115–118 Abolition of Slavery, Emerson's Reputation in American

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86223-3 - Beyond Price: Value in Culture, Economics, and the Arts Edited by Michael Hutter and David Throsby Index More information

Index

“A” (Zukovsky), 115–118 subjective vs. objective aesthetic abolition of slavery, Emerson’s reputation judgment, 221–223 in American culture and, 161–163 understanding/appreciation of art Aboriginal art. See Australian Aboriginal outside its own culture and time art period, 224–225 abstract art’s aesthetic values applied to Wittgenstein on cultured taste, 2, contemporary Aboriginal art, 33–34, 220–221, 223, 224, 225, 233, 234, 212 235 Abstract Expressionism and synthetic Adams, Henry, 116 pigments, 64 Addison, Joseph, 251 Academy Awards. See under quantitative Adorno,TheodorW.,2,51 approaches to aesthetic valuation advertising as popular art, 223–224, 233 acculturation, study of American aesthetic philosophy, historical literature promoted as process of, development of, 1–3 172–173 aesthetic value. See value and valuation in acrylic paint and modern American art, art and culture 64–65 Aestheticism and contemporary acuity of work to its own times, 14–15, Aboriginal art, 24 220–235 Albers, Josef, 64 aesthetic transcendence of, 230 Alberti, Leon Battista, 204 authenticity, 231 Alden, John B., 168 Chapman brothers’ Zygotic altarpiece valuations in ﬁfteenth-century Acceleration, Biogenetic Italy, 201–205, 207, 216 Desublimated Libidinal Models, American culture, Emerson’s reputation 220–235 and construction of. See Emerson’s content and subject matter, 227–229, reputation in American culture 232–234 animistic rituals in Uganda, 142 expressive qualities, 229–230, 233–234 anthropology Masaccio’s Expulsion from Eden, current debate on value of art in, 7–8 225–231 ritual and. See social ritual, valuation of philosophical concepts of taste, substantivist-formalist debate, 143–144 judgment, and culture, 220–225 theories of value in, 142–147

299

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86223-3 - Beyond Price: Value in Culture, Economics, and the Arts Edited by Michael Hutter and David Throsby Index More information

300 Index

Appadurai, Arjun, 7, 145 art policy. See cultural policy studies Apter, M. J., 245–247, 248 artistic value, 43 archival economics, 12, 106–123 artists, creation of value by, 75–87 aura: as secret/delayed satisfaction, alternative sources of income for 118–119, 121–122; cultural aura artists, 77 conveyed by archival partners, 120; Berlioz case study. See Berlioz’s evolution of sense of, 113–114; Symphonie Fantastique rubbish as part of, 108, 114–115, consumer, value viewed as deriving 122–123; value of art work derived from interaction between artwork from, 109; to Zukovsky’s work, 118 and, 75 Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 12, cultural value of art work, 76–77 108–113, 122 dual marketplace of ideas and physical indexing creative works, 117, 122 marketplace, 78–81 literal/metaphorical bipolarity of economicvalueofartwork,76 concepts of value and worth, innovation, role of, 80–81, 84–85 106–108, 123 intrinsic value of work of art, 75 marriage as metaphor for value in, 107, minimum economic requirements, 123 constraints imposed by, 77 origin, possession of moment of, model of artistic production, 77–78 122–123 arts people vs. arts economists. See under rubbish theory of, 6; artistic materials cultural policy studies as collateral for use of property on asceticism, art, and entertainment value, which artwork was displayed, 111; 52 aura, rubbish as part of, 108, attributes of work, value based on. See 114–115, 122–123; both byproduct intrinsic value and part of artistic creativity, auction house experts, 195 rubbish as, 108; modern archival Auden, W. H., 270 valuation, 114–115; nonliterary aura and archival economics. See under archives, 121; wrapped art, 109, archival economics 110 Australian Aboriginal art Watergate Archives of Bob Woodward conﬂuence of artistic criteria and and Carl Bernstein, 12, 118–122 economic value in, 201, 209–216, wrapped things in art, 109–110 217–218 Zukovsky archives, 113–118, 122 contemporary. See contemporary Arendt, Hannah, 55 Aboriginal art, meaning and value of Aristophanes, 107–108 Myers on, 7–8 Aristotle, 1, 2, 47, 53, 180, 251 pleasure as grounds for valuation of, Arizpe, Lourdes, ix, 9, 12–13, 141 217–218 art, 279 understanding/appreciation outside its art historical value, 42–43. See also acuity own culture and time period, of work to its own times 224–225 art materials and media Yolngu song and dance. See Yolngu changing prices of. See input prices and ceremonial song and dance new art Australian artists, use of digital as collateral for use of property on technology by, 66 which artwork was displayed, authenticity as value 110–112 acuity of work to its own times, 231

Index 301

for non-Aboriginal consumers of volatility of Berlioz’s musical contemporary Aboriginal art, 33, reputation, 84, 85–86 214 Berlyne, Daniel, 244–246, 248 Aztec ritual, reinvention of, 142 Bernstein, Carl, and Bob Woodward, azurite pigment, 62 Watergate Archives of, 12, 118–122 Bianchi, Marina, ix, 9, 15, 236 Bach, J. S., 116 Birkhoff, George D., 181 Bangarra Dance Theatre, 137 Blake, William, 4 Barbari, Jacopo de’, 92 blue pigments and Impressionism, 62–64 Bardon, Geoffrey, 26–28 Bohannan, Paul, 144 Barth, Frederik, 146 Bo¨ıeldieu, François-Adrien, 82 Battarbee, Rex, 25 Bourdieu, Pierre, 4–5, 144–145, 290 Baudelaire, Charles, 118 Bourget, Paul, 167–168 Baudrillard, Jean, 5 Bradlee, Ben, 120 Baumol, William, 3 Brancacci Chapel frescoes, Florence, Bauwens, Luc, 195 225–231 Baxandall, Michael, 203, 228, 233 Brooks, Arthur C., ix, 9, 15–16, 270, 274 Beardsley, Monroe, 180 Brooks, Tim, 287 beauty, valuation of. See value and Brown, John, 161 valuation in art and culture Bruegel, Pieter, 102 Becker, Gary, 240 Budd, Malcolm, 2 Bell,Clive,24 Burling, Robbins, 144 Benjamin, Walter, 46, 109, 113–114, Burri,Alberto,65 118–119, 121 Burt, A. L., 168 Bentham, Jeremy, 179, 182 Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique, 11, Cabot, James Elliot, 162 81–87 Cairns, David, 86 descriptive program for Symphonie, California light and motion picture 82–83 industry, 67–69 early life and career of Berlioz, Carey, John, 289–290 economic vs. creative equations in, cargo system in Mexico, 144 82 Carleton, Sir Dudley, 89, 103 idée fixe in, 83, 85 Carlyle, Thomas, 169 innovativeness of Berlioz, 81, 84–85 Carnegie Foundation, 291 intentionality of Berlioz and cultural Carracci, Annibale, 97 value of Symphonie, 84–86; Carracci, Ludovico, 97 emotional intensity of work, 84; Carter Brown, John, 113 extended to Berlioz’s corpus, 85–86; Caruso, Enrico, 284 innovativeness of work, 84–85; Cavalcanti, Guido, 116 narrative intention, 84; social and cave paintings, prehistoric, 224 political echoes in, 85 Cellini, Benvenuto, 95–97, 103 Memoirs of Berlioz, 81–82 Celtic culture and rituals, reinvention of, Prix de Rome,82 142 reception of Symphonie: after Berlioz’s Cezanne,´ Paul, 60, 63 death and today, 84; at debut change in values over time, 12–13 performance, 83; at later Chapman, Dinos and Jake, 14–15, performances in Berlioz’s life, 83–84; 220–235

302 Index

characteristics of work, value based on. constructionism, 159–160 See intrinsic value consumer demand for and valuation of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 94 cultural goods, 15, 236–254 Charles X of France, 85 complex nature of, 238 Christianity controversial art. See controversial art asceticism and denigration of and Sensation exhibit entertainment, 52 cultural policy studies and. See cultural Yolngu ceremonial song and adoption policy studies of, 133, 134, 135 distinguishing intrinsic and extrinsic Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 12, 108–113, motivations (creative vs. defensive 122 consumption), 237–238 cinema. See motion pictures Emerson’s reputation in America and Citron, Pierre, 81 rise of mass print culture, 164–171 Cleef, Joos van, 101 Gersaint’s valuation of paintings in Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 107–108 eighteenth-century Paris, 14, 201, cobalt blue pigment, 62, 63 205–209 collaborative bundling of arts habituation, 248–251 performances into arts products, interplay of multiple factors in, 285–288 248–251 commercial valuation in U.S. arts system. psychology of aesthetic preferences, See U.S. arts system, commercial and 244–248 nonprofit valuation in quantitative approaches to, 182, commitment, ritual as promise of, 142 192–193 commodity, U.S. commercial valuation of reading for pleasure: mass print arts as, 283–288 culture and Emerson’s reputation in compact disk technology and music America, 164–171; novel reading in innovations, 70 eighteenth century, 15, 251–253 computer and communications reproduction technology, effects of, technology and new art, 65–67 242–244, 250 Conceptual Art, 232 time constraints on, 238–241, 250, confluences of artistic criteria and 253 economic value, 14 time flexibility and, 241–244, 253 altarpiece valuations in utility theory, 236–237 fifteenth-century Italy, 201–205, value viewed as deriving from 207, 216 interaction between artwork and contemporary Aboriginal art, consumer, 75 application of Modernist aesthetic in U.S. arts system: commercial sector to, 201, 209–216, 217–218 valuation of art as commodity, 288; Gersaint’s valuation of paintings in nonprofit sector’s failure to consider eighteenth-century Paris, 14, 201, consumer demand, 288, 293 205–209, 216–217 contemporary Aboriginal art, meaning historical progressive toward greater and value of, 10, 23–39 role for market, 201, 216–218 abstract art, aesthetic values of, 33–34, Connolly, Cyril, 114 212 Connor, Steven, 5 adaptations made to preserve secrecy Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment to, of sacred images, 28–29 287 in Aestheticism, 24

Index 303

authenticity as value for cultural value as true driver of public non-Aboriginal consumers, 33, opinion, 271–272 214 culture wars and, 270, 273–274, 280 authority as value for Aboriginal demographic approach to, 271, 274; producers, 32–33 arts attendees, 274; arts supporters confluence of artistic criteria and and donors compared to rest of economic value in, 201, 209–216, population, 274; CULTVALUE as 217–218 latent measure of perceived cultural as cultural movement in its own right, value, 277–278, 279; perceivers of 25–26 public benefit from controversial art, desert dot painting movement: 274–275; strategies used to analyze classification and valuation of, data, 276–278; supporters of arts 31–34; confluence of artistic criteria subsidies, 274; survey data, 274–275, and economic value in, 201, 276, 278; target demographic groups 209–216; emergence at Papunya, for policymakers, 279–280; variables 26–29; spread as nationwide affecting support for public funding Aboriginal art movement, 29–31 of controversial art, 278–279 gender issues, 32–33, 209, 210 external benefits and costs of art, Honey Ant Dreaming creation story, 27 272–274 individualism as value: for Aboriginal gender and response to, 274, 276, producers, 32, 33; for 278–279 non-Aboriginal consumers, 34 Cook, Scott, 144 limitations on subject matter for Cooke, George Willis, 173–174 individual artists, 27–28 copyright Modernist aesthetic and: aesthetic commercial sector valuation of art as values of abstract art, 33–34, 212; commodity in U.S. and, 283, 284, confluence of artistic criteria and 286–288, 294, 295–296 economic value, 201, 209–216, on contemporary Aboriginal art, 217–218 210 Namatjira’s watercolors, 24–25 mass print culture and Emerson’s pleasure of viewer, 217–218 reputation in America, 165, 166 primary and secondary markets, cost-disease phenomenon, 238, 241–242 convergence of, 30–31 craft (formative, form, or medial) value, processes of valuation, 31–32; for 37 Aboriginal producers, 32–33; critics. See experts, value based on common structure proposed for, judgment of 34–38; for non-Aboriginal Critique of Judgment (Kant), 49 consumers, 33–34 Croll, Robert, 24 Tingari Dreaming cycle, 29 Cubism and synthetic pigments, 64 tourist valuations, 25, 27, 31, 211, 214 cultural policy studies, 15–16, 261–268 Western vs. traditional cultural complementary approach required for, significance, 23–24 266–268 contracts for altarpieces in on controversial art. See controversial fifteenth-century Italy, 201–205, art and Sensation exhibit 207, 216 cultural value as true driver of public controversial art and Sensation exhibit, opinion, 271–272 15–16, 270–282 current debate on value of art in, 8–9

304 Index

cultural policy studies (cont.) Digital Millennium Copyright Act (U.S.), distinctive tension between economic 295 and cultural value in, 261–263 digital technology and new art external benefits and costs of art, music, 70 272–274 visual arts, 65–67 impact studies and arts people: DiMaggio, Paul, 290 analysis of, 263–264; assumptions Dumont, Louis, 148 made by, 262–263; defined, 261–262; Durer,¨ Albrecht, 89, 90, 91–92, 94–95 shortcomings of, 265–266 Durkeim, Emile, 147 U.S. arts system. See U.S. arts system, Dylan, Bob, 284 commercial and nonprofit valuation in Ecce Homo (Nietzsche), 50 willingness-to-pay studies and arts econometrics. See quantitative economists: analysis of, 264–265; approaches to aesthetic valuation assumptions made by, 263; defined, economic theory 261–262; shortcomings of, 266 current debate on value of art in, cultural theory, current debate on value 3–4 of art in, 4–6 historical development of, 1–3 cultural vs. economic value of art. See economic vs. cultural value of art. See value and valuation in art and value and valuation in art and culture culture culture wars, 270, 273–274, 280, 294. See Edison, Thomas A., 67 also controversial art and Sensation electric guitars and new musical exhibit, developments, 69–70 culture, Wittgenstein’s concept of, 2, electronic media and new art, 65–67 220–221, 223, 224 Eliot, Charles W., 162 CULTVALUE (latent measure of Eliot, George, 169 perceived cultural value) of Eliot, T. S., 51–52, 53, 120 controversial art, 277–278, 279 Emerson’s reputation in American culture, 13, 159–174 Dalton, George, 144 academic/classroom study of, 164–165, de Kooning, Willem, 64 171–173 De Marchi, Neil, x, 9, 14, 200 as, 163–164 de Piles, Roger, 180, 206 at centenary celebrations (1903), Debreu, Gerard, 3 160–163 delayed satisfaction in archival constructionist account of, 159–160 economics, 118–119, 121–122 contrasting characterizations of demographics and controversial art. See Emerson, 163 under controversial art and Houghton-Mifflin/Riverside editions Sensation exhibit of works, 170–171 Derrida, Jacques, 122 mass print culture, rise in America of, desert dot painting movement. See under 164–171 contemporary Aboriginal art, as reformer, 161–163 meaning and value of as writer, 161, 164, 165–171 Dewey, John, 56, 162 enamel paint and modern American art, Dickie, George, 180 64–65 Diderot, Denis, 48–49 entertainment value, 10–11, 41–58

Index 305

aesthetic value, problematic experimental psychology and aesthetic relationship to, 41–42 preferences, 244–247 as transactional or relational: intrinsic experts, value based on judgment of value, pragmatist account of, 56–57; altarpiece valuations in pleasure, social dimension of, 54 fifteenth-century Italy, 203 conceptual genealogy of, 46–52; early modern European art writers, Adorno and Horkheimer, 51; ascetic separation of worth and value by, and sacred value of art vs. 99–103 entertainment, 52; classical Gersaint’s challenge to, 205–206 philosophy, 46–47; Eliot, T. S., movies and movie awards, 188, 51–52; English neoclassicism, 48; 189–190, 191, 192, 195 French early modern philosophy, quantitative approaches to, 181–182, 47–48, 50; French eighteenth- 188, 189–190, 191, 192, 197 century philosophy, 48–49; German Expressionism and synthetic pigments, philosophy, 49–51 64 different types of value compared and Expulsion from Eden (Masaccio), 225– contrasted, 41–44 231 experiential quality of, 42 gender issues in, 47 Faulkner, William, 120 instrumentality of, 41–42, 58 Fauvism and synthetic pigments, 64 intrinsic value and, 41–42, 55–58 Fechner, Gustav, 179, 244 meliorism, 44 Fetis,´ F. J., 83 permanence vs. the temporary, films. See motion pictures 54–55 Fincher, Charles Pugsley, 107 pleasure: pragmatist valuation of, 52; Firth, Raymond, 143, 144 social dimension of, 54; spiritual Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 114 nature of, 53–54; traditional flat screen technology and new art, denigration of, 52 65–67 pragmatism: intrinsic value in, 56–58; Flores, Renato, 195 as methodological framework, food and wine experts compared to art 44–45; pleasure and life valued by, experts, 195 52 Ford Foundation, 291, 292, 295 spiritual aesthetics and: asceticism, Ford, John, 68 Christianity, and denigration of formalist-substantivist debate in entertainment, 52; pleasure as anthropology, 143–144 transcendental, 53–54 formative (form, craft, or medial) value, terminological issues, 45–46, 54 37 environmental and evolutionary foundation support for arts in U.S., 291, psychology of aesthetic preferences, 293 247–248 Fourteenth Amendment, 287 environmentalism, rituals associated Frankenthaler, Helen, 64 with, 142 French ultramarine pigment, 62–63 Euler, Leonhard, 179 Frey, Bruno S., x, 3, 9, 15, 261 excellence as concept in early modern European honor system, 103–104 Gadamer, Hans Georg, 2, 51 exchange value, 2 Garrison, William Lloyd, 161 existent value, 36 Geertz, Clifford, 148

306 Index

gender issues, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, Hamlet (Shakespeare), 44, 115 151, 153 Hanks, Nancy, 291 controversial art, gender as variable Harry Ransom Humanities Research affecting support for public funding Center of, 274, 276, 278–279 Watergate Archives, 12, 118–122 Emerson’s reputation in American Zukovsky archive, 113–118, 122 culture and women’s rights, 161, Hawks, Howard, 68 162–163 Hazard, Caroline, 162–163 entertainment value and, 47 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 2, 50 in contemporary Aboriginal art, 32–33, Heidegger, Martin, 50–51 209, 210 Heinzelman, Kurt, x, 4, 12, 81, 106 novel reading in eighteenth century, Helmholtz, Hermann von, 179 15, 251 Hendrix, Jimi, 60 Yolngu ceremonial song and dance, Herrnstein-Smith, Barbara, 5–6 129, 135 Heysen, Hans, 24 German Idealist tradition, 223 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, Gersaint, Franc¸ois Edme, 14, 201, 161–162, 163 205–209, 216–217 Hilder, Jesse Jewhurst, 24 Gestalt theory, 244 Hilliard, Nicholas, 100 gift economies Hindu puja ritual, 141–142 honor system and. See honor system in Hirst, Damien, 271 early modern Europe historical cultural heritage affected by Trobriander Kula Ring, 142–143 economic value in U.S. arts system, wrapped things in art and, 109–110 287–288, 295–296 Ginsburgh, Victor, x, 9, 14, 179, 189, 195 historical meaning. See acuity of work to Giuliani, Rudolph, 271, 273 its own times Gluckman, Max, 147 historical time, value as test of, 182–184, Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 4 188–190, 191, 192, 193, 194–195 goraku (Japanese term for pleasure), 54 historical value of art, 42–43 Gottlieb, Adolph, 64 Hodges, Christopher, 212, 214 Goya, Francisco, 270 Hofer,¨ Candida, 66 Graburn, Nelson, 31 Holden, John, 8 Graeber, David, 143, 145, 146, 147, Hollanda, Francesco da, 98–99 148–149, 157 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 162 Grampp, William, 3 Honey Ant Dreaming (Aboriginal Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 114 creation story), 27 Guillory, John, 6 Honig, Elizabeth Alice, xi, 9, 11–12, 89 guitar innovations and new musical honor system in early modern Europe, developments, 69–70 11–12, 89–104 Gurruwiwi, Djalu, 137 antimarket discourse, 90–91 Gursky, Andreas, 66 art market, rise of, 89–91 Gyges, 4 art writers, separation of worth and value by, 99–103 habituation and consumer demand for excellence, concept of, 103–104 and valuation of cultural goods, social validation and patronage 248–251 obligations provided by gift Hacking, Ian, 159 economy of, 91–95

Index 307

strategic giving, separation of value motion pictures: light in California from price of work by, 95–99 and, 67–69; patent protections, 67, terminology of value, 90 68; Westerns, 68–69 Hoogstraeten, Samuel van, 101–102, music, 69–70; compact disk, 70; digital 103 technology, 70; phonograph Horkheimer, Max, 51 recordings, 69; radio broadcasting, Horowitz, Glenn, 119 69; steel guitars, 69–70 Houghton-Mifflin/Riverside editions of visual arts, 62–64; blue pigments and Emerson, 170–171 Impressionism, 62–64; digital house paint and modern American art, technology, 65–67; house paint and 64–65 modern American art, 64–65; Houston, John, 60, 68 mass-produced art supplies, 63; Howells, William Dean, 162 proportion of art-related Hugo, Victor, 169 expenditure spent on materials, 62 Hume, David, 2, 179, 182, 222–223, insight or idea value, 37–38 237 instrumental value humor in art, function of, 223 entertainment value, instrumentality Huntington, Henry, 113 of, 41–42, 58 Hurst, Thomas D., 168 intrinsic value compared, 41–42, 55, Hutchinson, Francis, 2 56, 57 Hutter, Michael, xi, 1, 9, 11, 60, 238 pragmatism and, 44 intentions of artist and value of art. See idea or insight value, 37–38 artists, creation of value by Idealist tradition, 223 interaction value of social ritual, 156–157 ideas, marketplace of, 78–81 intrinsic value idée fixe in Berlioz’s Symphonie Arendt on, 55 Fantastique, 83, 85 art historical value, 42–43 impact studies. See under cultural policy artist’s intentions, vs. value derivation studies from, 75 Impressionism and availability of blue artistic value, 43 pigments, 62–64 common structure proposed for, 34–38 indexing creative works, 117, 122 confluence with economic value, individualism as value in contemporary possibility of, 200 Aboriginal art entertainment value and, 41–42, 55–58 for Aboriginal producers, 32, 33 in movie awards, 184–188, 190 for non-Aboriginal consumers, 34 instrumental value and, 41–42, 55, 56, innovation 57 artists, creation of value by, 80–81, Moore on, 55–56 84–85 pragmatism and, 44, 56–58 economic motives for, 87 quantitative approaches to, 179–181, input prices and. See input prices and 184–186, 187, 188, 194, 195–197 new art in specific cultural relevance. See acuity input prices and new art, 11, 60 of work to its own times digital technology: in music, 70; in U.S. arts system, nonprofit valuation visual arts, 65–67 in, 289–290 mass print culture and Emerson’s iPods, 285, 288 reputation in America, 164–171 Islamic ritual dispositions, 141–142

308 Index

iTunes, 287, 288 literal/metaphorical bipolarity of Ivey, Bill, xi, 9, 16, 283 concepts of value and worth, 106–108, 123 Jagamara, Michael Nelson, 27, 34 literary theory, current debate on value of James, William, 160–161, 162 art in, 4–6 Japanese term for pleasure (goraku), 54 literature. See Emerson’s reputation in Jeanne-Claude. See Christo and American culture; printing and Jeanne-Claude publishing Jevons, W. S., 2 Lloyd, Norman, 291 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 119 Locke, John, 206 Johnson, Robert, 284 Love’s Labours Lost (Shakespeare), 45 Johnson, Samuel, 48 Lovell, John B., 168 Josephides, Lisette, 146 Lowell, James Russell, 164 Joyce, James, 114 Lowry, W, McNeil, 291 Luhmann, Niklas, 7 Kabyle society in Algeria, 144 Kahlo, Frida, 114 MacDonald, Hugh, 86 Kant, Immanuel, 49, 222–223, 225, magazines, mass print culture, and 289–290 Emerson’s reputation in America, Kaplan, S., 247 164–171 Klamer, Arjo, 4 Mahler, Gustav, 85 Kluckhorn, Clyde, 143 La Maja Desuda (Goya), 270 Kngwarreye, Emily Kame, 30–31, 34, Malay ﬁshermen, value for, 143 214 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 142–143, 147 Knopoff, Steven, xii, 9, 12, 127 Maloon, Terence, 215 Kooning, Willem de, 64 Malvasia, Carlo Cesare, 97 Kopytoff, Igor, 7 Mander, Karl van, 101, 102–103 Kula Ring in Trobriander society, 142–143 Manet, Edouard, 60 Margaret of Austria, 89, 91–92, 94–95 Lancaster, Kevin, 184 marriage as metaphor for value in Landes, William, 189 archival economics, 107, 123 Langford, Jeffrey, 85 Marx, Karl, 106–107, 116, 145 lapis lazuli, ultramarine pigment made Masaccio, 14–15, 225–231 from, 62 Masolino, 225–226 Larson, Kay, 214 mass print culture and Emerson’s Lawrence, D. H., 120 reputation in America, 164–171 Laws (Plato), 47 matching grants system in U.S. nonproﬁt Lazarus of Ravensburg, 91 arts, 292 Lehman, Arnold, 271, 273 materials and media Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 179 changing prices of. See input prices and Levi-Strauss, Claude, 25, 148 new art Lewis, Gregory B., 274 as collateral for use of property on Lewis, Justin, 8 which artwork was displayed, light in California and motion picture 110–112 industry, 67–69 McClure, S. S., 166 Linder, Staffan, 240, 243 meaning and value, 10–11, 13–15, Liszt, Franz, 84, 85 131–133, 146

Index 309

in Aboriginal art. See contemporary Montaigne, Michel de, 47–48, 50 Aboriginal art, meaning and value of Moore, G. E., 2, 55–56, 57 confluence in economic and aesthetic Mor, Antonis, 102 value, 200 Morgan, Pierpont, 113 specific cultural relevance of work of Morning Star (Yolngu) song series, 129 art. See acuity of work to its own motion pictures times collaborative bundling of arts subversion of or challenge to meaning, performances into arts products, 223–224, 231–232 285–288 in Yolngu ceremonial song and dance, commercial valuation of art in U.S., 131–133 285 measurement of value, 13–15 copyright issues, 286–288 media and materials cultural heritage affected by economic changing prices of. See input prices and value, 287–288 new art econometrics of. See under quantitative as collateral for use of property on approaches to aesthetic valuation which artwork was displayed, expensive nature of, 286 110–112 input prices and innovation in: light in medial (craft, formative, or form) value, California and, 67–69; patent 37 protections, 67, 68; Westerns, 68–69 Medici, Lorenzo de, 97 patent protections, 67, 68 meliorism, 44 motives of artist and value of art. See metaphorical/literal bipolarity of artists, creation of value by concepts of value and worth, movies. See motion pictures 106–108, 123 Munn, Nancy, 146, 147, 152 Metaphysical painting style and synthetic Munro, George, 166 pigments, 64 Munyarryun, Djakapurru, 137 Mexico museums as archives. See archival Aztec ritual, reinvention of, 142 economics cargo system, 144 music Michelangelo, 94, 97–100, 180, 195 Berlioz. See Berlioz’s Symphonie Middleton, Harry, 119 Fantastique Miller, Toby, 8 commercial sector valuation of art as Milo, Daniel, 188 commodity in U.S., 283–284, 285, Mirowski, Philip, 4 294 Modernism cultural heritage affected by economic contemporary Aboriginal art and: value, 287–288 aesthetic values of abstract art, expert judging of, 195 33–34, 212; confluence of artistic input prices and new forms of. See criteria and economic value, 201, under input prices and new art 209–216, 217–218 radio broadcasting, 69, 285, 286, 287 house paint and Modern American art, recording technology: collaborative 64–65 bundling of arts performances into synthetic pigments and Impressionism, arts products, 285–288; commercial 64 sector valuation of art as commodity modularity in art, 243, 249, 253 in U.S., 283–284, 285; copyright Monet, Claude, 63 issues, 286–288; digital technology,

310 Index

music (cont.) painting. See visual arts new art derived from, 70; expensive Papunya, Australia, desert dot painting nature of, 286; iPods, 285, 288; movement at. See under iTunes, 287, 288; new art, contemporary Aboriginal art, phonograph recordings stimulating, meaning and value of 69; Yolngu ceremonial song and Parsons, Talcott, 6 dance, 135–136 patent protections, motion pictures ringtones, 287, 288 shaped by, 67, 68 understanding/appreciation outside its Pathe,´ Charles, 67 own culture and time period, 224 Peer, Ralph, 287 Yolngu. See Yolngu ceremonial song permanence vs. the temporary, 54–55 and dance Phaedrus (Plato), 46 Myers, Fred R., 7–8, 31, 145, 211, 212, philology and academic/classroom study 214, 215 of, 172 photography Namatjira, Albert, watercolors of, archival economics and. See archival 24–25 economics National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), digital technology and new art, 65–67 292, 293, 294 Picasso, Pablo, 65, 195 nationalism and study of American Piles, Roger de, 180, 206 literature promoted as process of, Plato, 1, 46–47, 55, 179, 251 172–173 pleasure NEA (National Endowment for the Arts), entertainment value and. See under 292, 293, 294 entertainment value New Age spiritual rituals, 142 experimental psychology on, 244–248; new art. See innovation; input prices and goraku (Japanese term for pleasure), new art 54 Newman, Barnett, 64 as grounds for valuation: of Australian Nietzsche, Friedrich, 50 Aboriginal art, 217–218; Gersaint’s Nixon, Richard, and Watergate Archives, introduction of, 206–209 12, 118–122 reading for pleasure: mass print culture Noland, Kenneth, 64, 65 and Emerson’s reputation in nonprofit valuation in U.S. arts system. America, 164–171; novel reading in See U.S. arts system, commercial and the eighteenth century, 15, 251–253 nonprofit valuation in social dimension of, 54 Norton, Charles Eliot, 161 Pliny, 204 novel reading in eighteenth century, 15, Poetics (Plato), 47 251–253 Polanyi, Karl, 143–144 Nude Maja (Goya), 270 policy issues and political decision making in the arts. See cultural objective vs. subjective aesthetic policy studies judgment, 221–223 political or social value, 42 Ofili, Chris, 271, 275 Pollock, Jackson, 60, 64, 65 Oscars (Academy Awards). See under Pommerehne, Werner, 3 quantitative approaches to aesthetic post-Impressionism and synthetic valuation pigments, 63 Ours, Jan van, 195 Pound, Ezra, 118

Index 311

pragmatism judgment of, 188, 189–190, 191, 192, entertainment value and. See under 195; intrinsic value of attributes or entertainment value characteristics, 184–186, 187, 188, intrinsic value and, 44, 56–58 194; time, value as test of, 188–190, meliorism, 44 191, 192, 193, 194–195; voting prehistoric cave paintings, 224 procedures, 194 Principal Component Analysis, 277–278 subjective vs. objective aesthetic Principia Ethica (Moore), 55–56 criteria, quantitative response to printing and publishing. See also crisis of, 159, 222 copyright three classical forms of, 179 Durer,¨ Albrecht, and honor system in time, value as test of, 182–184, early modern Europe, 89, 90, 91–92, 188–190, 191, 192, 193, 194–195 94–95 mass print culture and Emerson’s radio broadcasting, 69, 285, 286, 287 reputation in America, RAND Corporation, 8 164–171 Ransom, Harry, and Harry Ransom novel reading in eighteenth century, Humanities Research Center 15, 251–253 Watergate Archives, 12, 118–122 private philanthropy in U.S. arts system, Zukovsky archive, 113–118, 122 290 Rashevsky, Nicolas, 179 product differentiation, economic theory Rastafarianism, 141 of, 181 RCA Records, 284 professionalization of arts performance, reading for pleasure 285 mass print culture and Emerson’s properties of work, value based on. See reputation in America, 164–171 intrinsic value novel reading in the eighteenth Prussian blue pigment, 62 century, 15, 251–253 psychology of aesthetic preferences, relational value. See transactional or 244–248 relational value public policy and the arts. See cultural religion and aesthetics. See spiritual policy studies aesthetics publishing. See printing and publishing Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 63 puja ritual (Hindu), 141–142 representation value, 36–37 Puttenham, George, 95 reproductive technology collaborative bundling of arts qualities of work, value based on. See performances into arts products, intrinsic value 285–288 quantitative approaches to aesthetic commercial sector valuation of art as valuation, 14, 179, 200 commodity in U.S. and, 284, 285 consumer valuation, 182, 192–193 computer and communications experts, judgment of, 181–182, 188, technology and new art, 65–67 189–190, 191, 192, 197 consumer demand for and valuation of intrinsic value of attributes or cultural goods, 242–244, 250 characteristics, 179–181, 184–186, digital technology and new art: music, 187, 188, 194, 195–197 70; visual arts, 65–67 movies and movie awards: consumer mass print culture and Emerson’s valuation, 192–193; experts, reputation in America, 164–171

312 Index

reproductive technology (cont.) slavery, Emerson’s reputation in novel reading in the eighteenth American culture and abolition of, century, 251 161–163 radio broadcasting, 69, 285, 286, 287 Smith, Adam, 2, 143, 181, 237 See also motion pictures, and under Smith, Terry, xii, 9, 10, 23, 201, 210, 212, music 213, 238 Republic (Plato), 47 Smithson, Harriet, 83, 84 restaurant experts compared to art social constructionism, 159–160 experts, 195 social dimension of pleasure, 54 reversal theory, 245–247 social or political value, 42 Richardson, Jonathan, 206 social ritual, valuation of, 141–157 Ridolfi, Carlo, 101 analysis of ritual performance, 147–149 ringtones, 287, 288 anthropological theories of value, ritual. See social ritual, valuation of 142–147 Riverside/Houghton-Mifflin editions of commitment, ritual as promise of, 142 Emerson, 170–171 contemporary market-based Rockefeller Foundation, 291 economies, proliferation of cultural Rossini, Gioacchino, 84 movements in, 141–142 Rothko, Mark, 64 definition of ritual, 147–148 rubbish theory. See under archival interaction value, 156–157 economics underlying structures of society and, Rubens, Peter Paul, 89, 90, 103 141 Running Fence (Christo and sociology, current debate on value of art Jeanne-Claude), 110–112, 113 in, 6–7 Ruskin, John, 4 Socrates, 46 Sony Music and BMG, merger of, Saatchi, Charles, 231, 233, 270 283–284 Sahlins, Marshall, 144 Spanish Inquisition, 270 San Gallo, Giuliano da, 97 Spengler, Oswald, 223 Satie, Eric, 179 Spinoza, Baruch, 116 Schiller, Friedrich, 49–50 spiritual aesthetics Scitovsky, Tibor, 3, 237, 239–240, 243 asceticism, Christianity, and Scott, Walter, 169 denigration of entertainment, 52 secrecy in archival economics, 118–119, Masaccio’s Expulsion from Eden, 121–122 225–231 Sensation exhibit. See controversial art pleasure as transcendental, 53–54 and Sensation exhibit Spranger, Bartholomaeus, 102–103 sexual politics. See gender issues Steedman, Carolyn, 122 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, steel guitars and new musical Earl of, 2 developments, 69–70 Shakespeare, William, 4, 44, 45, 115, 118 Sterk, Lorenz, 91 Shark (Yolngu) song and dance, 134 Story, Moorefield, 163 Shaw, George Bernard, 120 Straight, Michael, 291 Shell, Marc, 4 Strathern, Marilyn, 146, 147, 155 Shiner, Roger, 179 Strauss, Richard, 85 Shneirov, Matthew, 167 structuralism Shusterman, Richard, xii, 9, 10–11, 41 ritual as analyzed by, 148 Simmel, Georg, 6 value, interpretations of, 146

Index 313

subjective vs. objective aesthetic social ritual, interaction value of, judgment, 221–223 156–157 substantivist-formalist debate in transformatory value, 38 anthropology, 143–144 transgressive art, function of, 223 subversion of meaning in art, 223–224, Trobriander Kula Ring, 142–143 231–232 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 113 Sumner, Charles, 163 Turner, Victor, 146, 147 Sutton, Peter, 212, 213 symbolic capital, 144–145 Ugandan animistic rituals, 142 synthetic pigments ultramarine pigment, 62 blue pigments and Impressionism, Ulysses (Joyce), 114 62–64 UNESCO list of Masterpieces of Oral house paint and modern American art, Traditions and Intangible Heritage, 64–65 156 U.S. arts system, commercial and taste, problematic concept of, 220–225 nonprofit valuation in, 16, 294–296 Teichgraeber, Richard F., III, xii, 9, 13, 159 benefits and disadvantages of, 294–296 temporary and fleeting things vs. commercial sector valuation of art as: permanence, 54–55 collaborative bundling of arts Thanksgiving, 142 performances into arts products, Thomas, Rover, 214 285–288; commodity, 283–288; Thompson, Michael, 6 consumer demand for and valuation Throsby, David, xiii, 1, 4, 9, 11, 37, 75, 106 of cultural goods, 288, 293; time copyright issues, 283, 284, 286–288, constraints on art consumer’s time, 294, 295–296; cultural heritage 238–241, 250, 253 affected by economic value, flexibility of art consumer’s time, 287–288, 295–296; expensive nature 241–244, 253 of arts products, 286; value as test of, 182–184, 188–190, 191, professionalization of arts 192, 193, 194–195 performance, 285; reproductive Tingari Dreaming cycle (Aboriginal technology, effects of, 284, 285 painting theme), 29 consumer demand for and valuation of Tintoretto, 101 cultural goods: commercial sector Titian, 94 valuation of art as commodity, 288; Tiv people of Nigeria, 7 nonprofit sector’s failure to consider, Tjampitjinpa, Kaapa Mbitjana, 28 288, 293 Tjapaltjarri, Clifford Possum, 27, 28 nonprofit sector, 288–293; consumer Tjupurrula, Noosepeg, 28 demand, failure to consider, 289; tourism and art valuation, 13, 156 corporate nonprofit status, 290; contemporary Aboriginal art, 25, 27, cultural elites, role of, 291–292; 31, 211, 214 cumulative investments, 293; Emerson’s Concord as site of literary foundation support for arts and, tourism, 161 291, 293; matching grants system, Masaccio’s Expulsion from Eden, 226 292; NEA (National Endowment for transactional or relational value the Arts), 292, 293, 294; overcapacity entertainment value as: intrinsic value, in, 288–289, 294–295; private pragmatist account of, 56–57; philanthropy and, 290; public pleasure, social dimension of, 54 support for arts and, 290–291, 292,

314 Index

U.S. arts system (cont.) in early modern European honor 293; refined arts of European system. See honor system in early lineage, bias toward, 291–292, 293; modern Europe unlimited intrinsic value, Gersaint’s valuation of paintings in assumptions of, 289–290 eighteenth-century Paris, 14, 201, utility theory, 2, 236–237 205–209, 216–217 input prices and. See under input value and valuation in art and culture, prices and new art 1–17 specific cultural relevance of. See acuity authoring and exchanging works of art, of art to its own times 11–12 change in values over time, 12–13 Wagner, Richard, 84, 85 current debate regarding, 3–9 Wall, Jeff, 66 heuristic approach to, 9–10 Warangkula, Johnny, 28, 30, 214 historical background, 1–3 Warnke, Martin, 92 as interdisciplinary project, xv–xvi, 9, Watergate Archives of Bob Woodward 16–17 and Carl Bernstein, 12, 118–122 literal/metaphorical bipolarity of Weber, Ernst, 244 concepts of value and worth, Weber, John, 214 106–108, 123 Weiner, Annette, 145–146 meaning and value, 10–11, 131–133, Westerns, input prices and era of, 68–69 146, 200 Weyers, Sheila, xiii, 9, 14, 179, 189 measurement of value, 13–15 Weyl, Hermann, 179 three classical means of, 179 Wilde, Carolyn, xiii, 9, 14–15, 220 time, value as test of, 182–184, Williams, William Carlos, 4, 118 188–190, 191, 192, 193, 194–195 willingness-to-pay studies. See under See also more specific entries, e.g., cultural policy studies experts, value based on judgment of wine and food experts compared to art van Cleef, Joos, 101 experts, 195 van Ours, Jan, 195 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 2, 6, 14, 220–221, Vasari, Giorgio, 95, 99–100, 189, 228 223, 224, 225, 233, 234, 235 Vermazen, Bruce, 180 women. See gender issues video art and availability of technology, Woodmansee, M., 252 65–67 Woodward, Bob, and Carl Bernstein, Viola, Bill, 60, 66–67 Watergate Archives of, 12, 118–122 visual arts Wordsworth, William, 4 Aboriginal art. See Australian World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Aboriginal art 167–168 altarpiece valuations in Worthington, Richard, 168 fifteenth-century Italy, 201–205, wrapped things in art, 109–110 207, 216 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 248, 249 Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 12, Wundt, Wilhelm, 244 108–113, 122 confluence of aesthetic and economic Yolngu ceremonial song and dance, 12, values in. See confluences of artistic 127–140 criteria and economic value aesthetic qualities, 132

Index 315

bir’yun or brilliance, 131 location of society, 127, 128 centrality to Yolngu life, 127–129 manikay or clan songs, origins and change and maintenance of value, performance of, 129–131 133–136 meaning as value in, components of, Christianity, adoption of, 133, 134, 131–133 135 Morning Star song series, 129 community participation, ensuring, non-Aboriginal valuation of, 136–139 136 recording technology, use of, 135–136 contemplative qualities, 131–132 religious ceremonies, functional contemporary song creation alongside qualities of song and dance in, 132, ancestral song performance, 140 130–131 Shark song and dance, 134 didjeridu accompaniment, 129, 135, Yothu Yindi Foundation, 138 137, 138 Yunupingu, Mandawuy, 132 economic vs. cultural value associated with, 132–133, 137 Zapata, Emiliano, 149 formal vs. informal performance, Zeuxis, 100 130–131 Zukovsky, Celia, 116, 117, 118, 119 funeral ceremony, evolution of, Zukovsky, Louis, 12, 113–118, 122 133–135 Zygotic Acceleration, Biogenetic future challenges to, 139–140 Desublimated Libidinal Models gakal dances, 131 (Chapman brothers), 14–15, gender issues in, 129, 135 220–235