DOCSLIB.ORG

Close Similarity to Functionally Unrelated Mitochondrial Cytochrome C (Photosynthetic Bacteria/Amino-Acid Sequence/Molecular Evolution) RICHARD P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Close Similarity to Functionally Unrelated Mitochondrial Cytochrome C (Photosynthetic Bacteria/Amino-Acid Sequence/Molecular Evolution) RICHARD P Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 472-475, February 1976 Biochemistry Primary structure determination of two cytochromes c2: Close similarity to functionally unrelated mitochondrial cytochrome c (photosynthetic bacteria/amino-acid sequence/molecular evolution) RICHARD P. AMBLER*, TERRANCE E. MEYERt, AND MARTIN D. KAMENt § * Department of Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland; tDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093; and *Chemical-Biological Development Laboratory, University of Southern Cai ornia, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007 Contributed by Martin D. Kamen, December 12,1975 ABSTRACT The amino-acid sequences of the cyto- We have been studying the amino-acid sequences of the chromes c2 from the photosynthetic non-sulfur purple bacte- Rhodospirillaceae cytochromes c2 and find that they can be ria Rhodomicrobium vannielii and- Rhiodopseudomonas viri- divided at present into at least two groups on the basis of the dis have been determined. Only a single residue deletion (at position 11 in horse cytochrome c) is necessary to align the number of insertions and deletions which must be postulated sequences with those of mitochondrial cytochromes c. The to align them with mitochondrial cytochrome c. One of overall sequence similarity between these cytochromes c2 these, which includes the proteins from Rps. palustris, Rps. and mitochondrial cytochromes c is closer than that between capsulata, Rps. spherotdes (R. P. Ambler, T. E. Meyer, R. G. mitochondrial cytochromes c and the other cytochromes c2 Bartsch, and M. D. Kamen, unpublished results, see ref. 13), of known sequence, and in the latter multiple insertions and as as R. rubrum cytochrome C2, requires multiple dele- deletions must be postulated before a match can be obtained. well. Nevertheless, these two cytochromes c2 show no better reac- tions and insertions for alignment, whereas in this report we tivity with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase than do describe another group, including Rm. vannielii and Rps. the less well-matched cytochromes c2. The bearing of these viridis cytochromes c2, which require only a single residue findings on possible evolutionary relationship between mito- deletion for optimal alignment with mitochondrial cyto- chondria and prokaryotes is discussed. chrome c. The non-sulfur purple bacteria (Rhodospirtllaceae) are a family of photosynthetic prokaryotes (1) which possess char- MATERIALS AND METHODS acteristic pigments and have the same type of metabolism. Rm. vanniehi (ATCC 17100) and Rps. viridis (NTHC 133) They share a unique ability to utilize a wide range of simple were grown anaerobically in the light on modified Hutner's organic carbon sources and.some members can grow non- medium (14), and the heme and non-heme iron proteins photosynthetically under fully aerobic conditions. However, were isolated and purified by standard methods (15). In they do not exhibit a common morphology. Rhodomicro- each case the cytochrome C2 was the only soluble cyto- bium vanniehi resembles the nonphotosynthetic Hyphomi- chrome. It was isolated in a yield of about 15 ;imol/kg from crobiaceae in that daughter cells are formed as spherical Rm. vanntelii and 30 .umol/kg from Rps. viridis. buds at the ends of filaments growing out from the mother The amino-acid sequences of the cytochromes C2 were de- cell. Rhodopseudomonas viridis also uses a budding mode of termined by the methods used for other bacterial cyto- cell division, but lacks the stalked. and branched appearance chromes (16), and to similar standards. Protein (2-3 Mmol) of Rhodomicrobium. All but two of the remaining Rhodo- was treated with HgCl2 in 8 M urea/0. 1 M HC1 at 370 for 16 spirillaceae species, including rods, spirilla, and cocci, repro- hr to remove the heme, and after gel filtration and lyophili- duce through binary fission. zation the sample was digested with a protease. The peptides All Rhodospirillaceae produce large amounts of soluble formed were fractionated by gel filtration followed by high- c-type cytochrome when growing photosynthetically. The voltage paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. best-studied example is the cytochrome C2 from Rhodospiril- Peptide sequences were investigated by the dansyl-Edman lum rubrum (2), for which both the amino-acid sequence (3) method, and by exo-and endo-peptidase digestion. The and three-dimensional structure (4) are known. R. rubrum NH2-terminal sequence of the Rm. vannielii protein was cytochrome C2 has a strong structural resemblance to mito- also investigated with an automatic sequenator (Beckman chondrial cytochrome c (5) and is more closely related in se- model 890A) (17). Amide and acid groups were assigned quence to the eukaryotic proteins than are any of the other from peptide electrophoretic mobilities, exopeptidase action, bacterial cytochromes examined (6) before now. and Staphylococcus aureus protease (18) digestion. In most species of Rhodospirillaceae, the predominant c- type cytochrome resembles R. rubrum cytochrome C2 in op- tical spectra, in oxidation-reduction potential (7), and in lim- RESULTS ited reactivity with beef heart cytochrome oxidase (8). This The amino-acid sequences of the cytochromes c2 from Rm. is true also (B. Errede and M. D. Kamen, unpublished) for vaelii and Rps. viridis are shown in Fig. 1, aligned with rep- the only soluble cytochromes found in Rm. vannielil and resentative mitochondrial cytochrome c sequences. Rps. mrldis (10). In cells of R. rubrum, the cytochrome C2 The sequence of the Rm. vannielii protein has been deter- can be photooxidized (11), but in Rps. mridis light-induced mined exhaustively. Peptides accounting for the whole of absorbance changes have been ascribed (10, 12) to a pair of the postulated sequence have been purified and character- particulate cytochromes (analogous to those of the purple ized from each of tryptic, chymotryptic, and thermolysin di- sulfur bacterium Chromatium dinosum). gests. The evidence from these peptides was not sufficient to establish the overlap at bond 97/98 (horse cytochrome num- § From whom reprints should be requested. bering), and there was only a single residue overlap at bonds 472 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 Biochemistry: Ambler et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73 (1976) 473 1 5 10 15 20 Rhodomicrobium vannielii Ala Asp-Pro-Val-LysfGlyu-Gln-Val fhe -D- -Lys-Gln-Cys-Lys- Ile -Cys-His Gln-Val- Rhodopseudomonas viridis <-Glu-Asp-Ala-Ala-Ser -Gly1Glu-Gln-Val 1Phe. -D- -Lys-Gln-Cys-Lys-Val Cys-His Ser- Ile - Horse Ac fGl4Asp-Val-Glu-LysfGlyjLysys Ile jPhejVal-Gln-Lys-Cys Ala-Gln-Cys-His Thr-Val- Euglena gracilis Ac.Asp-Ala-Glu-Arg LysL LeuhGlu- Ser -Arg-Ala Ala -Gln-Cys-His. Ser -Ala- 25 30 35 40 45 Gly-Pro -Thr-Ala -Lys-Asn-Gly-Val Gly-Pro Glu -Gin -Asn-Asp-Val -Phe-Gly-Gln-Lys-Ala Gly Ala -Arg-Pro Gly Phe-Asn -Tyr Ser - Gly-Pro I Ala-Lys-Asn-Lys-Val Gly-Pro Val Leu Asn Gly Leu-Phe-Gly Arg His-Ser -Gly Thr- Ile -Glu GlyjPhe-Ser -Tyr Ser- Glu{Lys-Giy}Gly-Lys- His -Lys-ThrfGIy-Pro Asn Leu His tGIy jLeu-Phe-Gly Arg-Lys-Thr GIyFGln-Ala-Pro lylPhe-Thr Tyr Thr- GinLys-GI Val--D- -Asn- Ser -Thr ly-Pro Ser 1Trp f Val -Tyr-GlythThr-Ser Ser -Val-Pro j Tyr-Ala Ser- 50 55 60 65 70 Asp a et-Lys-Asn-Ser-Gly-Leu-ThrrpAsp-Glu-Ala -Thr~ Asp-Lys-Tyr{ §Glu Asn-Pro-Lys Ala -Val - Asp Ala-Asn Lys-Asn-Ser-Gly- Ile -Thr Trp Thr-Glu-Glu-Val-Phe-Arg-Glu-Tyr- Ile -Arg Pro-Lys Aia -Lys- Asp Ala-Asn Lys-Asn-Lys-Gly- Ile -Thr Trp Lys-Glu-Glu-Thr Leu Met-Glu-TyrfLeu4Glu Asn-Pro-Lys-Lys Tyr- Asn Ala-Asn Lys-Asn-Ala-Ala - Ile -Val Glu-Glu-Glu-Thr Leu His -Lys-Phe Leu Glu Asn-Pro-Lys-Lys Tyr- 75 80 85 90 95 100 ValiPro-GIy-Thr-Lys-Met Vai Phe Valily Leu Lys Asn-Pro-Gln-Asp A la Asp. Val Ile-Ala-Tyr Leu-Lys-Gln-Leu- Ser -Gly - Ile Pro-Gly-Thr-Lys-Met Ile Phe Ala Gly. Ile Lys Asp-Glu-Gln-Lys -Val -Ser Asp Leu Ile-Ala-Tyr Leu-Lys-Gln-Phe -Asn- Ala- Ile la Ile Leu Ile-Ala-Tyr Leu-Lys-Lys-Ala-Thr-Asn- Pro-Gly-Thr-Lys-Met Phe GIy Lys Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu Arg iu Asp Val o-Gly-Thr-Lys-Met Alafle Phe Ala Ile Ala-Lys-Lys-Asp ign As Ile ife-Ala-Tyr Met-Lys-Thr-Leu-Lys-Asp 105 Lys Asp-Gly-Ser-Lys-Lys Glu FIG. 1. Alignment of amino-acid sequences of the cytochromes c2 from Rhodomicrobium vannielii and Rhodopseudomonas viridis (this work) and mitochondrial cytochrome c from horse (20) and the alga Euglena gracilis (21, 22). The residue numbers are for the horse se- quence. The NH2-terminal residue of the Rps. viridis protein is considered to be pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. In the protein as isolated, resi- due 86 in the E. gracilis is E-N-trimethyllysine. Residues that are identical in all the four mitochondrial proteins considered in Table 1 are shown boxed, with the boxes extended if the residue is also identical in one or both of the bacterial sequences. The postulated deletions are shown as -D-. 66/67/68. However, purification and analysis of the prod- DISCUSSION ucts of CNBr cleavage of the protein provided firm evi- dence for these regions. The sequence of more than 90% of Mitochondrial cytochromes c from animals, plants, and the residues in the protein was established by the dansyl- fungi have been sequenced and a plausible phylogenetic Edman method in two or more different peptides, and exo- tree has been suggested (19). Although many bacterial c- peptidase experiments provided duplicate evidence for most type cytochromes have been sequenced (6), the cytochrome of the remaining positions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multiple Genome Sequences Reveal Adaptations of a Phototrophic Bacterium to Sediment Microenvironments
    Multiple genome sequences reveal adaptations of a phototrophic bacterium to sediment microenvironments Yasuhiro Odaa, Frank W. Larimerb, Patrick S. G. Chainc,d,e, Stephanie Malfattic,d, Maria V. Shinc,d, Lisa M. Vergezc,d, Loren Hauserb, Miriam L. Landb, Stephan Braatschf, J. Thomas Beattyf, Dale A. Pelletierb, Amy L. Schaefera, and Caroline S. Harwooda,1 aDepartment of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; bGenome Analysis and Systems Modeling, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; cJoint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; dLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550; eDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and fDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada Edited by Robert Haselkorn, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved October 14, 2008 (received for review September 13, 2008) The bacterial genus Rhodopseudomonas is comprised of photo- exist in soils and sediments, but on a microscale that is generally synthetic bacteria found widely distributed in aquatic sediments. too small for human observation. The genus Rhodopseudomonas Members of the genus catalyze hydrogen gas production, carbon consists of photosynthetic Alphaproteobacteria of extreme met- dioxide sequestration, and biomass turnover. The genome se- abolic versatility. Members of the genus are ubiquitous in quence of Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 revealed a sur- temperate aquatic sediments (7–9), and isolates classified as prising richness of metabolic versatility that would seem to explain Rhodopseudomonas spp. can grow with or without light or its ability to live in a heterogeneous environment like sediment. oxygen, fix nitrogen, and have highly developed biodegradation However, there is considerable genotypic diversity among Rhodo- abilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Representatives of the Prokaryotic (Chapter 12) and Archaeal (Chapter 13) Domains (Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
    Representatives of the Prokaryotic (Chapter 12) and Archaeal (Chapter 13) Domains (Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology: Kingdom: Procaryotae (9th Edition) XIII Kingdoms p. 351-471 Sectn. Group of Bacteria Subdivisions(s) Brock Text Examples of Genera Gram Stain Morphology (plus distinguishing characteristics) Important Features Phototrophic bacteria Chromatiaceae 356 Purple sulfur bacteria Gram Anoxygenic photosynthesis Bacterial chl. a and b Purple nonsulfur bacteria; photoorganotrophic for reduced nucleotides; oxidize 12.2 Anaerobic (Chromatiun; Allochromatium) Negative Spheres, rods, spirals (S inside or outside)) H2S as electron donor for CO2 anaerobic photosynthesis for ATP Purple Sulfur Bacteria Anoxic - develop well in meromictic lakes - layers - fresh S inside the cells except for Ectothiorhodospira 354 Table 12.2 p.354 above sulfate layers - Figs. 12.4, 12.5 Major membrane structures Fig.12..3 -- light required. Purple Non-Sulfur Rhodospirillales 358 Rhodospirillum, Rhodobacter Gram Diverse morphology from rods (Rhodopseudomonas) to Anoxygenic photosynthesis Bacteria Table 12.3 p. 354, 606 Rhodopseudomonas Negative spirals Fig. 12.6 H2, H2S or S serve as H donor for reduction of CO2; 358 82-83 Photoheterotrophy - light as energy source but also directly use organics 12.3 Nitrifying Bacteria Nitrobacteraceae Nitrosomonas Gram Wide spread , Diverse (rods, cocci, spirals); Aerobic Obligate chemolithotroph (inorganic eN’ donors) 6 Chemolithotrophic (nitrifying bacteria) 361 Nitrosococcus oceani - Fig.12.7 negative ! ammonia [O] = nitrosofyers - (NH3 NO2) Note major membranes Fig. 12,7) 6 359 bacteria Inorganic electron (Table 12.4) Nitrobacterwinograskii - Fig.12.8 ! nitrite [O]; = nitrifyers ;(NO2 NO3) Soil charge changes from positive to negative donors Energy generation is small Difficult to see growth. - Use of silica gel.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of a Purple Non-Sulphur Bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas Palustris, As a Biocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Glycerol
    Use of a Purple Non-Sulphur Bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, as a Biocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Glycerol Ning Xiao Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Churchill College September 2017 i i Use of a Purple Non-Sulphur Bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, as a Biocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Glycerol Ning Xiao Abstract This project was aimed to use a purple non-sulphur bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, as a biocatalyst for hydrogen (H2) production, from the waste of biodiesel manufacturing, crude glycerol. The goal of this project was to understand the fundamentals relevant to scaling up the process and developing an off-the-shelf product. The first objective was to determine the ability of R. palustris to generate H2 by non- growing cells in comparison to that by growing cells. Similar average H2 production rates and energy conversion were found for both processes but a significant difference in the H2 yield was observed. H2 production reached ~ 80 % of the theoretical maximum H2 yield by non-growing R. palustris, about eight-fold of that reached by growing R. palustris. The high yield suggested that it is economically appealing to use non-growing R. palustris as the biocatalyst for continuous H2 production. To accomplish the proposed scale-up systems, understanding its product formation kinetics is the key. It was found that the H2 production rate is not growth-associated and depends solely on the dry cell mass with a non-growth associated coefficient of 2.52 (Leudeking– 푑푃 Piret model = 2.52 푋).
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Rhodospirillum Rubrum Through Proteomics and Beyond
    Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum Through proteomics and beyond Tiago Toscano Selão ©Tiago Toscano Selão, Stockholm 2010 ISBN 978-91-7447-125-0, pp 1 – 71 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2010 Distributor: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Cover image: Three-dimensional rendering of the Gaussian peaks for a 2D-PAGE gel, generated using PDQuest 7.3.0. Dedicado aos meus pais e à memória dos meus avós. Publication list The work presented on this thesis is based on the following publications, referred to in the text by the corresponding Roman numerals: I – Selão, T. T. , Nordlund, S. and Norén, A. ”Comparative proteomic studies in Rhodospirillum rubrum grown under different nitrogen conditions”, J Prot Res , 2008, 7: p. 3267-75 II – Teixeira, P. F.*, Selão, T. T. *, Henriksson, V., Wang, H., Norén, A. and Nordlund, S. ”Diazotrophic growth of Rhodospirillum rubrum with 2-oxoglutarate as sole carbon source affects the regulation of nitrogen metabolism as well as the soluble proteome”, Res. Microb., 2010, in press III – Selão, T. T. , Branca, R., Lehtiö, J., Chae, P. S., Gellman, S. H., Rasmussen, S., Nordlund, S. and Norén, A. ”Identification of the chromatophore membrane complexes formed under different nitrogen conditions in Rhodospirillum rubrum ”, submitted IV – Selão, T. T. *, Teixeira, P. F.* and Nordlund, S. ”The activity of dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase of Rhodospirillum rubrum is controlled through reversible complex formation with the PII protein GlnB”, manuscript V – Selão, T. T. , Edgren, T., Wang, H., Norén, A. and Nordlund, S. ”The effect of pyruvate on the metabolic regulation of nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum with darkness as switch-off effector”, submitted * Authors contributed equally Additional publications Vintila, S., Selão, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture of Attached and Suspended Rhodopseudomonas Faecalis in the Presence of Decomposing Fish Feed
    Received: 9 January 2019 | Revised: 25 July 2019 | Accepted: 26 July 2019 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.924 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Culture of attached and suspended Rhodopseudomonas faecalis in the presence of decomposing fish feed Xiaodong Wang | Xingguo Liu | Shimin Lu | Chong Liu | Zhaojun Gu | Xianlei Zeng | Qi Ni Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Abstract Sciences, Shanghai, China An approach to culturing attached and suspended forms of Rhodopseudomonas faeca- Correspondence lis by using compound fish feed with tap water in transparent containers is reported Xiaodong Wang, Fishery Machinery and in this study. The ratio of fish feed to tap water was 14.3–50.8 g/L, and no other in‐ Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 63 Chifeng oculum or substances were added during the culture process. When the ratio of fish Rd., Shanghai 200092, China. feed to tap water was 14.3 g/L, the highest total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total Email: [email protected] dissolved carbon content recorded in the water in the containers were approximately Funding information 730 mg/L, 356 mg/L, and 1,620 mg/L, respectively, during the process of feed decay. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 41401580; Comamonas, Rhodopseudomonas, and Clostridium successively dominated during the The National Basic Research Program of culture process. Rhodopseudomonas was the most common dominant genus in both China (973 Program), Grant/Award Number: 2015CB150703; The Central Public‐interest the attached and suspended forms when the water was dark red, and the relative op‐ Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, erational taxonomic unit abundance reached 80‒89% and 24.8%, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Collection
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Development and application of molecular tools to investigate microbial alkaline phosphatase genes in soil Author(s): Ragot, Sabine A. Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010630685 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO.23284 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR TOOLS TO INVESTIGATE MICROBIAL ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE GENES IN SOIL A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by SABINE ANNE RAGOT Master of Science UZH in Biology born on 25.02.1987 citizen of Fribourg, FR accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Frossard, examiner PD Dr. Else Katrin Bünemann-König, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Michael Kertesz, co-examiner Dr. Claude Plassard, co-examiner 2016 Sabine Anne Ragot: Development and application of molecular tools to investigate microbial alkaline phosphatase genes in soil, c 2016 ⃝ ABSTRACT Phosphatase enzymes play an important role in soil phosphorus cycling by hydrolyzing organic phosphorus to orthophosphate, which can be taken up by plants and microorgan- isms. PhoD and PhoX alkaline phosphatases and AcpA acid phosphatase are produced by microorganisms in response to phosphorus limitation in the environment. In this thesis, the current knowledge of the prevalence of phoD and phoX in the environment and of their taxonomic distribution was assessed, and new molecular tools were developed to target the phoD and phoX alkaline phosphatase genes in soil microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • In Biosystems 2019, 10(1), 83–86 Doi: 10.15421/021913
    ISSN 2519-8521 (Print) Regulatory Mechanisms ISSN 2520-2588 (Online) Regul. Mech. Biosyst., in Biosystems 2019, 10(1), 83–86 doi: 10.15421/021913 The usage of nitrogen compounds by purple non-sulfur bacteria of the Rhodopseudomonas genus О. V. Tarabas, S. О. Hnatush, О. М. Мoroz Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine Article info Tarabas, О. V., Hnatush, S. О., & Мoroz, О. М. (2019). The usage of nitrogen compounds by purple non-sulfur bacteria of the Received 12.01.2019 Rhodopseudomonas genus. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 10(1), 83–86. doi:10.15421/021913 Received in revised form 14.02.2019 In this article, we characterized the regularities of oxidation of nitrite ions by phototropic purple non-sulfur bacteria Accepted 16.02.2019 Rhodopseudomonas yavorovii IMV B-7620, which were isolated from the water of Yavorivske Lake (Lviv Region, Ukraine). The bacteria were cultivated anaerobically at the light intensity of 200 lux and aerobically without illumination for 13 days in the modified Ivan Franko National ATCC No. 1449 medium. The concentration of nitrite ions was determined turbidimetrically by the turbidity of the solution by University of Lviv, method of diazotization of sulfanilic acid by the nitrite ions and the interaction of the formed salt with n-(l-naphtyl)ethylenediamine Hrushevsky st., 4, dihydrochloride. The concentration of nitrate ions was determined turbidimetrically by the turbidity of the solution by method of Lviv, 79005, Ukraine. Tel.: +38-067-291-08-68. diazotization. Zinc powder was used as a reducing agent. Efficiency of oxidation of 0.7–5.6 mM nitrite ions as electron donors by E-mail: these bacteria was 100–7%, on the 10-th day of cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • INFLUENCE of NITROGEN, ACETATE and PROPIONATE on HYDROGEN PRODUCTION from PINEAPPLE WASTE EXTRACT by Rhodospirillum Rubrum
    Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.3, No.1, 2005 INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, ACETATE AND PROPIONATE ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM PINEAPPLE WASTE EXTRACT BY Rhodospirillum rubrum Piyawadee Ruknongsaeng*, Alissara Reungsang**, Samars Moonamart*** and Paiboon Danvirutai** *Graduate College, Khon Kaen University A.Muang, Khon Kaen 40002 THAILAND E-mail: [email protected] **Fermentation for Value Added of Agricultural Products, Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University A.Muang, Khon Kaen 40002 THAILAND E-mail: [email protected]; Correspondence author *** Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University A.Muang, Khon Kaen 40002 THAILAND E-mail: [email protected] **Fermentation for Value Added of Agricultural Products, Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University A.Muang, Khon Kaen 40002 THAILAND E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This research examined the influence of nitrogen, acetate and propionate on hydrogen production from pineapple waste extract by photosynthetic bacteria strain Rhodospirillum rubrum in batch culture. The fermentation conditions used in this study were continuous illumination fermentation (24 hours of light) and periodic illumination fermentation (alternate 12 hours of light and dark). Two levels of total nitrogen (3 mM-low level and 11 mM-high level) with various initial concentrations of acetate or propionate (5, 10 and 20 mM) were added into the production medium. Results indicated that levels of total nitrogen did not affect the production of hydrogen. Neither acetate nor propionate
    [Show full text]
  • A Distinct Pathway for Tetrahymanol Synthesis in Bacteria
    A distinct pathway for tetrahymanol synthesis in bacteria Amy B. Banta1, Jeremy H. Wei1, and Paula V. Welander2 Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Edited by John M. Hayes, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Berkeley, CA, and approved September 25, 2015 (received for review June 11, 2015) Tetrahymanol is a polycyclic triterpenoid lipid first discovered in the physiological role of tetrahymanol in bacteria is unknown. Recent ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis whose potential diagenetic product, studies have highlighted increased tetrahymanol production in gammacerane, is often used as a biomarker for water column strat- R. palustris TIE-1 under certain physiological conditions (e.g., ification in ancient ecosystems. Bacteria are also a potential source photoautotrophic growth) and also when cellular hopanoid lipid of tetrahymanol, but neither the distribution of this lipid in extant profiles are altered in gene deletion mutants (22, 23), but the bacteria nor the significance of bacterial tetrahymanol synthesis for physiological significance of these changes is not known. Further, interpreting gammacerane biosignatures is known. Here we couple the biochemical mechanism of tetrahymanol synthesis in bacteria comparative genomics with genetic and lipid analyses to link a pro- is unclear. In ciliates, squalene-tetrahymanol cyclase (Stc) cata- tein of unknown function to tetrahymanol synthesis in bacteria. This tetrahymanol synthase (Ths) is found in a variety of bacterial lyzes the cyclization of squalene directly to tetrahymanol (24), but genomes, including aerobic methanotrophs, nitrite-oxidizers, and neither of the two known bacterial tetrahymanol producers harbor sulfate-reducers, and in a subset of aquatic and terrestrial metage- a copy of Stc (10, 24).
    [Show full text]
  • Rhodopseudomonas Acidophila, Sp. N., a New Species
    JOURNAL OP BACrERiOLOGY, Aug. 1969, p. 597-602 Vol. 99, No. 2 Copyright @ 1969 American Society for Microbiology Printed In U.S.A. Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, sp. n., a New Species of the Budding Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria NORBERT PFENNIG Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and Institutfur Mikrobiologie der Universitdt Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany Received for publication 24 May 1969 A succinate-mineral salts medium ofpH 5.2 provided selective enrichment condi- tions for Rhodomicrobium vannielii and for a new species belonging to the Athiorho- daceae, described herein as Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Sev'en strains of the new species have been isolated from different soUirces in the United States and Ger- many. The cells are rod-shaped or ovoid, 1.0 to 1.3 lum wide and 2 to 5 ,um long, and motile by means of polar flagella. Multiplication occurs by budding. The photopigments consist of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxan- thin series, together with new carotenoids. All strains can grow either under anaero- bic conditions in the light or under microaerophilic to aerobic conditions in the dark. No growth factors are required. The range of simple organic substrates photo- assimilated resembles that characteristic of Rhodomicrobium. Good photolitho- trophic growth is possible at the expense of molecular hydrogen; thiosulfate and sulfide are not utilized. In his monograph on the purple nonsulfur bac- the following natural sources: strain 7150, Lake teria, van Niel (4) showed that the use of different Monroe near Bloomington, Ind.; strain 7250, cypress substrates provides a convenient means for the swamp, Okeefenokee State Park, Ga.; strain 77550, selective enrichment of different members of the mud vulcano (pH: 4.5), Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.; strain 7750, farm pond near Athens, Ga.; Athiorhodaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic and Phenetic Analyses of Bradyrhizobium Strains Nodulating Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Roots DIMAN VAN ROSSUM,1 FRANK P
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1995, p. 1599–1609 Vol. 61, No. 4 0099-2240/95/$04.0010 Copyright q 1995, American Society for Microbiology Genetic and Phenetic Analyses of Bradyrhizobium Strains Nodulating Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Roots DIMAN VAN ROSSUM,1 FRANK P. SCHUURMANS,1 MONIQUE GILLIS,2 ARTHUR MUYOTCHA,3 1 1 1 HENK W. VAN VERSEVELD, ADRIAAN H. STOUTHAMER, AND FRED C. BOOGERD * Department of Microbiology, Institute for Molecular Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, BioCentrum Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands1; Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium2; and Soil Productivity Research Laboratory, Marondera, Zimbabwe3 Received 15 August 1994/Accepted 10 January 1995 Seventeen Bradyrhizobium sp. strains and one Azorhizobium strain were compared on the basis of five genetic and phenetic features: (i) partial sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA), (ii) randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPD) using three oligonucleotide primers, (iii) total cellular protein profiles, (iv) utilization of 21 aliphatic and 22 aromatic substrates, and (v) intrinsic resistances to seven antibiotics. Partial 16S rDNA analysis revealed the presence of only two rDNA homology (i.e., identity) groups among the 17 Bradyrhizobium strains. The partial 16S rDNA sequences of Bradyrhizobium sp. strains form a tight similarity (>95%) cluster with Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Nitrobacter species, Afipia species, and Blastobacter denitrifi- cans but were less similar to other members of the a-Proteobacteria, including other members of the Rhizobi- aceae family. Clustering the Bradyrhizobium sp. strains for their RAPD profiles, protein profiles, and substrate utilization data revealed more diversity than rDNA analysis. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance yielded strain- specific patterns that could not be clustered.
    [Show full text]
  • Unesco – Eolss Sample Chapters
    BIOTECHNOLOGY – Vol VIII - Essentials of Nitrogen Fixation Biotechnology - James H. P. Kahindi, Nancy K. Karanja ESSENTIALS OF NITROGEN FIXATION BIOTECHNOLOGY James H. P. Kahindi United States International University, Nairobi, KENYA Nancy K. Karanja Nairobi Microbiological Resources Centre, University of Nairobi, KENYA Keywords: Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Legumes, Nitrogen Fixation Contents 1. Introduction 2. Crop Requirements for Nitrogen 3. Potential for Biological Nitrogen Fixation [BNF] Systems 4. Diversity of Rhizobia 4.l. Factors Influencing Biological Nitrogen Fixation [BNF] 5. The Biochemistry of Biological Nitrogen Fixation: The Nitrogenase System 5.1. The Molybdenum Nitrogenase System 5.1.1. The Iron Protein (Fe protein) 5.1.2. The MoFe Protein 5.2. The Vanadium Nitrogenase 5.3. Nitrogenase-3 6. The Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation 6.1. The Mo-nitrogenase Structural Genes (nif H,D,K) 6.2. Genes for nitrogenase-2 (vnf H,D,G,K,vnfA,vnfE,N,X) 6.3. Regulation of Nif Gene Expression 7. The Potential for Biological Nitrogen Fixation with Non-legumes 7.1. Frankia 7.2. Associative Nitrogen Fixation 8. Application of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Technology 8.1. Experiences of the Biological Nitrogen Fixation -MIRCENs 8.2 Priorities for Action Glossary UNESCO – EOLSS Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary SAMPLE CHAPTERS Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere, yet it is frequently the limiting nutrient to agricultural productivity. This necessitates the addition of nitrogen to the soil either through industrial nitrogen fertilizers, which is accomplished at a substantial energy cost, or by transformation of atmospheric nitrogen into forms which plants can take up for protein synthesis. This latter form is known as biological nitrogen fixation and is accomplished by free-living and symbiotic microorganisms endowed with the enzyme nitrogenase.
    [Show full text]