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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY DETERMINANTS OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG MIGRANT FEMALE HEAD PORTERS IN ASOKORE-MAMPONG MUNICIPALITY A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology and Social work, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Sociology. BY VICTORIA AHENKAN NOVEMBER, 2016 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that except for references to other people’s work, which have been duly acknowledged, this work is the result of my own original research. I hereby declare that this work has neither in whole nor in part been presented for any degree elsewhere. …………………………….. …………………………….. VICTORIA AHENKAN DATE (STUDENT) ……………………………… …………………………….. DR. JONATHAN MENSAH DAPAAH DATE (ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR) ………………………………… ……………………………... DR. K. OFORI-DUA DATE (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my husband, Daniel Owusu Frimpong and my parents Mr. & Mrs. Ahenkan. You are my inspiration. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank God so much for all His mercies and goodness to me. My deepest and sincerest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Jonathan Mensah Dapaah who diligently guided and gave me useful suggestions in the writing of this research work. My next appreciation goes to Dr. K. Ofori-Dua, Head of department and all the lecturers at the department of Sociology, KNUST, for expanding my horizon. Also, am grateful to Mr. Hamza who is the Muslim Youth organizer at Akwatia line for organizing the migrant female head porters for the study. I am deeply indebted to the respondents (female head porters) for their time and contribution- life will get better. I also like to mention Peterson Asare-Bediako for assisting me during the data collection. God richly bless you. Finally, to my family, friends and loved ones who wished me well in the course of my studies. May God expand your territory. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATION FHI……………………………...Family Health International FP…………………………….Family Planning GDHS………………………… Ghana Demographic Health Survey GHS…………………………...Ghana Health Service GSS……………………………Ghana Statistical Service IFPP……………………………...International Family Planning Perspective IPAFPP………………………International Population and Family Planning Programme IUD………………………………Intrauterine device JHUCCP……………………...John Hopkins University Centre for Communication Programmes MOH…………………………Ministry of Health NPC…………………………….National Population Council UNFPA………………………….United Nations Fund for Population Activities USAID………………………..United States Agency for International Development WHO………………………….World Health Organization v ABSTRACT Contraception is one of the four important proximate determinant factors of fertility identified by Bongaarts (1978). The role of contraceptive use in population reduction and reproductive health cannot be overemphasized. Over the years, Ghana has been promoting the use of contraceptives for more than thirty-five years, yet there has not been an appreciable and consistent increase in contraceptive use as compared to the efforts made (GSS, 2008). The extent of meeting the needs of vulnerable groups such as female head porters has not been extensively studied. The research therefore examined the determinants of modern contraceptive use among migrant female head porters in Asokore-Mampong Municipality. The aim of the study was to find out the knowledge, level of utilization and socio-cultural factors that influence the use of modern contraceptives among the migrant female head porters. A case study design which is a qualitative approach was used. Twenty-four migrant female head porters between the ages of eighteen (18) years and thirty-five (35) years were interviewed and it was found that majority of the migrant female head porters knew at least three types of contraceptives which include the pill, the injectable and the implants but this does not translate into use due to fear of side effects, myths about contraceptives, husband disapproval, social stigma, traditional values and religious beliefs. Therefore, there is the need for health care providers to educate the public intensively about the side effects of family planning to erase these misconceptions and ensure increase in the use of contraceptives to help female head porters to live healthy and plan their families. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………….iv LIST OF ABBREVIATION………………………………………………………v ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………vi CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Background to the Study .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................. 5 1.2 Research Objectives ..................................................................................... 6 1.3 Research Questions ...................................................................................... 7 1.4 Justification of the Study .............................................................................. 7 1.5 Significance of Study ................................................................................... 8 1.6 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................ 8 1.7 Limitation of the Study ................................................................................ 8 1.8 Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 10 1.9 Organization of the Study........................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................. 11 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 11 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Knowledge on Modern Contraceptives ...................................................... 11 2.2 The Level of Utilization of Modern Contraceptives .................................. 14 2.3 Socio-Cultural Factors That Influence Modern Contraceptive Use ........... 15 2.3.1 Economic status....................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Religious Affiliation ................................................................................ 19 2.3.3 Level of Education .................................................................................. 21 2.3.4 Ethnicity .................................................................................................. 23 2.3.5 Place of Residence .................................................................................. 24 2.5. Conceptual Definitions .............................................................................. 30 vii CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................. 33 RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................................... 31 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 31 3.1. Profile of the study area ............................................................................ 31 3.1.1 Population Size, Structure and Composition ........................................... 31 3.1.2 Fertility, Mortality and Migration ........................................................... 32 3.1.3 Household Size, Composition and Structure ........................................... 32 3.1.4 Marital Status .......................................................................................... 32 3.1.5 Literacy and Education............................................................................ 33 3.1.6 Economic Activity Status ........................................................................ 33 3.1.7 Religious Affiliation ................................................................................ 34 3.2 Research Design ......................................................................................... 35 3.3 Sources of data…………………………………………………………....36 3.4 Population of the study……………………………………………………36 3.5 Selection of respondents............................................................................. 37 3.6 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 38 3.7 Data Analysis.............................................................................................. 39 3.8 Ethical Consideration ................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................ 41 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ................................................. 41 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 41 4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents ...........................................