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Using Smart Growth Strategies to Create More Resilient Communities in the Washington, D.C., Region

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Using Smart Growth Strategies to Create More Resilient Communities in the Washington, D.C., Region United States November 2013 Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov/smartgrowth USING SMART GROWTH STRATEGIES TO CREATE MORE RESILIENT COMMUNITIES IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C., REGION Office of Sustainable Communities Smart Growth Program Contacts U.S. Environmental Protection Agency project leads: Kevin M. Nelson, AICP Megan M. Susman 202-566-2835 202-566-2861 [email protected] [email protected] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Sustainable Communities 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Mail code 1807T Washington, DC 20460 Contractor lead: Kate Marshall SRA International, Inc. 3434 Washington Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 703-284-6234 [email protected] Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments project lead: Maia A. Davis Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 777 North Capitol St. NE Washington, DC 20002-4239 202-962-3227 [email protected] All photographs courtesy of EPA unless otherwise noted. Photographs on the front cover, (left to right, top to bottom): Ballston Metro Station, Arlington, Virginia; Washington Canal Park, Washington, D.C.; Eastern Village, Silver Spring, Maryland (source: Dan Reed via Flickr.com). November 2013 ii Using Smart Growth Strategies to Create More Resilient Communities in the Washington, D.C., Region • November 2013 CONTENTS Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 Plan for Climate Change ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 2 Consider Regional Approaches ......................................................................................................................................... 13 2-A Land Use..................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2-B Transportation ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 2-C Water .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2-D Buildings ..................................................................................................................................................................... 22 3 Discourage New Development in Particularly Vulnerable Areas .................................................................................... 24 3-A Evaluate Development Incentives Provided in Particularly Vulnerable Areas ...................................................... 25 3-B Adopt Protective Regulations for Particularly Vulnerable Areas ........................................................................... 27 3-C Direct Development Away From Particularly Vulnerable Areas Within Individual Development Sites .............. 29 3-D Adopt or Adapt a Purchase or Transfer of Development Rights Program ............................................................ 31 3-E Establish a Fund to Acquire or Protect Land in Particularly Vulnerable Areas ...................................................... 33 4 Protect People and Assets in Vulnerable Areas .............................................................................................................. 35 4-A Improve Stormwater Management Approaches .................................................................................................... 36 4-B Adapt Zoning and Building Codes to Evolving Risks ................................................................................................ 40 4-C Create Special Districts to Fund Retrofits and Upgrades for Public Buildings and Infrastructure ....................... 43 4-D Identify and Address Transportation System Vulnerabilities ................................................................................. 45 4-E Implement Heat Island Reduction Strategies .......................................................................................................... 48 4-F Streamline and Fund the Relocation Process .......................................................................................................... 51 5 Encourage Sustainable Growth in Appropriate, Less-Vulnerable Areas ........................................................................ 55 5-A Promote Compact, Mixed-Use Development ......................................................................................................... 56 5-B Promote Infill Development in Appropriate Locations ........................................................................................... 59 5-C Remove Roadblocks to Appropriate Development ................................................................................................ 62 5-D Adopt Green, Complete Streets Design Standards ................................................................................................. 65 5-E Update Building Code Requirements....................................................................................................................... 68 5-F Incorporate Passive Survivability Into New and Existing Projects .......................................................................... 71 6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Appendix A: EPA Smart Growth Implementation Assistance Program ................................................................................... 74 Appendix B: About the Site Visit ................................................................................................................................................ 75 Appendix C: Stakeholder Input From Sector Meetings ............................................................................................................ 76 Appendix D: Climate Adaptation for Water Systems ............................................................................................................... 79 Appendix E: Resources ............................................................................................................................................................... 81 Using Smart Growth Strategies to Create More Resilient Communities in the Washington, D.C., Region • November 2013 iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate change is having, and is expected to continue to have, an impact on communities’ economies, environment, and quality of life. Many local governments recognize the need to plan for long-term solutions to prepare for and adapt to the local impacts of climate change. But how do communities prepare for projected impacts across multiple sectors? How can they balance the long-term priority of preparing for climate change with the many competing short-term priorities and resource constraints? Which strategies can effectively use local government resources to bring multiple benefits? This guidebook presents approaches that cities, suburbs, and rural areas in the Washington, D.C., region can use to prepare for future climate risks while also meeting other environmental, economic, and community goals. These approaches respond to current and projected risks to the land use, transportation, water, and building sectors and can help make these sectors more resilient, meaning the sectors would be better able to prepare for and recover from threats. The approaches are also intended to encourage compact development that offers a range of transportation options, uses resources more efficiently, and creates attractive and thriving neighborhoods—in other words, to bring additional short- and long-term benefits that improve the community regardless of the extent of climate change that actually occurs. Many of these approaches include smart growth strategies that some local governments in the region already use but that could be tweaked to help communities better adapt to climate change. Before determining which of these approaches might be most useful, local governments need to know how climate change is projected to affect their communities and how vulnerable their systems and populations are. Typically this step will include a vulnerability assessment to determine which areas and assets are most at risk from climate change. Local governments can use this information to prioritize where and when to take action. Many local governments also use the vulnerability assessment to create a climate readiness plan to guide decision-making for municipal facilities, services, and assets. Regional approaches to planning for climate change can help local governments more effectively address associated risks by exploring issues beyond individual jurisdictions’ borders, coordinating actions, sharing data and information, and identifying best practices. Regional approaches and their potential benefits include: Consolidating and distributing information and planning regionally for climate change can help ensure that land use plans protect particularly vulnerable areas and keep people and property safe. Making the regional
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