Vol. 8, No. 1 August 1988

" and Ethics" an "ethics document" of some associations is not as easy as it Michael Davis, Editor, CSEP, sort, though many of these should be. Several of the projects Illinois Institute of Technology documents are too general to be in Vivian Weil's report of Center called a code of ethics. All activities clearly mix business and express a concern for more than professional concerns. This is profit. A few even put profit after especially true of the recently and professional service. completed AAAS collection ethics are generally thought to be concerned with corporate- quite distinct. Professions are university research relations and defined (in part at least) by a Those who run such the recently begun project, funded commitment to public service have changed as well. by Hitachi, on the problems of rather than profit; business, by its has come to look combining engineering judgment commitment to profit. Each more and more like another with management decision. profession has its own code of profession, one the members of ethics. Such a code sets a standard which are dedicated to looking of conduct higher than that to after the capital and reputation of These brushes with business have which people are ordinarily held. the they manage. led us to reflect on ethics in Business, as such, has no such Schools of business business. This issue is one result code. Indeed, the chief question of administration or management of that reflection. We have tried to now sit beside older colleges of avoid abstract discussions. There business ethics has seemed to many to be not whether business engineering, medical schools, and are too many of those already. law schools on many campuses. What we have ended up with are should be held to a higher standard than ordinary people but The graduates of these schools, three stories with a single theme. whether business is held to a especially the MBA's, seem In one, the chief executive officer lower standard. increasingly concerned about of a Chicago talks ethics. Many business schools about the problem of mixing teach a course in business ethics business and friendship and asks The distinction between or include problems of business us to think about the importance professions and business has ethics in other business courses. of trust in running a business. In always been clearer in theory than Many more are considering doing another story, we hear an in practice. But practice is almost so. employee tell how his superior daily making the distinction less involved him in improper activity. clear. On the one hand, We are asked to think about the professionals are generally Though the Center does not have of an employee's trust. The engaged in business. Many "business" in its title, it has third story is about how hard professionals sell their own increasingly found its concern getting such first-hand accounts of services; many more work for with professions leading it to business ethics can be. Once trust that do. engage in what might be called has broken down within an Increasingly, these organizations business ethics. For some time, everyone seems to be are profit-making. Even many the Center has done ethics always on his guard-like doctors now work for for-profit workshops for such groups inhabitants of Hobbes' state of hospitals. Businesses, on the other as the Institute of Gas Technology nature. hand, have begun to or the Chicago Builders "professionalize." Most large Association. Distinguishing trade American corporations now have associations from professional To these three stories of ethics in business, we have added a brief I made a lot of good contacts. Managers and employees who look at the "ethics business" and Unfortunately, there was a darker aren't trusted by their associates, two of our own problems of side to that experience. As a are not very useful or successful. business ethics. Plainly, we have person, I went from being naive to Trust is obtained in two ways: only sampled one corner of a vast being cynical. That may not sound First, by being trustworthy. That, field. surprising or even serious. After however, is not enough. Secondly,

all, isn't the function of the `first you must trust others. Trust is ______job' to provide a practical sense of similar to love-it is a two-way the real world? I think not. street. No one trusts anyone who Becoming cynical is a serious doesn't trust them. The key to infirmity. Now, I am not an building trust is to trust others. "Betrayal and the Moral Life advocate of retaining the naivete The first issue in a relationship Cycle of Management" of a school child. On the other becomes, "How can I let this John A. Wing, President, hand, to replace naivete with person know that I can and will cynicism can create even greater trust him?" To trust people Chicago Corporation problems. requires getting over being cynical. . .without becoming

By the time I left the SEC, I no naive. My first job after college and the longer felt I was on the side of the Army was working at the angels. I realized that the SEC If you are willing to offer your Securities and Exchange could bring almost any securities trust, you find the trust you need Commission. During the first firm to its knees and that the is usually forthcoming. couple of years, I learned a lot prosecutor's discretion was often Conversely, if you withhold your about , law, and exercised somewhat whimsically. trust and thus are perceived as finance. By the time I left, I I found that investors who lost suspicious and doubting, you will probably knew enough to have money could easily be led to frequently find that your been hired in the first place! claim that the most outrageous associates will deal with you promises had been made to them. defensively. If you are their Washington in the early 1960s After five years at the SEC, I manager, they probably will lack was an exciting place to live. John found myself somewhat loyalty to the organization. Taking F. Kennedy was President. He disillusioned and quite cynical the risky step of offering one's called it the "New Frontier" and about the way the business world trust is not always rewarding. On the magazine writers called it works and very distrustful of occasion, you will be criticized "Camelot." As a young lawyer at human nature. During the next for naivete. The price not the SEC, I felt I was on the side of twenty years of my life, I withstanding, rising above the angels. I was certain that the managed to get over most of my cynicism to obtain the loyalty devil lived and worked on Wall cynicism without returning to the derived from mutual trust is Street! Feeling like God's chosen naivete of my youth. This has critical to building, managing and instrument and wielding the been valuable. leading an organization. power of the U.S. Government was exhilarating. 1 was very The problems of cynicism are "Betrayal" sounds like a strong enthusiastic and worked hard at many, but at least one is easy to word for the everyday world of bringing law suits for the seethe unwillingness to trust business, but it is not. The first Commission. I was even fortunate others. Not being able to trust time I had to fire a good friend enough to be assigned to work on others is fatal to the chances of brought the word "betrayal" in the first big "inside information" success in building, managing or focus. The experience was suit brought by the SEC, the leading an organization. probably no tougher for me than it Texas Gulf Sulphur Case. was for anyone else, but that does Cynics usually believe that not mean it was easy. (I have My first job sounds like a very trusting is a serious and dangerous never had to close a plant, but I good experience, doesn't it? From mistake; so they avoid trusting expect the experience is similar, if an intellectual point of view, it people. However, to be successful not more intense.) Thinking about was-I learned a lot. From a in an organization, you must be what I was doing, I wondered if professional point of view, it was- able to obtain the trust of others. there were some limits to loyalty behind which I could hide. I must sometimes be betrayed. The should have gone straight to wondered, "Is this `betrayal' and if betrayal leads finally to my father [a senior partner at a so, was what I had done going to compassion. The moral life cycle medium-sized urban law firm] get easier with practice?" of building, managing, and when things started coming leading an organization is not easy down. When I finally consulted but, finally, it's painfully In thinking about loyalty and him, he told me, `Look, this betrayal in an organizational rewarding. guy has asked you to do setting, you quickly realize that loyalty is necessary for an ______something wrong. You've organization to survive. You also taken a couple of steps, but soon realize that you sometimes now's the time to act against must place the organizations his instructions-even if you interests ahead of your personal "A Case of the Creeps" lose your job.' feelings. You will be told that Ralph Davis, Director of the there has been a betrayal, and Executive MBA and JD/MBA "Well, I could see that if I went indeed, there has been one. Programs, IIT along with this guy, eventually the house of cards would fall I have found no panacea for the down and he would have set remorse and guilt that I feel when me up to hold the bag because I am understandably viewed as a The body of this article is what he was asking me to do his betrayer. The only thing that an employee of a regional seems to help is caring and letting office of a multinational dirty work for him. After your feelings show. It isn't marketing service company everything's over, what do I pleasant to deal with the aftermath told me about how he handled say to the people who were of betrayal. It may seem easier to the unethical demands of his hurt along the way? Well, it's hide behind your desk, general manager. He had been kind of hard to say, `I had to do comfortable with the justification an employee for approximately it because I had to keep my that "I didn't want to do it, but it four years before he decided he job.' What kind of an excuse is had to be done." In my view, that? along with the authority to make had to resign. The names of those involved have been such decisions, goes the "This whole ethical thing responsibility for sharing actively withheld at his request and that started small. His first request in the grief that results. of his former employer. His story is a tale of creeping that made me feel It is through dealing personally ethical compromise: uncomfortable involved an and actively with the sadness and advertisement for an pain you have precipitated that ingredients company client. you can maintain trust and self- The ingredient was used in soft respect. Compassion is necessary "I have to start out by saying drinks, and the ad portrayed a to maintain the trust upon which that when I began working for lady relishing the taste of a soft loyalty is based. Equally this guy [the general manager], drink. The packaging of the important, compassion is needed soft drink in the ad had to be for you to maintain the self- I had stepped up my lifestyle-a new apartment with a status generic that is, not showing respect required for you honestly Coke, Pepsi, and so forth. One to hope for that loyalty. address, collector furniture, that sort of thing. In a way, I of our other clients is a packaging association. Our The wounds incurred from helped tighten the vice-grip youthful naivete usually lead to this guy would have on me creative department cynicism. I hope cynicism can be because I drained most of my recommended use of a package overcome by the recognition of spare cash. More than ever, I type different from our the effectiveness and pleasures of needed my job. packaging association client's. shared trust. Shared trust builds The general manager ordered the loyalty which an organization 'Also, I have to say that I the ad be changed in the must have to thrive. This loyalty interests of the packaging client's competitor and unethical behavior. association. This order intended to keep it quiet from presented a conflict-the interest everybody in the company. He ______of the client paying for the ad instructed me to put together a versus the interest of the other press kit, direct-mail brochures, client. and a custom-made mailing list-all on the `QT' I "The Story Behind ‘A Case "The conflict issue did not immediately told him that the of the Creeps’" escalate, but soon afterward we whole thing wasn't right. He Ralph Davis, Director of the were `pitching' a new client told me to sleep on it. Then, Executive MBA and JD/MBA who wanted to use a modified two days later, he told me, `you Programs, IIT version of a famous poem in its gotta do it.' I was told to lake ads. We secured agreement for out false job numbers-which I the rights to use the poem, but did. Somehow... somehow, he A frequent criticism of the cases were instructed that the poem was going to intercept the we use to teach business ethics is could not be altered. Counsel ultimate bills and retype them that they are irrelevant to the from our New York parent or something. Also, I was to average business person. For example, the well documented company advised us that under put all expenses under a insider trading cases involve big- no circumstances could the different client's name and money executives. Most business poem be changed. The general number. I didn't really people will never be in their place. manager decided to take the understand how this whole chance anyway; he changed the thing was actually to be We try to overcome this poem, had the ad made, and handled. disadvantage by using our own just hoped that he didn't get "what if" situations. Though caught. He had a back-up plan. "It was at this time that I hypothetical cases can be He figured he could slick his sought my father's advice-[his] constructed to resemble situations way out of the problem by advice [was] that I get on the business people are likely to placing the advertising in a next flight to New York and confront, these cases tend to be sister publication of the tell the top brass what was too schematic, too obviously fictional, for students to take copyright holder. But even going down. I didn't go to New seriously. I often wondered why then, some other client's money York. I basically stalled. there are so few cases of the right would be used to cover this Shortly thereafter, I decided to sort. Now I know. guy's behind instead of [being leave the company. But on the used] in the best interest of the day of my resignation, I went Last year I happened upon a real client. to a company executive at the life ethics case. Four people, two same level as the general who remain today with the "Some time passed before the manager. Files and evidence in company involved and two who requests really got big. And hand, I spilled all the beans to do not, told me how they (and then, they seemed to all come him." others) handled the unethical at once. One of the requests demands of the general manager presented the biggest issue for of their regional office. This, I thought, was just the sort of ethics me, and it was the last one. I case I was looking for. was assigned a project which The general manager has since required that I lie to my co- resigned from the company- It was not. What I had found was workers, take out false client "just ahead of the drop of the not so much a first-class ethics job numbers, and act in conflict axe," as one of the company's case as an introduction to the with one of our existing clients. top executives put it. Company substantial disincentives, both The general manager had officials are still discovering legal and extralegal, that exist for accepted some business from a the extent of the manager's anyone who wants to prepare a real-life ethics case. As a lawyer, the author of articles action. modifying the testimonial, I had on free speech, I was, of course, to secure agreement from the aware that great caution would be In its original form, the other participant offering it. The needed to avoid a defamation suit. testimonial provided a perfect foil. testimonial lost a little life with Caution dictated that names, But it did not keep that form for each revision, but it survived. places and identifying details be long. excluded from the case. The facts Another showdown still lay ahead would have to be checked and I supplied the prepublication draft of me-with the former general double-checked. to an officer of the company for manager. The legal safeguards review. I also advised the person against a possible defamation I selected testimonials as the case who offered the testimonial that action were already in place. Each format. A first-person report he should have his own lawyer major fact could be supported by seemed more likely to engage the review it. more than one source. The truth is reader than a god's-eye, third- an absolute defense in a person description. I then Within a couple of days, the defamation suit. But such embarked upon securing the officer who had received the safeguards are not enough. As one appropriate testimonials. prepublication draft reported to reviewing attorney commented, me that the company's chairman "you can go broke asserting your At once, two of the four might request that I withdraw the defense." A sad feature of participants got cold feet. One testimonial. Executives within the defamation defenses is that one feared job dismissal. The company had somehow fastened can win the suit (if it goes to trial) participant's spouse had recently onto the idea that the and still spend lots of money on become unemployed. The couple prepublication draft was final. legal fees. did not want to put already tight personal finances at risk. The Soon afterward, the chairman To publish the testimonial safely, other participant with cold feet called meat home. His voice I would have to be sure that anticipated a legal action revealed deep concern. I sensed bringing a defamation action involving the company. that he expected a fight. He was would be against the former caught a little off-guard by my general manager's own interests. I When word got around the expressions of cooperativeness. It had to be able to look him in the company that I was working on an took some time, however, to eye and say-Clint Eastwood style- ethics article, I received as many convince him that the testimonials "Make my day." as a dozen phone calls a day from were not an exercise in persons willing to "snitch" but investigative reporting but rather The first point in my favor was unwilling to go any farther. All an effort to do an ethics case that if the former general manager my informants wanted their study. He did not understand that I brought suit, he would publicly reports to be kept confidential. had submitted the testimonials to identify himself as the creep in "A Many also wanted me to assure his company to solicit company Case of the Creeps." them that I was not keeping a reaction, just in case my judgment written record of what they said. I on exclusion of identifying details Second, some of his business gave that assurance to keep the was faulty. Before ending the connections would necessarily be information coming. conversation, he indicated that his drawn into the suit as defense legal department would have to be witnesses. Depositions, court In the end, only two people gave involved. appearances, and the like testimonials. One of these had involving his business unflinchingly taken the ethical During the next few days, after a connections would certainly cast high ground and had taken his few rounds of phone calls, fax doubt upon his integrity. The lumps for doing so. His transmittals and revisions, all of doubts would be spread among testimonial was simply too the company's suggested changes those he would least want to "goodie two shoes" to be a case were accommodated except one doubt his ethics. study by itself. It would not be minor optional revision (changing useful without a foil, that is, one the word "creeps" in the title to Third, by bringing suit he would or more other testimonials "creep"). For each revision open up evidence otherwise reporting alternative courses of closed to me. For example, he best to conceal identities. He weeks. She finally explained that kept copious business notes in requested a prepublication copy of Mr. Doe had agreed to attend a hardbound diaries. These spanned the article. I refused. He asked the course in professional ethics as his tenure at several organizations. name of the publication. I refused part of the settlement of a criminal Since many people in the to tell him. He asked that I offer company had seen them, he could him a chance to tell his side. I case. He had to complete the not destroy them without also replied that his side was course before regaining his providing a basis for impeaching unnecessary because the article license to practice. He really his testimony. Modification of the was about how people reacted to wanted something he could get hardbound diaries could probably his demands-not about the out of the way in one day. A half- be detected by even a novice in rationale behind his demands. day seminar would be ideal. Poor scientific evidence. Ms. Roe had been calling local So, if he decided to initiate a legal universities all day, trying to find The fourth point in my favor was action before publication, he that the former manager would would have to come after me. I something convenient. Checking have a difficult time securing a had not identified any other the bulletin board, I found the reputable lawyer-unless he lied. person or institution as having announcement of a one day event The code of professional cooperated on the article. I then at a nearby state university. Ms. responsibility for lawyers waited to see what would happen. Roe was extremely thankful. prohibits the filing of frivolous suits. A lawyer who knowingly Nothing happened. Yet, even ______forwards a false claim risks court now, the risk of a law suit is still sanction and loss of license. If the there. No wonder there are so few manager deceived his own lawyer, good ethics cases based on he would not only risk having the primary sources. I doubt that I'll lawyer resign, he would also risk ever try to assemble such a case "What Would You Do If...?" eventually facing a charge of study again. criminal perjury. ______QUALITY OR QUANTITY. Fifth, legal action would probably You manage the evening shift at cost the former general manager the GoGo Motors assembly plant dearly. It is doubtful that he could "Another Side of Business in Gotown. Like the day shift, your shift has had trouble meeting secure a contingency fee Ethics" arrangement lasting longer than the quota set at headquarters. You the early stages of legal discovery. John Snapper, Illinois Insitute even wrote headquarters a memo No sensible lawyer would absorb of Technology explaining why you could not the cost of expensive litigation average more than 200 chassis an clearly destined to fail. hour. You were informed in I received a call from Ms. Roe last writing (1) that the assembly line Finally, if the former manager week, the secretary to Mr. J. Doe is capable of producing up to 220 filed a defamation suit, he would of the XYZ Corporation. (The chassis an hour and (2) that the face the possibility of countersuit- story is true; the aliases are not.) company cannot run the plant for tortious abuse of process, a Ms. Roe said that her boss wanted profitably on 200 chassis an hour. legal action which, if won, would a course in some area of impose not only actual damages Claim (1) is true in a sense. The professional ethics. I described but also punitive damages. assembly line can produce 220 IIT's offerings in ethics, each chassis for an hour or two, but The showdown occurred the week addressing some professional area only by exhausting the workers after I had submitted "A Case of such as engineering, business, or (and provided no machinery the Creeps" to Perspectives. The architecture. Ms. Roe, however, breaks down). Rut the only way to manager called and asked if I had did not think that her boss really get even 210 chassis an hour for prepared an article concerning wanted a semester course that met much longer than an hour or two is by counting "chassis him. I answered yes. I also three hours a week for sixteen informed him that I had done my assembled" rather than "chassis fit for shipment," that is, chassis division of a large corporation. Publications, Chicago, May 10-12 without significant defects. You have just been informed by 1989. Papers should investigate or Defective chassis are either rebuilt one of your assistants that a buyer analyze the process by which (at considerable cost) or scrapped. seems to be receiving substantial scientific journals select papers gifts from suppliers (a clear for publication. How do journal Claim (2), in contrast, is more a violation of company policy). But policies and practices affect threat than a statement of fact. It's the operative word is "seems." patient care? How do authors, a polite way of saying that if the reviewers, and editors make assembly plant doesn't meet its You wonder what to do. To ask decisions about submission and quota, it will be shut down and the buyer outright would simply publications? How are editors and you will be looking for another invite a denial (whether she is reviewers selected and evaluated? job. guilty or not). You therefore What are the responsibilities of consider putting the buyer under authors, institutions, editors, and You ask the plant manager what surveillance, that is, monitoring reviewers in maintaining the to do. His response is chillingly her office phone, going through integrity of research? How much simple, "Do the best you can-and her desk each night, and perhaps does it all cost? Abstracts due by then inelude enough defective having a detective watch her November 1, 1988. For further chassis in your shipment to bring house, obtain bank records, and so information, write Drummond the night's work up to quota. If the on. Rennie, MD, Congress Directors, bastards in headquarters cared Deputy Editor (West), JAMA, about quality, they would check You like this plan. There is no 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL for quality. They check numbers. telling what might turn up. But, if 60610. They leave quality to you. Figure nothing does, the buyer will not it out for yourself." know she has been under CALL FOR HELP: CSEP is surveillance. That is important, now engaged in a project The plant manager will say not only because there is no supported by the Hitachi nothing more explicit and will put reason to ruffle an employee's Foundation to find ways to help nothing in writing. He answers all feathers unnecessarily, but also managers and engineers work such requests with a smile at once because this employee can be together more effectively, kindly and contemptuous, as if to quite unpleasant when her especially when there is say, "Come on now, I've said what feathers are ruffled. disagreement concerning the I said as a friend, not as your boss, ethics of certain options. If you and I've already said more than I Actually, you would like to get rid know of any articles, case studies, should. You know that managers of her on any pretext whatever, institutionalized practices, sometimes have to do things they and you are pretty sure your corporate training, or the like that cannot talk about. Don't worry, assistant feels the same. Both of might be relevant to this project, everyone here will understand you are tired of her complaints please write Michael Davis, CSEP what you're doing and why you're about discrimination, about the IIT Chicago, IL 60616. doing it." safety of products you sell, and generally about your lack of social HELP AGAIN: The National Then, just as you are sure he will conscience. What should you do? Science Foundation has funded a say nothing more, he adds, What shouldn't you do? project to provide a data-based "Remember, in the long run, the understanding of the professional market will take care of ______values being developed by the everything. You can't fool the next generation of scientists and consumer." engineers during their graduate "Announcements" education. The project includes a survey of graduate school deans, Do you take the plant manager's advice? Why or why not? If not, development of a questionnaire to what do you do instead? Why? learn how students and faculty CALL FOR PAPERS: define appropriate professional International Congress on Peer behavior under difficult SEARCH AND DESTROY. Review in Biomedical You are a manager of a small circumstances, and focus sessions organized with academic comprehensive annotated CSEP received a marked increase departments in physics, biology, bibliography dealing with ethics in requests to provide help to social sciences, and engineering. and public policy; covers journal engineering faculty preparing to The project welcomes the articles, dissertations, and books; introduce course work on submission of case material, headings include "ethics and state engineering ethics. The exchanges papers, or correspondence which and local government," which followed indicate that a may contribute to the objet: lives "comparative government and number of schools are committed of the study. The project is also foreign policy," "health care/bio- to going beyond mere compliance seeking departments to organize medical research," "ethics and the with accreditation requirements. focus sessions. Contact Dr. Judith interrelationship of government At more than a half dozen Swazey, Arcadia Institute, 118 and business," "criteria for institutions with which CSEP has West St., Bar harbor, ME 04609. analyzing alternatives and been involved, faculty seek to principles of decision-making," create an environment in which CONFERENCE: Technology "multiple roles of policy engineering ethics courses can and Ethics: Genetic Screening, analysts," and "case study take root and thrive. Gene Therapy and Reproduction- applications." Developments and Implications, Those who are taking the lead in September 22-24, 1988, Westin VIDEOS: A library of five classic their institutions stress the need to Hotel Tabor Center, Denver. films on business and society, impress their colleagues in a Sponsored by the AMA and the including Mad River and The dramatic way with the importance Hastings Center. Contact Connection, is now and pervasiveness of ethical American Medical Association, available in VHS cassettes for issues in order to elicit their 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL $495 (plus $10 for shipping). support. Beyond that, they look 60610. Contact: Stefan Rerriera, for ways to prepare themselves California Newsreel, 630 Natoma and their colleagues to provide Ethics of Organizational Survival: St., San Francisco, CA 94103, students with a framework for Managing Change in a (415) 621-6196. dealing with ethical problems. Competitive World, Third They are debating alternative National Consultation on ______notions of a framework. These Corporate Ethics, September 27- efforts reflect a growing 28, 1988, sponsored by the Center emphasis, in a number of schools, for Ethics and Corporate Policy of "At the Center" on training professional school Chicago and the Trinity Center for Vivian Weil, CSEP, Illinois faculty to teach ethics in a rigorous way. Ethics seminars Ethics and Corporate Policy in Institute of Technology New York City. Contact David bringing together faculty from a

Krueger, Center for Ethics and number of disciplines are Corporate Policy, 637 S. appearing on campuses in various Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60605. In the past year, ethical issues of parts of the country. Indeed, the occupational life achieved faculty development effort casts a Society for the History of unprecedented visibility. wide net. As one proponent of Technology, Annual Meeting, Revelations of misconduct left these initiatives put it, "We regard October 20-23, 1988, will be held almost no sphere of professional all our faculty as educating at the Hagley Museum and activity untouched, and ethics professionals with a small p." Library, Wilmington, Delaware. itself became the cover story of an Contact Elizabeth Gray Kogen, issue of Time. But, as often Engineering professional societies Center for the History of happens, coverage seems to lag also are engaged in new Business, Technology, and behind events. What impresses me enterprises. The National Society Society, Hagley Museum and most are energetic, new responses of Professional Engineers is trying Library, Wilmington, DE 19807. to these issues by educators and to increase the scope of its ethics professional societies, and the activity by establishing a national BOOK: Peter Bergerson, Ethics acceleration of activity in applied institute, with an eye to and Public Policy (Garland ethics. influencing engineering education Publishing, Inc.: New York), a as well as practice. CSEP has been associated with this file may be ordered. Foundation-funded conference initiative. Several other societies, and additional essays specially such as the American Society of A major new CSEP project, commissioned for the volume. Six Agricultural Engineers, have funded by the Hitachi Foundation papers derived from the project called upon CSEP for help in began this June. It addresses the were published in Science, putting ethics on the programs of gap between engineers and Technology, and Human Values meetings. managers in decision making in in the Winter, 1987 issue. bureaucratic organizations (see p. This year also brought a notable 6 this issue). The project should The project on Ethical Issues in increase in the range of develop programs for dealing with Organizational Development, occupations with which CSEP problems of professional directed by Mark Frankel, former was involved. The scope of responsibility, such as those CSEP Director, was completed CSEP's activities was expanded revealed by the Challenger this year. The final stage of that by programs or workshops for accident (see Perspectives, Spring, undertaking will be a volume major building contractors, 1987, p. 2). published by Jossey-Bass and vocational education teachers, titled Casebook on Ethical Issues administrative law judges, The research and writing project in . fundraising executives, financial on "National , The First CSEP Steering Committee analysts, grade school teachers, Amendment, and Scientific and member Robert Ladenson is co- and state presidents of hospital Technical Information" (funded editor. auxiliary organizations. In almost by the John D. and Catherine T. every case, CSEP's involvement MacArthur Foundation) has Nearing completion is a report was part of an effort by a reached the half-way point. In the deriving from an American professional or trade association two meetings held to date, Association for the Advancement to begin giving serious attention assessment of alternative controls of Science symposium organized to ethical issues arising in and the capacities of different for the 1987 annual meeting by practice. institutions of government to deal political scientist Paul Deforest of with areas of conflict have I IT and Vivian Weil. Appearing The range of institutions turning proceeded in tandem with an as a publication of AAAS, the to CSEP for information or examination of the foundations of report, Biotechnology: consultation has also expanded. free expression. Project Professional Issues and Social Requests from entities such as the investigators include: Professor Concerns, will contain editors' Federal Environmental Protection Lee Bollinger, Dean, University introductions and six papers. Agency, United Way in Indiana, of Michigan Law School; and the Office of the Prime Benjamin DuVal, research Authors include Roger Beachy, Minister of Canada have drawn attorney; James Ferguson, U.S. scientist, Washington University; the Center beyond its traditional Attorney; Professor Robert Michael Davis, philosopher, constituencies of educational Ladenson, HT philosopher; Mark CSEP; Clifford Grobstein, institutions, professional societies, Lynch, attorney, Covington and scientist, University of California, and trade associations. Burling: and Dr. Harold Relyea, San Diego; , researcher, Congressional social scientist, Tufts University; For the first time, announcements Research Service. Edward MacCordy, Administrator of the formation of new centers for Research, Washington seemed to outpace the appearance The recently completed project on University; and Dr. Jeffrey Price, of codes of ethics of occupational ethical implications of intellectual Vice President for R & D, Cetus groups or companies. CSEP's property protection for scientific Corporation. Library contains a referral bank of and technical information will centers, a comprehensive have as its final product a volume In the formative stage is a project collection of codes of ethics, and a of essays to be published by on ethics in financial services. A listing of the contents of each Rutgers University Press. The core group of academics and collection. The listings are volume includes edited versions practitioners is being formed to available on request for a modest of some of the papers from the produce an indepth, first-hand charge, and copies of materials on 1985 National Science study of the financial services industry, identifying ethical CSEP's resources for practitioners the Study of Ethics in the pressure points, ethical problems, dealing with codes of ethics. In Professions or the Illinois Institute and ways of dealing with them. his introduction to the inaugural of Technology. Center for the issue of the Georgetown Journal Study of Ethics in the Professions, Again this year, with funding of Legal Ethics, Summer, 1987, Illinois Institute of Technology, from the Crawford Foundation, Thomas Ehrlich, then President- Chicago, Ill. 60616. CSEP presented public lectures elect of Indiana University, noted dealing with broad, provocative that of organizations concerned questions. The two speakers with studying issues of addressed science policy issues professional ethics, two of the with ethical dimensions. In most significant are the Hastings February, IIT's new Provost, I. Center and CSEP Melvin Bernstein, spoke on the topic "Can Your Professor Also Fay Sawyier, who was Editor of Be An Entrepreneur?" In April, Perspectives from 1983 to 1987, Professor Robert Kargon, Willis retired this spring from her K. Shepard Professor of the position as a tenured member of History of Science at the Johns the Humanities Department. Fay Hopkins University, lectured on plans to continue her work on "Uneasy : Science and philosophy for children in the Politics in 20th Century America:' public schools and her teaching at the University of Indiana, Gary. During the course of the year, Both the philosophy section of the Center staff and faculty associates Humanities Department and produced a number of papers that CSEP strongly reflect Fay's have been added to CSEP's creative and constructive energies. Publications List. Of particular The Center extends to Fay very note are Warren Schmaus' "An best wishes for a fulfilling and Analysis of Fraud and Misconduct enjoyable "retirement." Her in Science," (from the AAAS's colleagues at CSEP look forward volume, Project on Scientific to future association with her. Fraud and Misconduct), Michael Davis' "Vocational Teachers, Vivian Weil June, 1988 Confidentiality, and Professional Ethics" and Fay Sawyiers' The Center for the Study of Ethics "Philosophy and Children," the in the Professions at the Illinois latter two appearing in the most Institute of Technology was recent issue of the International established in 1970 for the Journal of Applied Philosophy. A purpose of promoting education list of periodicals in which articles and scholarship relating to ethical by CSEP staff or associates and policy issues of the appeared includes Teaching professions. Philosophy, Business Economics, Business and Professional Ethics EDITOR: Michael Davis Journal, Management Insight, STAFF: Rebecca Newton Georgetown Journal of Legal EDITORIAL BOARD: Thomas Ethics, and Journal of the Calero, Martin Malin, Vivian National Association of Weil, Michael Davis Administrative Law Judges. Association Management, a Opinions expressed in periodical for association Perspectives on the Professions executives, carried an article in are those of the authors, and not the May issue calling attention to necessarily those of the Center for