Base Strength-Reactivity Effects in Polyethylenimine Esterolysis Reactions

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Base Strength-Reactivity Effects in Polyethylenimine Esterolysis Reactions BASE STRENGTH-REACTIVITY EFFECTS IN POLYETHYLENIMINE ESTEROLYSIS REACTIONS BY CURTIS S. LEGE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1979 TO MY WIFE AND DAUGHTER JOE ANN AND SPRING ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to his research director, James A. Deyrup, for his thoughtful guidance and criticism as well as his encouragement of individual creativity in problem selection and pursuit. The author is further indebted to Professor John A. Zoltewicz for the many helpful discussions and use of equipment. The author wishes to thank the faculty and staff of the University of Florida and his fellow graduate students for an enjoyable and fruitful experience. Special thanks are extended to Tom Baugh and Eric Langenmeyer for their friendship and advice. The author is especially indebted to his wife who has provided not only encouragement throughout but also has made considerable contribution to the preparation of this dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS _ _ m LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER I POLYMER ESTEROLYSIS REACTIONS: DISCUSSION AND PROPOSAL 1 Introduction \ Discussion 2 Mechanism of Polymer Esterolysis Reactions 2 Polymer Catalyzed Hydrolysis 8 Summary n Proposal 12 Introduction 12 Nucleophiles 12 Polymer 13 Ester 15 Results 16 CHAPTER II AMINOLYSIS OF P-NITROPHENYL ESTERS BY DODECYL POLYETHYLENIMINE 2 2 Results and Discussion 22 Characterization 22 Basicity of PEI-D-NH -HC1 2 25 Kinetic Analysis....; 26 Eronsted Relationship 34 Summary 43 IV CHAPTER III HYDROLYSIS OF P-NITROPHENYL ESTERS CATALYZED BY POLYMER BOUND HETEROCYCLES . 44 Introduction 44 Polyethylenimine Systems 44 Preparation 44 Primary Amine Analysis 45 Further Kinetic Analysis 49 Summary 51 Non Polyethylenimine Homopolymer Systems. 52 Conclusion 58 CHAPTER IV EXPERIMENTAL 60 Introduction 60 Syntheses 61 Dodecyl Polyethylenimine PEI-D 61 Dodecyl Polyethylenimine Hydro- chloride PEI-D-NH2-HC1 61 Dodecyl- 4 -me thy lenepyridine-poly- ethylenimine Hydrochloride PEI-D-Pyr-HCl 62 Dodecyl-N- (2-pyridyl) -3-propylamine- polyethylenimine Hydrochloride PEI-D-APyr-HCl. 62 Dodecyl-4 (5) -methylenimidazole-poly- ethylenimine Hydrochloride PEI-D-Im-HCl 63 Dodecyl-4 (5) -methylenimidazole- isopropyl-polyethylenimine Hydrochloride PEI-D-Im-Ip-HCl . 64 Dodecyl-4 (5) -methylenimidazole-iso- propyl-isopropyl-polyethylinimine ^Hydrochloride PEI-D-Im-Ip2-HCl. 65 4(d) -Chloromethylimidazole Hydro- chloride 65 4(5) -Hydroxymethylimidazole Hydrochloride 65 3-Bromopropanal Dimethyl Acetal 66 N- (2-pyridyl) -3-aminopropanal Dimethyl Acetal 6 6 N- (2-pyridyl) -3-aminopropanal Hydrochloride 66 p-Nitrophenyl Acetate PNPA 67 p-Nitrophenol Caproate PNPC 67 Composition of PEI Derivatives by Elemental Analysis 6 7 Composition of PEI Derivatives by NMR Spectral Analysis 7 3 Determination of Primary Content of PEI Derivatives Using Trinitro- benzene Sulfonate (TNBS) 73 Primary Amine Detection by Ninhydrin 7 4 Relative Concentrations of Imidazole Containing Polymer Solutions 75 Potentiometric Titration of PEI-D- NH -HC1 2 76 Preparation and Standardization of C0 Free 0.1 N KOH Titrant 2 7 8 Preparation of Ester Solutions Used for Kinetic Studies 78 Preparation of Polymer Solutions for Kinetic Studies 78 Buffer Solutions 79 Kinetic Method 79 Background Rate 8 Pyridine Ionization in PEI-D-Pyr-HCl 81 APPENDIX. 33 REFERENCES % 9 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 94 VI . LIST OF TABLES Table Page II-l PRIMARY AMINE AND ISOPROPYL CONTENT OF PEI-D-NH -HC1 AND 2 PEI-D-IpHCl 2 3 III-l % PEI UNITS BOUND TO HETEROCYCLES 45 IV-1 COMPOSITION OF PEI DERIVATIVES FROM ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS DATA , 70 IV- 2 FRACTION OF PEI UNITS ALKYLATED FROM NMR SPECTRAL DATA 72 IV- 3 PRIMARY AMINE CONTENT OF PEI DERIVATIVES USING TNBS 74 IV-4 POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION DATA FOR PEI-D-NH - HC1 2 77 IV- 5 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-NH -HC1 83 IV-6 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-Ip-HCl 84 IV- 7 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-Im-HCl 84 IV- 8 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-Im-Ip-HCl 85 2 IV- 9 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-Im-Ip -HCl 85 IV-10 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-APyr-HCl 86 IV- 11 ESTEROLYSIS RATES FOR PEI-D-Pyr-HCl 87 IV- 12 ESTEROLYSIS RATES • FOR ETHYLENEDIAMINE HC1 . 87 Vll LIST OF FIGURES Figure p age I-la Solvolysis of PNPA catalyzed by Poly- 4 (5) -vinylimadazole and imidazole 10 I-lb Bifunctional mechanisms proposed for poly-4 (5) -vinylimidazole catalyzed hydrolysis of PNPA 10 1-2 Esterolysis of PNPA by PEI-D-Pyr-KCl 18 1-3 Esterolysis of PNPA by PEI-D-APyr-HCl . 19 1-4 Esterolysis of PNPA by PEI-D-Im-HCl 20 1-5 Esterolysis of PNPA by PEI-D-NH--HC1 compared to esterolysis of PNPA by PEI bound heterocyclic systems 21 II-l Comparison of pK a aDp dependence on a for PEI-D-NH -HC1 with low molecular weight polyamines 27 II-2 Comparison of esterolysis rates for PEI-D-NH -KC1 and PEI-D-Ip-HCl 29 2 II-3 Inhibition of ethylenediamine, PEI-D-NH2- HC1 (pH=7.00) and PEI-D-NH^-HCl (pH=8.82) esterolysis of PNPA by p-nitrophenol anion (PNP) 31 II-4 Plot of log(k /a) against pH for PEI-D- NH 2 -HC1 esterolysis of PNPC and PNPA 33 II-5 Bronsted plot for the esterolysis of PNPA by simple primary and cyclic secondary amines 36 II-6 Bronsted plot for the esterolysis of PNPA by imidazoles and anilines 37 II-7 Plot of pK vs pH for PEI-D-NH„-HC1 38 a , app 2. II-8 Bronsted plot for the esterolysis of PNPA and PNPC by PEI-D-NH -HCl 4 II-9 plot of e vs pK or [a] for the esterolysis of PNPC and PNPA by PEI-D-NH -HCl 41 III-l Effects of repetitive isopropylation of PEI-D- Im-HCl on PNPA esterolysis reactivity 48 III-2 Comparison of PNPA esterolysis rates for PEI-D-HC1 and PEI-D-Ip-HCl 50 III-3 Plot of kobs against a for the esterolysis of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl acetate by poly-4-vinylpyri- dine and pyridine 54 III-4 Plot of k„ against a for the esterolysis of PNPA by PEI-D-NH -HC1 55 2 III-5 Bronsted plot for the esterolysis of PNPA by poly-4 (5) -vinylimidazole and imidazoles 56 III-6 Bronsted plot for the esterolysis of 2,4-dini- trophenylacetate by poly- (4) -vinylpyridine. 5 7 IV-1 Typical spectrum of a PEI-D derivative (PEI-D- APyr-HCl) 71 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BASE STRENGTH-REACTIVITY EFFECTS IN POLYETHYLENIMINE ESTEROLYSIS REACTIONS BY CURTIS S. LEGE December 1979 Chairman: James A. Deyrup Major Department: Chemistry The esterolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNP) and p-nitrophenyl caproate (PNPC) by polyethylenimine (PEI) derivatives was studied as a function of pH . The reactivity of partly dodecylated PEI containing primary amines (PEI-D-NH -HC1) , imidazole (PEI-D-Im-HCl) 2 , pyridine (PEI-D-Pyr-HCl) , and 2-aminopyridine (PEI-D-APyr-HCl) was found to be pH dependent without exception. The PEI-D-NH ~HC1 system was found to react 2 with PNPA predomi- nantly by nucleophilic attack of polymeric primary amine. Potentiometric titration showed the pK or PEI-D-NH„-HC1 a , app 2 also to be dependent. A Bronsted-like plot of log k for polymeric free primary amine aaainst pK for the ester- a , app olysis of PNPA with PEI-D-NH -HC1 had a slope (3 value) of 0.81. A Bronsted plot of a series of low molecular weight amines with PNPA taken from the literature had a slope of 0.83. The Bronsted-like plot of log k with pK , an a , a p p approach unknown prviously in polymer systems, quantita- tively accounted for the pH dependence of the reaction of PEI-D-NH -HC1 with PNPA. 2 The reactivity of PEI-D-NH -HC1 toward PNPA is dependent on the pK of the nucleophile as in the case of low molecular weight amine nucleophiles . The slope of the plot of log k versus pK for the a ^ esterolysis of PNPC by PEI-D-NH -HC1 had a slope 2 of 1.06. This slope was dissected into a pH dependent polymeric enhancement component (E) and a pH dependent nucleophilic component. The pK a , app of the heterocycles in the heterocycle containing polymers was unobtainable in the pH region of interest. However, the pHdependencies were assigned to nucleophilic effects by analogy. This approach proved useful in reviewing literature reports of other polymeric esterolytic systems. Data for PNPA esterolysis by poly-4 ( 5) vinylimidazole and for 2,4-dinitrophenyl acetate esterolysis were plotted as described above with slopes of 0.8 and 1.3, respectively. CHAPTER I POLYMER ESTEROLYSIS REACTIONS: DISCUSSION AND PROPOSAL Introduction Esterolysis by polymer systems has received considerable attention since the early days of polymer research. This area of research was spurred as the mechanism of enzyme reactions became better understood. It was hoped that synthetic polymer systems might offer a method of modeling or duplicating the action of the naturally occurring polymers (enzymes) . The aspects of enzyme action of greatest interest in this field are high selectivity and high efficiency. To this end synthetic polymer systems with particular binding properties and high reactivity have been sought. One of the aspects of polymer esterolysis reactions which has received a great deal of attention is coopera- tivity, i.e., two or more functional groups in the same polymer molecule participating in ester cleavage.
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