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Proliolems of Cherokee Children. an Extensive History of the Cherokee Nation Is Included

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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 029 741 RC 003 452 By-Wax. Murray L.: And Others Indian Education in Eastern Oklahoma. A Report of Fieldwork Among the Cherokee. Final Report. Kansas Univ.. Lawrence. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW). Washington. D.C. Bureau of Research. Bureau No-BR-5-0565 Pub Date Jan 69 Contract- OEC-6-10-260 Note- 276p. EDRS Price MF-$1.25 HC-$13.90 Descriptors" AmericanIndianCulture. American IndianLanguages. CultoreConflict,Economically Disadvantaged. Educational Disadvantagement EducationalDiscrimination. English (Second Language). Minority Group Teachers, Parent School Relationship. Rural Family. Values Identifiers- Cherokees. Oklahoma A field study of Cherokee Indians in Eastern Oklahoma revealed the following information: (1) educators were ignorant of and indifferent to the language. values. and cultural traditions of the Tribal (rural) Cherokee: (2) the Tribal Cherokees were an impoverished people: (3) both adults and children were educationally disadvantaged: and (4) Tribal Cherokee parents desired that their children obtain an education, but were critical of the schoolsfor abusing their children. Recommendations included: (1) both English and Cherokee be officially recognized: (2) curricula be developed to teach English as a second language: (3) teachers of Cherokee children learn the language and culture of the Cherokee: and (4) special funds be allocated to study the proliolems of Cherokee children. An extensive history of the Cherokee Nation is included. (RH) FINAL REPORT Contract No. 0E-6-10-260 L- Bureau No. 5-0565-2-12-1 f;7 C op INDIAN EDUCATION IN EASTERN OKLAHOMA Murray L. Wax Professor of Sociology The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66044 January 1969 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, .EDUCATION, & WELFARE . Office of Education Bureau of Research , a SI 11 141. .4414 AA.A.A.A.4444 ar. S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICF OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMEN: HAS BEEN REPRODUCiD EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY Final Report REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. Contract No. 0E-6-10-260 Bureau No. 5-0565-2-12-1 INDIAN EDUCATION IN EASTERN OKLAHOMA A REPORT OF FIELDWORK AMONG THE CHEROKEE Murray L. Wax Professor of Sociology, University of Kansas Robert V. Dumont, Jr. Coalition of American Indian Citizens Mildred Dickeman Chairman, Department of Anthropology &Sociology, Sonoma State College, Rohnert Park, California 94928 Patrick F. Petit University of Kansas Rosalie H. Wax Associate Professor of Anthropology, Universityof Kansas The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66044 January 1969 The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgment in the conduct of the project. Points of view or ipinions stated do not, therefore necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, & WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables Preface (M. L. Wax) Part I. The Tribal Cherokee of Northeastern Oklahoma I. Some Cherokee History (M. L. Wax) II. Ecology, Economy, and Educational Achievement (M. L. Wax) Part II. The Tribal Cherokee and the Schools I. Introduction (M. L. Wax) II. The Integrity of the Cherokee Student (M. Dickeman) III. The Household Survey (R. V. Dumont & M. L. Wax) IV. The Intercultural Classroom (R. V. Dumont & M. L. Wax) Part III. Indians in Urban Society I. The Urban School that Receives the Indian Migrant (P. F. Petit & M. L. Wax) Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations Appendices I. Publications and Presentations II. Research Methods (M. L. Wax) Note on pagination: Since the individual chapters were designed for independent circulation, they are separately paginated at the middle of the top of the page. This Report as a whole is paginated consecutively in the lower righthand corner of the page. LIST OF TABLES PART CHAPTER TABLE NO. TABLE TITLE PAGE 1 Peoples and Religion after 11-19 (1960) 2 Family Income in 1959 3 Family Income and PublicAssistance 4 Educational Achievementof Regional Population 5 Demography of TribalCherokee 6 Public Assistanceto Indians of the Region,1 964-65 7 Family Income of NonWhitesin 1959 8 Educational Achievementof Tribal Cherokee, 1952 9 Educational Achievement byLocal Community of Tribal Cherokee, 1963 10 Functional Illiteracyamong Adult Tribal Cherokee 11 NonWhite Population, 1960: Yearsof School Completed 12 NonWhite Population, 1960: School Enrollment 1 Highest School Grade after 111-37 Completed, Tribal Cherokee Adults 2 Highest School Grade Completed, Heads of Indian Households, Cherokee City 3 Language of Childrenon Entering School 4 Indian Enrollment by GradeLevel 2 5 "What is the Main Reason, in your opinion) why a person should get an education?" 6,7 "How many years of schooling would you like your children to get?" Factors Affecting Achieving Educational Goal 8 u0o you think "ere is something that could be done to make the schools better now?What is it?" 9 Nhy do you think some children quit school before they finish?" 10 Indian Parents and School Board III I 1 Turnover Rate: Crood PAGE 5 EleMentary, Grades K thru 6 by Quarters 2 Turnover Rate: By PAGE 6 School Grades K thru 6, First Quarter 1966- 67 3 PREFACE To engage in fieldwork is to risk the hazards ofcross- cultural misunderstandings and the ire of institutional agencies who prefer that their activities not be exposed to searching view. This project was no exception and, in retrospect, it is a tribute to the KU project staff that so much was accomplished in the face of so many obstacles and hostilities. The officially recognized government of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma viewed our project with suspicion and together with associated local agencies engaged in tacticsthat were calculated to frustrate our efforts to gather data and to drive us speedily from the area. Following the lead of that official government, the Muskogee Area Office of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs refused to cooperate in such basic research ventures as surveying the population of Tribal Cherokee. Since the official government is a self-perpetuating appointive oligarchy of great wealth and political power, and since its claim to represent the Cherokeeswas then being threatened among some of the locai communities of Tribal Cherokees by a nationalistic movement, itsresponse to our project was not surprising; but regardless ofits motivations, it was able to render the conduct of conventional research-- such as sample surveys-- extremely difficult. The Carnegie Cross-cultural Educational Project of the University of Chicago had been operating in the area for several years, and we had hoped both to cooperate with them in matters of research as well as to observe theconsequences of their programs for assisting the Tribal Cherokee by (a) spreading the knowledge of the syllabary and (b) using this as a medium whereby to bring to these people more information about the larger society. But the CCCEP emphasis upon the tribal language and upon assisting the impoverished and exploited Tribal Cherokee had brought them into close touch with the nationalistic movement mentioned above. And, given the opposition from the Tribal Government, the BIA, and the local and state governments to that movement, the CCCEP staff soon found themselves in an extremely delicate position; in effect, they had brought the Tribal Cherokee imprw,admeans of communication, and the local leaders had responded by using these to reorganize traditional secret societies inan effort to regain their lost rights. While the Cherokee Establishment thereupon came to denounce the CarnegieProject for agitating among the Tribal Cherokee and to denounce the KU project for conspiring with the Carnegie, in fact relationshipsbetween the two projects grewvery difficult, presumably because the Carnegie staff feared thatwe would become privy to confidential knowledge about the organizational plans andplots of the Tribal Cherokee. hiring Indians whenever In accord with ourusual policy of had hired not only we could for ourresearch among Indians, we Dumont, Jr., but alsoClyde our formerassociate, Robert V. Warrior, as wen as suchpart-time staff asKathryn RedCorn, The Della Warrior, LucilleProctor, and ElsieWillingham. atmosphere of factionalism,suspicion, and hostilityproved especially hard on these persons. Seeing the outrages daily perpetrated upon the Tribal Cherokees,Warrior and his friends could scarcely be restrainedfrom directing their efforts toward assault upon the offending parties ratherthan peaceable and patient studies of the situationof the Cherokee children in school. Meanwhile those assistants who diddevote themeelves to research as directed by ourselvesfound that their every move was subject to questioning,harassment and challenge by local authorities. Dumont responded with poise and wit, but other members of the staff(Indian and White) found the situation extremely difficult and coped with it lesswell. During the summer of 1965, Dr. Mildred Dickemanhad worked as a volunteer with CORE inLouisiana. She had undertaken to work with our project because her interesthad been aroused in the plight of American Indians. Following basic ethnographic procedures, she settled among a small isolatedcommunity of Tribal Cherokees and devoted herself to becomingacquainted
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