Aspects of Doctoral Research at the Maryvale International Catholic Institute (Volume Three)

Edited by Andrew B. Morris

Edited by Andrew B. Morris

This book first published 2020

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-5275-5774-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-5774-1 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ...... vii

Preface ...... viii

Contributor Profiles ...... x

Part 1: Maryvale International Institute of Higher Education and Catechesis

Chapter One ...... 2 Maryvale - Background and History Andrew B. Morris

Chapter Two ...... 6 Seven Theses - A Brief Introduction Andrew B. Morris

Part 2: Three Empirical Case Studies

Chapter Three ...... 14 Diocesan Parish Stability Gwendolen Mary Adams

Chapter Four ...... 73 Voices of Young Adult American Catechumens Tamra Fromm

Chapter Five ...... 132 An Examination of the Sexual Moral Teaching of the Catholic Church in Light of Those Electing to Marry in the Catholic Tradition Christine Ward

vi Contents

Part 3: Textual Analysis and Commentary

Chapter Six ...... 180 Human Ecology in the Works of John Paul II and Benedict XVI José Ambrozic

Chapter Seven ...... 237 An Examination of Pope Benedict XVI’s Encyclical Deus Caritas Est Todd Amick

Part 4: Catholic Hymnody and Spirituality

Chapter Eight ...... 268 Vernacular Hymnody in Catholic Liturgy Since the Second Vatican Council Ann Gleeson

Chapter Nine ...... 312 Aspects of Monasticism and the Rehabilitation of Offenders: Some Reflections of a Prison Chaplain Andrew Clark

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This is the third volume of edited research projects undertaken by doctoral students studying at the Maryvale International Catholic Institute of Higher Education and Catechesis in Birmingham since 2014 and whose awards were validated by Liverpool Hope University. The extracts in this volume are taken from the most recent studies completed between 2016 and 2019.

May I record my thanks to all those who have generously allowed me to make use of their research, particularly Tamara Fromm whose work appears in this volume by permission of Wipf and Stock Publishers (www.wipfandstock.com).

I am grateful to all those colleagues within the Institute who have assisted my preparation of research extracts in a variety of ways, and especially to Fr Edward Clare and Prof Mary Mills who were, respectively, Director of the Institute and Director of Postgraduate Research at the time when this project was first proposed. The help and support of Dr Birute Briliute, the recently appointed Dean of the Maryvale Institute, who has facilitated publication of this volume, is greatly appreciated.

The brief description of the Institute’s background and history in part one of this book draws extensively on Beth Mulvey’s book ‘St Mary in the Valley - A History of Maryvale’ and also from the work of the unnamed authors of the various prospectus booklets issued by the Institute over the past ten years. I thank them all.

Finally, I give my heartfelt thanks to my wife who has been so supportive of the editing task even though it has meant, on my part, a degree of neglect of her needs and that of my family.

—Andrew B. Morris - Editor PREFACE

Established at Old Oscott 1980, the Maryvale Institute is an International Catholic Centre of Further and Higher Education for Catechesis, Theology, Philosophy and Religious Education. It provides a variety of part-time and distance learning courses to the lay faithful, consecrated religious and ministers of the Roman Catholic Church. Maryvale’s degree programmes are accredited by external academic partners. Its Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Philosophy and its Master of Arts degree in Catholic Tradition are both validated by the Open University. In association with the Faculté Notre Dame of the Ecole Cathédrale in Paris, the Institute provides two ecclesiastical degrees courses, a Bachelor of Divinity and a Licence in Catechetics. The research programme conducted is in collaboration with Liverpool Hope University. The vast majority of students study for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) – some at Master’s (M.Phil).

To be accepted as a research student, applicants were required to meet the entry requirements of both Liverpool Hope and Maryvale. The first cohort, which included students from the USA as well as the UK, began their studies in 2009 and the first two to graduate did so in 2014. By the end of the 2018-19 academic year a total of twenty-four students have successfully completed their studies; twenty-two PhD and two MPhil awards. Others students will graduate during 2020-21.

This book, the third in a series of research extracts, is concerned with the outcomes of that research programme. It seeks to both provide an overview of breadth of work by its students and their contribution to new knowledge in the area of Catholic Studies, a wide field including history, literature, philosophy, spirituality, theology - both pastoral and practical theology, evangelisation, catechesis, religious education and Newman studies. After briefly explaining the background to the Institute’s genesis, its development and the range of its current doctoral research programme, the book presents eight extracts. They are presented in three distinct groups. The first comprises three pieces of empirical research. The second is concerned with analyses and understanding of Church documents, papal writings and with religious spirituality. The third considers different aspects of current practices in respect of Catholic hymnody and, in a personal reflection, the pastoral application of spiritual friendship. Aspects of Doctoral Research at the Maryvale International Catholic ix Institute (Volume Three) Combining disparate research into a single manuscript has necessitated some adaption of the various original writing styles to ensure a measure of consistency in presentation while retaining individual writing styles. For example, I have, in some instances, omitted large sections of the original text in order to produce extracts of similar, though not identical, length, used UK English spelling and edited some of the more extensive footnotes. Nevertheless, I have kept, as far as possible, the student’s individual writing style while attempting to produce a degree of uniformity in presentation. In doing so I appreciate that my judgement and preferences may, in some cases, seem to prevail over that of the author, and for that I apologise. I trust it will not irritate academic or general readers, nor detract from the contents of individual extracts.

I must thank all the graduates for their agreement in letting me undertake this task. I hope that they will be content with the compromises that I have made in editing their work which, I trust, in no way detract from the contents of their original contributions to their respective fields of study. Any errors or inaccuracies which may have resulted are my responsibility alone.

Andrew B. Morris - Editor

CONTRIBUTOR PROFILES

José A. Ambrozic was born in Lima, Perú, and became a consecrated layman member of the Catholic Society of Apostolic Life (Sodalitium Christianae Vitae) in 1972.

He has a License in Business Administration from Universidad de Lima (Perú), a Master’s Degree in Education with a concentration in Humanities from Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey (Mexico). He was awarded a PhD by Liverpool Hope University/Maryvale in 2019.

He worked for IBM (1975-1980) and founded Intelekt to partner IBM as an IT consultancy and providing the company with IT services (1989- 1994).

As part of his service in the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae, he has been Vicar General (2014-2016), superior in various communities and Assistant General of SCV for Apostolate, Temporal Affairs and Communications (various periods 1976-2019). He has served as Superior of the SCV community and Director of Camp Saint Malo Retreat Center in Denver (2003-2011), as Director of the Newman Center at UPenn/Drexel University in Philadelphia (2017), and is currently Trustee of Universidad Católica San Pablo (Arequipa, Perú), of Humane school of business (Guayaquil, Ecuador), and the Universidad Juan Pablo II (San José, Costa Rica). He is also the director of Christ in the City (Denver, USA), of the Solidaridad en Marcha (Lima & Arequipa, Perú) and the Fundación Acción Solidaria (Guayaquil, Ecuador).

Since 1972 he has dedicated himself mainly to apostolic work and mentoring high school and college students, and young adults. He is interested in fostering a healthy Human Ecology by translating Catholic anthropology into Culture, Sociology, Politics, Economics, Business and Work; and also by mentoring economics and business students in integrating faith and professional development. In summary he can be classified as an entrepreneur in business and non-profit educational and social initiatives.

***** Aspects of Doctoral Research at the Maryvale International Catholic xi Institute (Volume Three) Todd Amick is married to Ashleigh, an Intensive Care Unit nurse in Metairie, Louisiana, US. They have two daughters, Katherine and Emily.

Todd’s research interests include the role of love in education and as part of integral personal development. He was a Biology/Pre-med major at the University of New Orleans and was granted early admission to Loyola University School of Law where he earned his Juris Doctor in 2005. His focus was on child and family policy with research in combatting the trafficking of persons. He is a member of the Louisiana State Bar Association. He received an MA Theology from Our Lady of Holy Cross College in 2008, where he was an adjunct instructor for five years, and an MA in Liturgy in 2014 from the Liturgical Institute of the University of St. Mary of the Lake in Mundelein, Illinois, US. Following his successful defence his thesis on the relation between divine and human love undertaken at the Maryvale Institute, he was awarded a PhD in Theology by Liverpool Hope University in 2018.

His professional experience includes nine years as an advisor with 20th Special Forces Group (Airborne), the last 6 of which was as a Medical Sergeant on a combat dive team, and included deployments to South America and the Middle East. During his undergraduate studies, he worked PRN as an EMT-Paramedic for four years. He taught high school for two years before accepting a position as a Director of Evangelization and Eucharistic Renewal for the Archdiocese of New Orleans, a post he held for six years. Todd was the executive director of a New Orleans non- profit corporation and worked as a non-profit management consultant. Todd presently holds the Sue Ellen Canizarro Chair of Theology at the University of Holy Cross, where he has taught full-time for four years. He is also the University Coordinator for the Eradication of Systemic Poverty where he coordinates a cohort of 20 mentors and students dedicated to helping first generation poverty-experienced students to be successful in their university careers.

*****

Gwendolen Mary Adams was awarded an MA in Catholic Studies from the University of St. Thomas, MN, USA and a PhD in Theology from Liverpool Hope University, UK. Her Master’s research concentrated on the formation of worldview, the role of literature, and the writings of Alasdair MacIntyre. MacIntyre’s work also figured largely in her doctoral research comprising a multi-disciplinary study in the field of pastoral theology, specifically on priest-parishioner relationships, which she

xii Contributor Profiles

explored from a Thomistic/Aristotelian perspective. Finally, she is conversant with social science methods, past history and current religious research on the Catholic Church in the United States, and the challenges to priestly formation and support in the 21st century.

Gwen is experienced in a number of apostolic and academic endeavours, having served as a youth minister, catechist, farm intern, diocesan marriage tribunal advocate, mentor of Catholic undergraduate households, and teacher on the middle-school, high-school, undergraduate and graduate levels. She maintains an online workshop at www.bardstreet.com, is Writer- in-Residence at St. Boniface Catholic Church, and serves on the board of the Aquinas Education Foundation at the St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Centre at Purdue University, USA. She is a visiting lecturer at the Augustine Institute, Denver, CO, where she teaches on education, the social teachings of Benedict XVI, and culture and the New Evangelization. She has presented at the Centre for Ethics and Culture Conference (University of Notre Dame), the Symposium on Advancing the New Evangelization (Benedictine College), the Archdiocese of Seattle, Diocese of Burlington, Diocese of Superior, and other locations around the country.

Her work has appeared in the Church Life Journal, Faith and Culture, and The St. Austin Review. She has developed curriculum for the Diocese of Metuchen and Vianney Vocations and is the author of By an Unexpected Way: Stories of the New Evangelization, relating interview-based stories and analysis of successful American priest and lay apostolates since Vatican II (Augustine Institute Press, 2019). Gwen is the founder of Bardstreet, offering youth theatre camps, seminars, and other ventures.

*****

Andrew Clark was born in the West Midlands area of the UK and spent the first thirty plus years of his life as a member of the Church of England. After school, college and then a few years working as a physical education teacher, he was ordained as an Anglican minister. It was during this period of his life that he first became involved with prison ministry whilst on pastoral placement in HMP Wakefield as an ordinand from the College of the Resurrection Mirfield. Ordination led to a brief period as a parish curate in Coventry as well as Chaplain to the West Midland Police Force after which he returned to prison ministry as full time Chaplain at HMP Holleslery Bay, Suffolk. Aspects of Doctoral Research at the Maryvale International Catholic xiii Institute (Volume Three) He started to feel a strong calling to seek full communion with the Catholic Church which came to fruition in 1996. Ordination as a Catholic priest took place in 1997 which saw him return to prison ministry and exercise priesthood as the Catholic Chaplain in HMP Leeds. Whilst there, Fr Andrew also obtained a Master’s Degree from Leeds University in Theology and Comparative Religion. Promotion took him to London when he became Principal Catholic Chaplain to the English and Welsh Prison Service. However, pastoral ministry was his first calling so after four years he moved to Scotland and has been for the last fifteen years Catholic Chaplain at HM Prison(s) Glenochil and Perth. He is now incardinated into the Diocese of Dunkeld.

Fr Andrew is also a Benedictine Oblate of Pluscarden Abbey, Morayshire. It was the merging of these two aspects of his life that made him aware of a certain ‘resonance’ between what he experienced as a prison chaplain in the lives and daily routines of the prisoners, and what he saw and knew of the lives and daily routines of the monks. This lies at the heart of his academic interests.

*****

When she started her doctoral studies at Maryvale, Tamra Fromm she had already received a B.A. degree in International Relations/Russian from Michigan State University, Lansing MI (1988); an M.B.A. in Marketing from the University of Michigan, Dearborn MI (1999); and an M.A. in Theology, from the Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Detroit MI (2010). Tamra speaks, reads, and writes in several languages. Together with her husband, she enjoys traveling, hiking, sailing, and entertaining.

Prior to working for the Catholic Church, she held positions in international sales and marketing. After her conversion to Catholicism in 2001, she worked in young adult ministry as the Director of Genesis Ministries, an outreach to 18-35 year-olds in the sixty parishes in Oakland County, Michigan; for the Archdiocese of Detroit as Director of Marketing for Catholic Schools, advertising for and consulting with one hundred and twenty Catholic elementary and high schools on strategic planning, development, and enrolment management; for Sacred Heart Major Seminary as the Director of Admissions and Enrolment Management for Sacred Heart Major Seminary from November 2009 - February 2015. She has also taught several classes in theology at Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Detroit, MI.

xiv Contributor Profiles

She began her doctoral research at Maryvale in February 2015 working in the field of practical theology. Her thesis entitled, ‘A New Paradigm for Pre-Evangelization for American Young Adults’, focused on young adult ‘nones’ who have not been raised in a religious tradition, and how to predispose these young adults to the Gospel message of Jesus Christ. She was awarded her doctorate by Liverpool Hope University in 2019.

*****

Ann Gleeson was born prematurely, at six gestation months, in 1945, and was not expected to survive. Some three years later, her parents were told that she would be uneducable – the prognosis for children born with Cerebral Palsy at that time. Fortunately, this view was ‘dismissed’ by her parents who ensured she had as good an education as possible in the UK and in Uganda where her father taught Science in secondary schools and her mother was a Sister in various hospitals. It was a rich upbringing. Her ‘Advanced Level’ examinations were completed through distance learning in Uganda, as something to keep me occupied. When the results were revealed her father insisted she apply for a place at university. Keele University accepted her to read English and History. The first year of the course required her to study two general subjects; she chose Geology and Roman history and culture. Because her History specialism was the Middle Ages, a knowledge of Latin was necessary; which proved providential for her in later years.

After completing her studies at Keele, she enrolled at Leeds University for a Post-Graduate Certificate in Education (although advised that she had little prospect of ever gaining a teaching post). However, when she qualified as a teacher, one headmaster decided that to give her an opportunity which set her on a career teaching General Studies, some History, and English, and eventually she became head of department in that subject. Despite her professional success, she was forced to take early retirement from teaching (after twenty fruitful years) because of the progressive hearing loss that had begun at her birth.

During her formal teaching career she was also involved in parish catechesis and helped the parish priests with secretarial work. A principal pastime was singing in choirs in the first alto section, enhancing her technique with several years of singing lessons. Much of the repertoire was sacred music and traditional English folk songs. Most of her colleagues in the several choirs in which she participated were Methodists so there was some explanation of liturgy and Latin translations required. Aspects of Doctoral Research at the Maryvale International Catholic xv Institute (Volume Three) Since other activities were limited, she looked to an academic route of personal development, applying to Maryvale to study for a Bachelor of B. Divinity which she found an enormous enrichment and blessing. St. Mary’s Twickenham then accepted her to study for a Master’s degree in Bioethics and Medical Law under Professor David Jones in 2008. To her surprise, just as with her mastery of learning Latin, this too has been a subject she has frequently drawn upon to explain Catholic teaching and ethics in general. It seems her early dream to practice Medicine has borne fruit!

She returned to Maryvale in February 2015 to explore what happened to Sacred Music following the Second Vatican Council and the publication of Sacrosanctum Concilium Chapter VI on Sacred Music. Following her successful defence of her thesis she received a Master of Philosophy award from Liverpool Hope University in 2019, commenting to her supervisors and examiners “Perhaps the famous ‘Four Hymn Sandwich’ will now no longer be an important feature of the Mass in English but could be better used for teaching catechesis to adults and children.”

*****

Christine Ward lives in North Yorkshire, UK with her husband and four children. She studied English Language and Medieval Literature at Durham University (1982-85). In 2008, after a full time career in business and raising the children, she returned to academic study and graduated from the Maryvale Institute with a Master’s degree in 2011.

Her key areas of interest are marriage, sexual ethics and family with a particular focus on the issues of contraception and cohabitation. Christine has given many talks on the teaching of the Catholic Church, marriage, contraception and cohabitation.

In 2018 Christine received her doctorate award after successfully defended her thesis entitled; ‘An empirical study of the nature of the disconnect between faith and praxis: An examination of the sexual moral teaching of the Catholic Church in light of those electing to marry in the Catholic tradition’. In addition to the PhD, validated by Liverpool Hope University, the Maryvale Institute recognized the quality of her work awarding her the Edward Hulmes Prize for Research. She began lecturing for Maryvale Institute on Catholic Sexual Ethics in 2019.

Christine is currently involved in a number of parish initiatives: Alpha, Alpha Marriage, Sycamore, RCIA, Teams of Our Lady and Marriage Preparation.

PART 1:

MARYVALE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND CATECHESIS CHAPTER ONE

THE MARYVALE INSTITUTE OF FURTHER AND HIGHER EDUCATION: BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

ANDREW B. MORRIS

An Historic Spiritual Environment for Academic Work Maryvale lies at the centre of the ancient settlement of Oscott, about five miles from Birmingham City Centre in the UK. It occupies a unique place in the history of the Catholic Church in England. Catholic worship has been celebrated continuously on the site for over 1000 years. The oldest part of the present building, originally called Oscott House, was the home of the Bromwich family, and the base for the local Catholic mission during the 17th and 18th centuries. Andrew Bromwich was one of the last priests to be imprisoned towards the end of the penal period, and when he inherited the family house he gave it over for the use of the Church as the English mission emerged from the shadows with the gradual relaxation of the anti-Catholic laws.

From 1794 to 1838 it was used to house the first seminary established in England and, being placed under the patronage of Our Blessed Lady, became known as St Mary’s College, Oscott. When the seminary was relocated to a new and larger building in 1838 (in the area of Birmingham that is still called New Oscott) it was used as a school until, in 1846, it became the home of Blessed John Henry Newman and his community of fellow converts. Following ordination in Rome, he established the first English Oratory there and renamed the house Maryvale.

After the Oratory moved to central Birmingham, Maryvale briefly became the novitiate house for the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and was visited by their founder, St Eugene de Mazenod. Then for nearly 130 years it was an The Maryvale Institute of Further and Higher Education: 3 Background and History orphanage run by the Sisters of Mercy until they left in 1980 when it assumed its present role as an institute dedicated to adult faith formation.

The Maryvale Institute – Purpose and Mission

From its inception the Maryvale Institute sought to provide opportunities for lay people, clergy and religious to achieve a deeper understanding of the Catholic faith and to appreciate more clearly its joyful message for the lives of individuals and communities. It stands within the Catholic theological tradition and draws from that tradition an insistence, not only on the foundational importance of faith for theological reasoning, but also on the place of reason in the response of faith.

The stated mission of the Institute is to be a leader in the provision of lifelong learning and research opportunities in Catholic Evangelisation, Catechetics, Theology, Philosophy and Religious Education in order to serve Christ’s mandate and his Church’s mission of evangelisation in contemporary society.

The Maryvale Institute is a diocesan, national and international college which:

• lives and presents the Catholic faith, morality and its contribution to contemporary religious, moral and ethical issues; • provides a range of formation courses offered primarily, but not exclusively, to lay and consecrated religious members of the Church, especially those involved in catechesis or other lay apostolates; • takes a self-critical stance as an academic community in monitoring and evaluating its own courses and methods in the light of evidence gathered internally and that provided by external agencies to ensure the highest possible standards and relevance of its academic activities; • develops its courses and other activities according to the findings of ongoing evaluation procedures and in response to changing needs in the wider community, as advised by the Board of Trustees; • develops collaborative partnerships with other centres of Catholic theological education in the UK and elsewhere, and other UK higher education providers;

In pursuance of this the Institute provides opportunities for Catholic formation and education through courses across a wide range of subjects 4 Chapter One and levels. It is now an established centre of further and higher education, an International Catholic Distance-Learning College for Catechesis, Theology, Philosophy and Religious Education specialising in the provision of part-time and distance learning courses. This provision is a distinctive combination of the methodology of distance learning and critical engagement with the Word of God in Scripture and Tradition, guided by the Church’s Magisterium.

Study Programmes – Validation and Accreditation

In the 1980s, as a Diocesan Catechetical Centre, it initially offered short courses for lay people in the Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham before developing into an international, distance-learning college offering adult courses from further education to PhD level in a range of Catholic Studies. Students completing one of the adult further education courses receive a Maryvale certificate. The Higher Education courses are offered through Maryvale's validation partnerships.

Maryvale Institute is approved by The Open University as an appropriate organisation to offer higher education programmes leading to its validated awards; a BA (Hons) in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition and an MA in Catholic Applied Theology.

Its status as a Higher Institute of Religious Science (HIRS) is approved by the Ecclesiastical Theology Faculty Notre Dame de Paris, Ecole Cathedrale, Paris. Validated through this relationship are the HIRS programmes: the Baccalaureate in Divinity and the Licence in Catechetics.

The Institute's Postgraduate Research programme, comprising Master and Doctor of Philosophy degrees (MPhil and PhD in Catholic Studies), is currently validated by and through Liverpool Hope University. Within the generic title of Catholic Studies research facilities cover areas of history, literature, philosophy, spirituality, theology, Newman studies, religious education and catechesis.

Distance-Learning

Maryvale developed its learning methodology on that pioneered by the Open University. The use of part-time distance learning means that students can follow complex courses of study leading to publicly- recognised awards whilst maintaining their existing vocational, family and work commitments. Distance learning programmes, generally, are supported The Maryvale Institute of Further and Higher Education: 5 Background and History by comprehensive course books and residential schools – providing personal contact in lectures, seminars and structured discussions. Post-graduate students, are allocated academic tutors who are experts in their respective fields, and helped develop the academic skills necessary for their respective disciplines and academic career development. In addition, the Maryvale Library provides books, electronic resources and access to a range of databases of current research. Together these enable access to religious formation and to the immeasurable treasures to be discovered in the Christian Tradition and in contemporary Church teaching and thought.

CHAPTER TWO

SEVEN THESES – A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

ANDREW B. MORRIS

This is the third volume in the series of extracts taken from the doctoral and master’s theses by Maryvale students since 2014. The seven extracts are from the among the most recent research projects undertaken during the years 2016-19. They are divided into three groups. The first comprises three pieces of empirical research, two based in the United States of America and the third in England. The second part is concerned with analyses and understanding of Church documents and papal writings. The third considers different aspects of current practices in respect of Church hymnody and the pastoral application of Catholic spirituality.

*****

Gwendolen Mary Adams examines the practice of geographic stability and the spiritual benefits it affords Catholic priests, parishioners, and parishes. Her work raises an important question about whether a reversed situation of increased stability might better serve Catholic communities. It is a question that has received little attention in Catholic pastoral theology, so her research provides an important contribution to examining the impact of geographic stability within the context of the Catholic Church in the United States of America where, since 1984, some bishops have embraced a policy which limits pastor assignments to two six-year terms.

There are two major stands to her research: the development of a theoretical framework which addresses geographic stability, demonstrating the Catholic Church’s consistent preference for clerical geographic stability and a comparative case study of three parishes in the Diocese of Lafayette-in-Indiana. It is the latter which is the subject of the extract in this volume. The study surveyed 1,009 parishioners and conducted thirty- Seven Theses – A Brief Introduction 7

four priest and parishioner interviews, using both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse the data. The theoretical framework and the study inform one another, allowing her to make the argument that geographic stability is the normal condition for maintaining institutional ability to offer long-term services within and beyond the institution. Geographic stability is also the normal condition for long-term embodied interaction, which supports the familial relationships proper to a parish community as well as spiritual formation.

Given the benefits, she argues, Catholic dioceses in the United States should revisit their policies with regard to priestly assignments while Catholic priests and laity in the United States should consider embracing a long-term connection to a particular parish and cultivating this connection through the practice of geographic stability.

*****

José Ambrozic presents the concept of Catholic Human Ecology as proposed and developed by Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI as a favourable and healthy condition for the flourishing and fulfilment of the human person, helping to solve conflicts between human activity and protection of the environment, as well as an appropriate approach to social issues.

He argues that the application of Human Ecology to the field of Sustainable Development helps to refocus the policy sciences, economy, politics and development, to the service of the human person. It encompasses the rich Catholic tradition of thought on social issues and provides a harmonious view which integrates and reconciles the natural environment with the human, including the human person, his body, soul and spirit, as well as human activity and its expression in life, technology, development and culture.

Chapter five of his thesis - the edited extract included in this volume – explores the works of Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI that are specifically devoted to their understanding of sustainable development that can help to refocus the policy sciences, economy, politics and development to the service of the human person.

*****

Todd Amick’s thesis explores the first encyclical letter of Benedict XVI, Deus caritas est. In the encyclical Benedict XVI posits that divine love, 8 Chapter Two

caritas, while certainly having an agape dimension, also has an essential eros element. It is a seminal document. Pope Benedict made two hundred and sixteen references to Deus caritas est just prior to, and after its publication: one hundred and twenty-five addresses, twenty-one homilies, sixteen audiences, eighteen angeli, one encyclical, twelve letters, seventeen messages, four apostolic exhortations, and two apostolic letters. Where there is redundancy, or because of space, the more elucidative instrument or selection has been used.

As a contribution to Benedict Studies, Todd’s thesis develops Benedict’s conception of an integral divine eros (the Integral Principles of Divine Eros) utilizing the thought of Pseudo-Dionysius, as informed by the prophets of eros, Torah as eros, and as elucidated by Ratzinger/Benedict’s thought.

He incorporates Benedict’s understanding of agape from both the encyclical and his corpus of other writings to develop the Integral Principles of Divine Caritas which he views through the rhetorical hermeneutic of Aristotle’s rhetorical topoi. By changing the order of the encyclical and reading ethos and pathos through logos, he demonstrates that the structure of the encyclical reveals the rhetorical character of divine and human love in the mutually elucidating categories: logos (divine love), ethos (shown in Christ and the Church) and pathos (human love).

The extract from this complex and densely argued work is taken almost in its entirety from the final chapter of Todd’s thesis ‘The Pathos of Caritas’ which considers how divine love is received in human love and which contains his concluding observations on the encyclical.

*****

Andrew Clark’s temporary suspended but still on-going doctoral research is concerned with the role of a Catholic chaplain working within the Scottish Prison Service, and how, while keeping within the mission of the Church, it can contribute to the rehabilitation of offenders. His work within the academic field of practical theology using qualitative data to explore the hypothesis that spiritual friendship - according to the understanding of Aelred of Rievaulx - has the potential to contribute to the transformation agenda of the Scottish Prison Service. It brings into dialogue monastic theology with the current thinking within the Scottish Criminal Justice System. Seven Theses – A Brief Introduction 9

Specifically it argues that that although writing in the cultural, social, theological and spiritual context of a Cistercian monastery so different to a modern prison and separated by almost a thousand years, Aelred of Rievaulx’s teaching about spiritual friendship, in which he details his understanding of the nature, benefits and application of spiritual friendship, reaches across the centuries and finds a home in the establishments of the twenty-first century Scottish Prison when mediated through the ministry of the prison chaplain. He reviews, first, the life and ministry of Fr. Aelred Carlyle OSB with particular reference to his ministry in Oakalla Prison, British Columbia in the middle of the previous century and considers, in the light of Aelred of Rievaulx’s De Spirituali Amicitiâ, the application of spiritual friendship in a prison setting.

His analysis is used as the basis of the concept of spiritual friendship might inform the role of a prison Chaplain in the modern Scottish Prison Service and, in this extract from the initial part of his thesis, Andrew reflects on his own approach to his role as a chaplain seeking to respond to the needs of offenders and their hoped for rehabilitation.

*****

Tamra Fromm’s thesis argues for a new paradigm for pre-evangelization for contemporary American young adults (‘Millennials’). It focuses on young adult ‘nones’, that is , those who have not been raised in a religious tribe and do not affiliate with a particular religious tradition.

It takes a multidisciplinary approach toward pre-evangelization that integrates theories and methods from Catholic and Protestant theologians and pastors, sociologists, and excerpts from magisterial documents. The Hermeneutical-Communicative Model and eight methods of pre- evangelization are proposed as illustrations.

The empirical component, which forms the central element of the extract, uses a qualitative research methodology and content analysis to investigate the early conversion experiences of twenty-four unbaptized young adults who chose to participate in the Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults (RCIA) in the Archdiocese of Detroit, USA.

She advocates a personalist approach to pre-evangelization which responds uniquely to the individual, recognizes the need for belonging within the community, and respects freedom of choice. She argues, further, that digital pre-evangelization may play a greater role as a resource for young adult seekers and predicts an increase in growth of ‘nones’ in future 10 Chapter Two generations and an even greater need for pre-evangelization. While she does not provide any specific method or programme she suggests that a two-tier response (ad intra and ad extra), including education for clergy and laypersons on pre-evangelization, a greater attention to hospitality, and a more flexible catechumenate period is likely to be an effective approach to the problem she identifies.

The extract from her thesis is included with the permission of Wipf and Stock Publisher.

*****

Ann Gleeson’s thesis arose from her reading of Sacrosanctum Concilium and a long interest in liturgical music. She suggests the Liturgy Constitution and subsequent documents pertaining to it, especially Musicam Sacram, indicates that the intention of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council was the participation of the people through singing the Mass.

The first part of her thesis describes how the ‘Spirit of the Age’ influenced the interpretation of Sacrosanctum Concilium and examines how the importance of ‘the full, conscious and active participation’ was somewhat misunderstood. Music, she argues, especially the singing of hymns, was an attractive and immediate solution to participation, but questions whether such singing was intended.

She shows how, proceeding with caution, the reformed liturgy was implemented in England and Wales and how participation was ensured by hymn singing marking the stages of the Eucharistic liturgy: the entrance of the liturgical ministers, the offertory procession, the procession to Communion or a meditation on the Eucharist, and, often, a recessional hymn. She describes how ‘folk’ melodies and the hymnody were borrowed from Anglican and Nonconformist traditions with new compositions for the offertory procession and responsorial psalms were generally recited rather than sung - despite the availability of appropriate music.

Her analysis of the traditional and modern hymns that were incorporated were not necessarily suitable since they often borrowed 19th century or modern secular forms which did not always enhance the beauty of the liturgy and often appeared too anthropocentric, though some adopted a more pastoral approach to allow people to participate fully. The concluding chapters of her thesis consider, inter alia, how hymns can be Seven Theses – A Brief Introduction 11

used in teaching the Catholic Faith and for devotions outside Eucharistic liturgy.

Material is taken from eight of the twelve chapters that comprise Ann’s thesis in order to produce this extract.

*****

Robert McNamara analyses Edith Stein’s mature philosophical works to reveal in what way she has brought the scholastic philosophical tradition as found crystallised in Thomas Aquinas to bear upon her practise of the phenomenological method in relation to the question of the human person.

His research is focused primarily upon the confluence of understanding found in two of Stein’s mature works, namely, Endliches und ewiges Sein and Der Aufbau der menschlichen Person, with supplementary reference also made to Potenz und Akt and Was ist Philosophie? Ein Gespräch zwischen Edmund Husserl und Thomas von Aquino.

Through an examination of these works under the themes of human nature, human individuality, and human relationality, he demonstrates that Stein’s mature phenomenological anthropology is augmented and enriched through her incorporation of Thomistic metaphysical insights bearing upon the human person.

He also shows, conversely, that Stein’s engagement with the thought of Aquinas under the reflexive attitude of the phenomenological method leads to a confirmation and development of Thomistic anthropology in these same three areas.

Robert highlights the complementarity of scholasticism and phenomenology in Edith Stein towards accomplishing a philosophical anthropology that considers the objective metaphysical structure of the human person in tandem with the phenomenologically elucidated subjective dimension of personal experience. Finally, he suggests that Stein can indeed be read as a Thomist if by Thomism one understands a living philosophical confrontation with central Thomistic theses towards their clarification, substantiation, and development.

The final chapter of Robert’s thesis, dealing with the third of the themes he identifies - Stein’s understanding of human rationality - is taken from his extensive and detailed analysis of her mature works and used for this extract. 12 Chapter Two

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In her empirical study of a perceived disconnection between the teaching of the Catholic Church on sexual morality in light of those Electing and the practice of many seeking to marry in the Catholic tradition Christine Ward notes that the Church states that, no one is capable of giving moral education in this delicate area better than duly prepared parents. However, a significant number of Catholic couples cohabit prior to marriage.

Therefore, she argues, amidst those who approach the Catholic Church for marriage preparation, that is future Catholic parents, there exists for many of them, a separation between their lived experience of sexual morality and the teaching of the Catholic Church. Consequently, whatever the cause(s) of this separation between faith and praxis, she suggests that the capability and/or willingness of these future Catholic parents to carry out the mission of sexual formation within their families, as set out by the Pontifical Council for the Family, may be adversely impaired.

Using a series of eighteen interviews with young couples who have elected to marry in Catholic tradition she explores their understanding and attitudes to a range of theological and moral issues.

She analyses the responses of the participants both in light of Church teaching and those seeking revision to Church teaching, and suggests that a reconstruction of the moral subject might serve to enhance the communication of Church teaching within marriage preparation.

***** PART 2:

THREE EMPIRICAL CASE STUDIES CHAPTER THREE

DIOCESAN PARISH STABILITY – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

GWENDOLEN MARY ADAMS

Editor’s Note:

As part of her doctoral research Gwendolen developed a theoretical framework1 underpinning the merits of clerical and lay stability within parishes which she then ‘tested’ with an empirical enquiry comprising a survey questionnaire in spring 2014 and follow-up interviews with pastors and parishioners in May 2015. This extract is concerned solely with the empirical element of her research and is taken from chapters five and six of her thesis. It is divided into three main sections. The first deals with her chosen research methods and ethical concerns. The second and third sections provide details of data collection and her analysis of that data but omitting the extensive explanation and justification of the particular statistical methods and tests she employed.

Introduction and Research Methods

There are two ways of comparing the parishes in terms of stability: the length of residency of the pastor and the time parishioners live in a particular parish. I used both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore these two elements in my enquiry because of their value in providing some ‘logical combinations’2 to validate any findings of possible causal relationships or connections between stability and aspects

1 This conceptual framework for ‘Parish Stability’ is underpinned by magisterial documents, the work of Alasdair MacIntyre and the traditions of the Benedictine Order. 2 Judith Green & John Browne (eds) (2005) Multi-method and Multi-disciplinary Approaches - Principles of Social Research, Maidenhead, UK, Open University Press, 157.