minoan Thalassocracy t Minoan ships t Minoan tactics BRONZE AGE SYRIA 20 t Ugarit and the Hittites t Syrian ships t Tactics and the battle of Alasiya PHOENICIA: THE LEGACY OF UGARIT 24 t Phoenician sea power t Phoenician warships t Phoenician naval practices and tactics GREECE 30 t Homeric warlords, warriors and ships t Early pentekonters t Hekatonters t Eikosoroi t Homeric tactics t Colonial wars (c. 700–500 BCE) t Late pentekonters t Triakonters t Archaic tactics and the battle of Alalia t Tyrants and sea power t Polycrates and the Samaina t The end of an era BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 t Primary Sources t Select Secondary Sources Index INDEX 48 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com WARSHIPS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 3000–500 BC INTRODUCTION The warships which fought for mastery of the Mediterranean during the Classical period were the culmination of centuries of development. This book traces the naval innovations that culminated in the standardized warships of Greek, Carthaginian and Roman fleets. The size and general configuration of pre-Classical warships remained comparable throughout the two millennia culminating around 500 BCE. -
Elam and Babylonia: the Evidence of the Calendars*
BASELLO E LAM AND BABYLONIA : THE EVIDENCE OF THE CALENDARS GIAN PIETRO BASELLO Napoli Elam and Babylonia: the Evidence of the Calendars * Pochi sanno estimare al giusto l’immenso benefizio, che ogni momento godiamo, dell’aria respirabile, e dell’acqua, non meno necessaria alla vita; così pure pochi si fanno un’idea adeguata delle agevolezze e dei vantaggi che all’odierno vivere procura il computo uniforme e la divisione regolare dei tempi. Giovanni V. Schiaparelli, 1892 1 Babylonians and Elamites in Venice very historical research starts from Dome 2 just above your head. Would you a certain point in the present in be surprised at the sight of two polished Eorder to reach a far-away past. But figures representing the residents of a journey has some intermediate stages. Mesopotamia among other ancient peo- In order to go eastward, which place is ples? better to start than Venice, the ancient In order to understand this symbolic Seafaring Republic? If you went to Ven- representation, we must go back to the ice, you would surely take a look at San end of the 1st century AD, perhaps in Marco. After entering the church, you Rome, when the evangelist described this would probably raise your eyes, struck by scene in the Acts of the Apostles and the golden light floating all around: you compiled a list of the attending peoples. 3 would see the Holy Spirit descending If you had an edition of Paulus Alexan- upon peoples through the preaching drinus’ Sã ! Ğ'ã'Ğ'·R ğ apostles. You would be looking at the (an “Introduction to Astrology” dated at 12th century mosaic of the Pentecost 378 AD) 4 within your reach, you should * I would like to thank Prof. -
Ancient Sumerians
Ancient Sumerians Reviving a civilization from the past Megan Frisella, Joy Lim, Sriya Pidatala, Tony Vuolo Who were the Sumerians? ➔ A civilization that populated land in southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq and Kuwait) ➔ The Sumerians are known for the first cities and innovation in writing, governance, and technology. ➔ Sumer existed from around 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE. Origin of the Sumerians ➔ 4500-4000 BCE (in Mesopotamia) ◆ Ubaid people - civilization built around farming communities ➔ 3000 BCE - Sumerians took over the region and controlled it until 2000 BCE Sumerian City-States ➔ Sumerian city-states were walled in communities surrounded by agricultural villages ➔ Governed by a king/priest who serves as a political and religious leader ◆ Each city is dedicated to a Sumerian deity who is worshiped by the city’s inhabitants ➔ The first cities in the world were in the Sumerian civilization ◆ Uruk : The first city in the world and the capital of the Sumerian empire Government ➔ Government could levy taxes; allowed them to have public works like large canals and monuments ➔ A record of kings was found inscribed on a tablet ➔ Lugalzagesi was the last ruler before Sumer came under the control of another nation ➔ Captured by the Akkadians Language ➔ One of the first writing systems was cuneiform ◆ Cuneiform uses pictographs, written with a reed stylus on a wet clay tile ➔ Employed scribes to keep records in government or religious settings ◆ Stamps with symbols that indicate what is being traded ◆ Detailed trade reports (for taxes, etc.) Social Structure 1. King/Priest 2. Subordinate Priests (religious leaders and healers) 3. Upper Class (self-employed, high in the military, scribes) 4. -
The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State
Cambridge University Press 0521563585 - The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State D. T. Potts Frontmatter More information The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State From the middle of the third millennium bc until the coming of Cyrus the Great, southwestern Iran was referred to in Mesopotamian sources as the land of Elam. A heterogenous collection of regions, Elam was home to a variety of groups, alternately the object of Mesopotamian aggres- sion, and aggressors themselves; an ethnic group seemingly swallowed up by the vast Achaemenid Persian empire, yet a force strong enough to attack Babylonia in the last centuries bc. The Elamite language is attested as late as the Medieval era, and the name Elam as late as 1300 in the records of the Nestorian church. This book examines the formation and transforma- tion of Elam’s many identities through both archaeological and written evidence, and brings to life one of the most important regions of Western Asia, re-evaluates its significance, and places it in the context of the most recent archaeological and historical scholarship. d. t. potts is Edwin Cuthbert Hall Professor in Middle Eastern Archaeology at the University of Sydney. He is the author of The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, 2 vols. (1990), Mesopotamian Civilization (1997), and numerous articles in scholarly journals. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521563585 - The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State D. T. Potts Frontmatter More information cambridge world archaeology Series editor NORMAN YOFFEE, University of Michigan Editorial board SUSAN ALCOCK, University of Michigan TOM DILLEHAY, University of Kentucky CHRIS GOSDEN, University of Oxford CARLA SINOPOLI, University of Michigan The Cambridge World Archaeology series is addressed to students and professional archaeologists, and to academics in related disciplines. -
Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History 2011 Number 2 Editors: Frands Herschend and Paul Sinclair
JAAH Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History 2011 Number 2 Editors: Frands Herschend and Paul Sinclair. Editorial Board: Assyriology: Olof Pedersén. Archaeology: Anders Kaliff, Kjel Knutsson. Classical Archaeology and Ancient History: Lars Karlsson, Gullög Nordquist. Egyptology: Irmgard Hein, Lana Troy. North-European Archaeology: Ola Kyhlberg. Editorial history: www.arkeologi.uu.se/Journal/ ISSN: 2001-1199 Published: 2011-10-21 at http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159978 Is there an Archaeological Potential for a Sociology of Landing Sites? Kristin Ilves1 1Kristin Ilves, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, SE-75226 Uppsala / Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, Södertörn University, SE- 14189 Huddinge Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University, Sweden ABSTRACT: Kristin Ilves 2011. Is there an Archaeological Potential for a Sociology of Landing Sites? Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History. 2011, No. 2 pp 1-31. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159978 Repeatedly, archaeological research on landing sites draws upon the equivalence between a naturally suitable coast and a landing site/harbour. This kind of research emanates from an archaeologically and socially ill- defined landing site concept and has created a basis for arbitrary discussions on the nature of maritime activities of past societies. There is no comprehensive and integrated understanding of the existing variability, character and patterns of landing site behaviour and relations. -
What Is Ancient History?
What is Ancient History? Ian Morris & Walter Scheidel Abstract: Every society has told stories about ancient times, but contemporary ancient history was the prod- uct of two main developments. The first was the invention of writing, which made scholarly study of the past possible, and the second was the explosion of knowledge about the world from the eighteenth century on- Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/145/2/113/1830927/daed_a_00381.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 ward. Europeans responded to this explosion by inventing two main versions of antiquity: the first, an evo- lutionary model, was global and went back to the origins of humanity; and the second, a classical model, treated Greece and Rome as turning points in world history. These two views of antiquity have competed for two hundred and fifty years, but in the twenty-first century, the evidence and methods available to -an cient historians are changing faster than at any other time since the debate began. We should therefore ex- pect the balance between the two theories to shift dramatically. We close by considering some possible areas of engagement. Ancient history is the study of beginnings, and is thus organized around two central questions: 1) how to define the subject matter whose beginning is be- ing studied; and 2) what that beginning means for the world that the studiers live in. Across the centu- ries, the answers ancient historians have offered to these questions have changed significantly, largely in response to new evidence and new methods. But now, in the twenty-first century, the evidence and IAN MORRIS is the Jean and Re methods available are changing faster than at any becca Willard Professor of Clas sics at Stanford University and a time since the eighteenth century, and we should Fellow of the Stanford Archaeol expect the answers ancient historians offer to do the ogy Center. -
Timelines of Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia 1
C a p t i o n e d M e d i a P r o g r a m #9946 TIMELINES OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: MESOPOTAMIA 1 FILM IDEAS, INC, 2003 Grade Level: 8-12 18 mins. DESCRIPTION Introduces Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known as the Fertile Crescent or the “cradle of civilization.” Describes the importance of these rivers in the development of civilizations. Focuses first on accomplishments of the Sumerians: irrigation, written language, metal work, the wheel, and more. The Akkadians followed the Sumerians, adapting and improving their inventions, only to be overcome by the next important culture–Babylon. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: World History–Era 2–Early Civilizations and the Rise of Pastoral Peoples, 4000-1000 B • Standard: Understands the major characteristics of civilization and the development of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley Benchmark: Understands environmental and cultural factors that shaped the development of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley (e.g., development of religious and ethical belief systems and how they legitimized political and social order; demands of the natural environment; how written records such as the Epic of Gilgamesh reflected and shaped the political, religious, and cultural life of Mesopotamia) (See INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS 2, 3, and 5.) Subject Area: Geography–The World in Spatial Terms • Standard: Knows the location of places, geographic features, and patterns of the environment Benchmark: Knows the location of physical and human features on maps and -
Babylonian Empire 9/13/11 3:47 PM
Babylonian Empire 9/13/11 3:47 PM home : index : ancient Mesopotamia : article by Jona Lendering © Babylonian Empire The Babylonian Empire was the most powerful state in the ancient world after the fall of the Assyrian empire (612 BCE). Its capital Babylon was beautifully adorned by king Nebuchadnezzar, who erected several famous buildings. Even after the Babylonian Empire had been overthrown by the Persian king Cyrus the Great (539), the city itself remained an important cultural center. Old Babylonian Period Kassite Period Old Babylonian Period Middle Babylonian Period Assyrian Period King Hammurabi and Šamaš Capital of the stele with the Laws The city of Babylon makes its first appearance in our sources after the Neo-Babylonian Period of Hammurabi (Louvre) fall of the Empire of the Third Dynasty of Ur, which had ruled the city Later history states of the alluvial plain between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris for Related more than a century (2112-2004?). An agricultural crisis meant the Mesopotamian Kings end of this centralized state, and several more or less nomadic tribes Chronology settled in southern Mesopotamia. One of these was the nation of the Amorites ("westerners"), which took over Isin, Larsa, and Babylon. Their kings are known as the First Dynasty of Babylon (1894-1595?). The area was reunited by Hammurabi, a king of Babylon of Amorite descent (1792-1750?). From his reign on, the alluvial plain of southern Iraq was called, with a deliberate archaism, Mât Akkadî, "the country of Akkad", after the city that had united the region centuries before. We call it Babylonia.