Issn: 2277–4998
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IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7): 1437-1444 ISSN: 2277–4998 IMPACTS OF TEMENGGOR DAM ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF ORANG ASLI OF THE TEMENGGOR LAKE AREA KARIM SMR1* AND MANSOR M2 1: Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 2: School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: E Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: 00609-9477119 ABSTRACT A socio-economic survey was done in two villages, Kampong Bersia and Kampong Chuweh, Tasik Temenggor Lake, Perak, Malaysia during 01 May to 30 June 2010 to study the impacts of newly constructed dams on the Temenggor Lake on the socio-economic conditions of Orang asli living in the lake areas. Tasik Temenggor Lake is the second largest lake in the Peninsular Malaysia, which is a source of income of a big number of peoples through fish culture, education, training, recreation and others. Orang asli have been living in different islands within this big lake. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. A translator was used to translate bahasa Melayu to English. Collected data were analysed properly to generate the information. It was noticed that a remarkable negative impacts of dams on the socio-economic conditions of Orang asli were occurred. Stopping of spontaneous water flow as the effects of dams and the addition of sewerage water from different cities to the lake, the quality of water is impaired; species diversity and availability of fishes were reduced by 40%. The income of the Orang asli has been reduced to RM 400/month only. Attention of Orang asli has been diverted to illegal logging and hill agriculture. Illegal logging near the lake shore made sedimentation in the lake. Many fishes were died due to reduced water quality. Keywords: Orang asli, Tasik Temenggor Dam Implication, Kampong Bersia, Kampong Chuweh, Malaysia 1437 IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7) Karim SMR* and Mansor M Research Article INTRODUCTION The Orang asli are the indigenous minority government has built some dams (Figure 2a peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. The name is & b) in the lakes for generating hydro- a Malay term which transliterates as “original electricity. peoples” or “first peoples”. They are scattered As a result the spontaneous flow of water is mainly in the hilly areas of the country and stopped. Moreover, many rivers carrying remain away from the normal Malay peoples sewerage and waste from different cities and under modern civilization. Usually they are industries joined the lake. Therefore, the poor and their social cultures and traditions quality of lake water is deteriorating day by are different than Malay peoples. The day. Some projects have been initiated to Malaysian government has been trying to study the wetland ecosystems of the lake. The improve their socio-economic conditions by EAMKAY Foundation has also established a providing with better land with cash cropping research station near the lake, at Pulau opportunity [1] but the response from Orang Banding, to study all of these aspects. asli is very slow. Although they have their Professor Mashhor Mansor, School of own local languages, all of them can speak Biological Sciences, USM started a research bahasa Malaysia. Few groups of Orang asli project with a few PhD students to study the have been living in the lake area of Tasik impacts of dams on the water quality and fish Bersia and Tasik Temenggor, Perak, diversity in different lakes across the Perak Peninsular Malaysia. Temenggor Lake is a river. The objective of this study was to very big water catchment, the second largest investigate the impacts of dams on the socio- lake in the Peninsula (15, 800 ha) [2]. economic conditions of Orang asli, living in Within the lake there are some islands, e.g. the lake areas. Pulau Pendidikan, Pulau perikanan, Pulau METHODOLOGY Polis, Pulau Belia, Pulau Pertanian etc. which A structured questionnaire was prepared in are used by different institutes for education, advance. The study was conducted during 01 training and recreation. Many people are May to 30 June 2010 in two villages, i) practicing fish culture in case within the lake Kampong Bersia and ii) Kampong Chuweh, (Figure 1). All these information indicate Tasik Temenggor Lake (Figure 3 & 4). importance of conservation and sustainable Twenty individuals (age 25 to 50 years) from management of Temenggor Lake. Malaysian each village were selected randomly. The 1438 IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7) Karim SMR* and Mansor M Research Article heads of two villages were also included. The problems created due to dams such as (a) questions asked to them were related mainly Impact of dam on water quality, (b) Impacts to i) family size, ii) level of education, iii) on number of fish species, (c) Impacts on the source of their income, iv) system of their availability of fishes, (d) Difficulty in agriculture, v) benefits of the lakes, vi) catching fishes from the lake etc. cultural activities they observe, vii) religious The conversation was translated by Mr. Zarul belief, viii) marketing facilities, ix) facility for Hazrin Hashim, a Malaysian PhD student. education for their children, x) availability of The collected data were analysed for sports and recreational facilities, xi) any generation of appropriate information. support from the government, xii) any Figure 1: Fish Culture in Cases in Temenggor Lake Temenggor Dam Bersia Dam Figure 2a: Temenggor Dam Figure 2b: Bersia Dam 1439 IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7) Karim SMR* and Mansor M Research Article Kampung Chuweh Kampung Bersia Figure 3: Study site: Kampong Bersia and Kampong Chuweh Kampong Bersia Kampong Chuweh Figure 4: Interview with Orang asli in Kg. Bersia Figure 4b: Interview with Orang asli in Kg. Chuweh 1440 IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7) Karim SMR* and Mansor M Research Article RESULTS AND DISCUSSION They cut the plants in the forest (usually 7 (a) Socio-economic Conditions of Orang months ahead of rice sowing), burn them after asli: The socio-economic data of Orang asli drying and mix the ashes in the soil. For water of two villages are presented in Table 1. they wait for natural precipitation. Among the Many differences between two villages are fruits, they grow rambutan, jackfruit, and noticed in respect of their standard of living, banana. Sometimes they go to forest for wood availability of facilities, children’s education, and honey collection. Fishing in the lake is religious belief and income. The peoples of one of the important activities they do for Kg. Bersia are organized and supported by their own consumption and for sale. To sell local government. They are more conscious their products they go to bazars using boats as about the education of their children, although transports. Sometimes both male and females all the children do not go to the schools. go to markets for selling and buying purposes. Peoples of Kg. Chuweh, Tasik Temenggor are Hayati et al. [3] observed that the Orang asli migrated from another place five years ago of Grik, Peninsular Malaysia have been after Tsunami in 2004. Very less and irregular suffering from nutritional deficiency. Among support from the government comes to them. other reasons, one reason is low earning due However, one Non Government Organization to construction of Temenggor dam. (NGO) has provided the facility of drinking (b) Impact of Dams: As per their statements, water. They have established water purifying the availability of fishes in both the lakes has plant, which is run by diesel operated reduced (about 40%) than previous days (5/7 machine. The government supply fuel twice a years earlier). The number of species has also year, if more fuel is needed then they has to been reduced. Now only 4 to 5 species of manage by their own capacity. Since all the fishes they can catch but during earlier days peoples of Kg. Chuweh believe in “Jahai” they used to catch more than 10 species of religion, there is no surau, but in the Kg. fishes (Table 2). They reported that some of Bersia, there is properly built surau where an the fishes like Kelah, Tengalan, Temoleh are Ustaz comes from Gerik Islamic Center and endangered. At the earlier time the depth of teaches them islam every week. They receive water was shallow they could catch fishes government subsidy for cultivation of rice and with cast-nets but due to building of dams the rubber plantation. Usually they cultivate rice water depth became high and they cannot use once a year without any artificial fertilizer. the cast-nets rather they have to use gill nets 1441 IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7) Karim SMR* and Mansor M Research Article and other fish traps. Due to reduction of fish Many Orang asli go for logging in the hill availability the peoples of Kg. Bersia diverted forest. Sometimes they do illegal logging and their attention more towards hill agriculture cut the plants which are very close to lake (Figure 5). water (Figure 6). Due to this kind of logging They cultivate hill rice with subsidy from the sedimentation in lake takes place and as a government. However, the peoples of Kg. result the breeding of fishes are affected. Chuweh are still not well-established. They Many fishes are also died and floated on the have planted rubber trees in the hill forest but water surface (Figure 7). Lin [4] also not yet matured to collect the latex. They go reported similar serious implications of mainly for fishing and cultivation of hill rice. Temenggor Dam on the displaced Orang asli Poultry rearing is more practiced by the communities. peoples of Kg. Chuweh than the Kg. Bersia. Figure 5: Clearing of Hill by Orang asli for Hill Agriculture 1442 IJBPAS, July, 2013, 2(7) Karim SMR* and Mansor M Research Article Figure 6: Illegal Logging in Lake Area Figure 7: Dieing of Fish in Temenggor Lake Table 1: Socio-Economic Conditions of Orang asli in the Kg.