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Algebras Luz Maria Dealba-Guerra Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1984 A characterization of semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras Luz Maria DeAlba-Guerra Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation DeAlba-Guerra, Luz Maria, "A characterization of semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras " (1984). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8157. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8157 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. 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Universi^ Micrcxilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8505811 DeAlba-Guerra, Luz Maria A CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMI-CROSSED PRODUCTS OF FINITE- DIMENSIONAL CO-ALGEBRAS Iowa State University PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms Internâtion 8.1 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml48106 A characterization of semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras by Luz Maria DeAlba-Guerra A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Mathematics Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In ^arge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1984 il TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES 4 1 * Introduction 4 2. Algebras and Ideals 5 3. The Strong Structure Space of a Banach Algebra 16 CHAPTER II. SEMI-CROSSED PRODUCTS OF C*-ALGEBRAS 20 1. Introduction 20 2. C*-algebras and Representations 20 3. Semi-crossed Products of C*-algebras 26 CHAPTER III. THE ALGEBRAS and ® %(C) 35 1. Introduction 35 2. The Algebras 35 3. The Algebras ® M^(C) 41 CHAPTffî IV. SEMI-CROSSED PRODUCTS OF FINITE-DIMENSIONAL 49 C -ALBEŒAS 1. Introduction 49 2. A Characterization of Semi-crossed Products of Finite- Dimensional C -algebras 49 CONCLUSIONS 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 ACKNOHLEDGMENTS 75 1 INTRODUCTION * The axioms for an abstract C -algebra were formulated in 1943 by Gelfand and Naimark [7]. They observed that any C*-algebra is isomorphic to an algebra of operators on a Hilbert space. It was not until 1947 that the name C*-algebra was introduced by Segal in [14] where the foundations of representation theory were laid. The applications of the theory of C*-algebras range from group representations to model quantum field theory and quantum statistical mechanics. For example: AF- * algebras are nontrivial C -algebras which arise as the uniform closure of an ascending sequence of finite-dimensional C*-algebras [3]. AF-algebras are well-suited to test conjectures and provide examples in the theory of C*-algebras. Also, in quantum mechanical systems AF-algebras play an important role. As another example: in quantum physics the observables are best described as noncommuting operators on a Hilbert space, and in some models, the observables form a C*-algebra. Time evolution or spatial translation of observables is then described by a C*-dynamical system, where a C*-dynamical system is a triple (91,G,a) consisting of a C*-algebra 31, a locally compact group G, and a continuous homomorphism o of G into the group Aut(9I) of automorphisms of St equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence. Crossed products of C -algebras are certain C -algebras obtained from dynamical systems. The theory of crossed products reduces, to a certain extent, the study of dynamical systems to ordinary C -algebra theory. Also, crossed products of C*-algebras provide a whole new class of examples of C -algebras. Crossed products of C -algebras with 2 discrete groups were introduced by Turumaru [16]. Later, Zeller-Meier carried out a penetrating analysis of this case [17]. Other types of C*- crossed products have been studied by several authors. In 1983, Peters [12] obtained the operator algebra SI , * called semi-crossed product of the C -algebra with the semi-group Z^, by letting the semi-group Z^ act on the semi-group of injective endomorphisms of a C*-algebra 31 and using a crossed product type construction, and gave a complete description of Z^ x^ 31 and of its strong structure space whenever 31 is commutative. Peters later discovered that Arveson and Josephson [1] had studied a class of operator algebras which can be considered as an example of semi-crossed products. Therefore, questions arising in [1] could be considered in the more general context of semi-crossed products, and possibly answered by using more general methods. It became clear that semi-crossed products would be useful in applications. In describing the semi-crossed products of noncommutative C*- algebras, it seems adequate to begin with finite-dimensional C*-algebras, not only because they are the simplest of cases, but because they are the basic elements in the construction of AF-algebras. The theory of semi- crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras may be helpful in describing the semi-crossed products of AF-algebras, therefore, it is of great iiq>ortance that semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*- algebras be thoroughly understood before any atteiq>t is made to perform an analysis of semi-crossed products of AF-algebras. 3 The purpose of this dissertation is to classify, up to isometric isomorphism, the semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras. This study of semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras is based on a thorough and complete analysis of their maximal ideal spaces and representations. This dissertation is divided into four chapters. Chapter I contains a general discussion on ideals of algebras and maximal ideal spaces of Banach algebras. Chapter II covers some aspects in the theory of representations of C*-algebras in its first part. The second part of this chapter is based on [12]. The construction of the semi-crossed it + product of a C -algebra 31 with the semi-group Z is given, and some representation theory is developed in this context. Chapter III contains a complete discussion of the algebras These algebras are a generalization of the algebras of [12] and play an important role in the classification of semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*- algebras. Chapter IV is a presentation of the final results of this research project. The main results appear in Theorem 6 and Theorem 9 and its Corollary, where a characterization of semi-crossed products of finite-dimensional C*-algebras is presented. The chapters are organized in sections. Within each section Definitions, Lemmas, Propositions, Theorems, Corollaries and Examples are numbered consecutively. The end of a proof is indicated by the symbol •. 4 CHAPTER I: PRELIMINARIES 1• Introduction The material in Chapters III and IV relies heavily on the study of the ideal structure of certain Banach algebras. In this chapter, we present some general algebraic and topological results which will be useful in the sequel. We begin by discussing closed ideals, and their maximal ideals, in a Banach algebra 31. Proposition 2.1 is valid under more general conditions [13; 2.1.3] than those required in this dissertation. In Proposition 2.2, we describe the ideal structure in a quotient Banach algebra. We continue with several definitions, including those of modular and primitive ideals. In Propositions 2.7 and 2.8, we establish some properties of primitive ideals, as well as, their relation to maximal ideals. Proposition 2.11 and its Corollary and Proposition 2.14 contain a discussion on finite direct sums of Banach algebras and their ideal structures. Theorem 2.15 is the First Isomorphism Theorem, Theorem 2.16 is the Second Isomorphism Theorem, and Theorem 2.17 is the Third Isomorphism Theorem.
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