DOCSLIB.ORG

Extraction of Effective Phytochemical- Saponin from Herbal Plant Tribulus Terristris

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extraction of Effective Phytochemical- Saponin from Herbal Plant Tribulus Terristris Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 7 Issue 12, December-2018 Extraction of Effective Phytochemical- Saponin From Herbal Plant Tribulus Terristris V. Sasikala1 Pingali Manasa2, R S V B Mohan3 1Research Scholar , 2,3 M.Tech Student, Dept of Chemical Engineering , Dept of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), AUCE (A), Andhra University, A.P, India Andhra University, A.P, India Meena Vangalapati4* *4 Professor, Dept of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University, A.P, India. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Abstract:-The Phyto-chemicals present in the various herbs have adequate medicinal effects in different parts of the Collection of plant: plants. Various Phyto-chemicals include glycosides, alkaloids, Tribulus terristris fruit powder is collected from the nearby flavanoids, tannins, resins and volatile oils. The presence of ayurvedic shop. different Phyto-chemicals results in various treatments like cancer, diabetics, inflammations, ureic infections etc. The saponin is one of the glycosides division consist of high wide of pharmacological activity. Various herbs consist of saponin at a high rate, in which Tribulus terrstris is one of the herbs which have high content of saponin in it. Due to which T. terristris is used widely in the Ayurvedicand homeopathic formulations as a main source. In the present study, Extraction of Saponin is performed with different solvents to identify the majority of saponin content to be extracted from the plant. The major contents of saponin are found to be with ethanol as solvent. The highest saponin content is found when 1 gm of seed powder is extracted with 70% ethanol is used as a solvent for 240 min at 70ºC with a yield of 79.26%. Fig 1 Gokhru Seed Powder INTRODUCTION: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SAMPLE: Herbalism[1] is use of various herbal plants for the treatment of medicinal diseases Almost 80% of world's Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis (SEM): population relies on traditional medicines for primary To evaluate the particle size of Tribulus powder, surface health care, most of which engross the use of plant topography is to be studied. SEM[6] analysis of the seed extracts.. Tribulus terrestris L.[2] is also known as mitha powder is performed using S-3400n SEM-Hitachi at a (sweet) gokhru as differentiated from kadva or moto range of 12X. The powder was coated on specimen stub, gokhru (Pedalium murex). T.terristris is one of the herbs then placed into the microscope's vacuum column which have a plenty pharmocological activity due to the evaporator and a beam of electrons are then passed through presence of various phytochemical[3] like steroids, powder, inturn travelled through a series of magnetic saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, oils, vitamins, tannins, lenses. The electrons beams are then counted by the resins, nitrate potassium, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. detector fixed inside microscope and final signals are Saponin is one of the important phytochemicals which is received by the recorder as images. The number of used in the treatment of various disease like eye electrons detected from each spot of the sample infections,odeam,inflammations,cancer etc[4,5]. In the createsfurther resultant images. The micrographs decide present study,extra tion of saponin are performed with sufficient data for the topography of the sample. various solvents like thanol,methanol and etc which is furthur used as various herbal extraction for the treatment Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR): of diseases. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) [6] is one of the high qualified tools for identifying different chemical bonds (functional groups) present among tribulus powder sample. The wavelength of electrons obtained by IJERTV7IS120097 www.ijert.org 232 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 7 Issue 12, December-2018 the powder are used to identify the various chemical bonds RESULTS AND DISCUSSION present in the sample which can be detected in the Optimization of parameters like pH, Contact time, Initial annotated spectrum .By IR absorption spectrum, the concentration, Dosage, Temperature plays a key role after chemical bonds in a molecule can be observed. Dry powder the extraction of saponin from tribulus terristris to of ethanolic extracts of tribulus is determined by FTIR determine the level of rate efficiency by soxhlet analysis. 1 mg of the dried Tribulus seed powder is apparatus[11,12] capsulated in sufficient amount of KBr pellet (100 mg), as translucent sample discs. The Tribulus seed powdered is CHARACTERISATION OF THE TRIBULUS SAMPLE: then loaded in FTIR spectroscope, at aScanning range of 400to 4000 cm 1 with a resolution of 4 cm 1. Scanning electron microscope: To evaluate the size of the particle, SEM analysis is carried out using S-3400n SEM- OPTIMIZATION OF THE DIFFERENT PROCESS Hitachi at 12X. The size of the particle and constituent of PARAMETERS FOR EXTRACTION: the sample are distinguished clearly as shown in the figure. The size of the particle varies depends on the saponin The initial process parameters are optimized to obtain the extraction from the T.terristris sample. high yield of saponin content from the T.terristris seed The size of the T.terristris seed powder is found to be 5µm powder. For the optimization, effect of different parameter and the clear structural visibility is observed at a higher are studied as different solvents like ethanol, methanol and magnification of 2700. The size and shape of the Tribulus distilled water, different solvents concentrations from 50- powder is clearly observed at various magnifications of 100%, Different extraction time from 0-270 min, different 1900, 2700, 1400 using sem and results are observed as molar concentrations of hydrochloric acid from 1- 5M, shown in fig.4. The increase in its particle size at 5,10 µm different dosage concentrations like 0.25-1.25 % w/v, in reference to magnification is clearly differentiated. different temperatures from 50-70℃.[7,8] SAPONIN CRUDE EXTRACTION: Soxhlet Extraction: The soxhlet apparatus is the best and highly accurate extraction method mainly for the alcoholic extraction. For the ethanolic/methanolic extraction soxhlet apparatus is used.8 gm of T.terrestris [9,10] powder is weighed and poured in an soxhletapparatus and 250 ml ethanol is measured and taken in round bottom flask. The extraction is performed for 6-8 hrs and the sample is then collected. Depending on the optimized conditions the extracted sample is then collected. The sample collected is pure saponin extract. Fig 3.3 Soxhlet Ethanolic Extraction IJERTV7IS120097 www.ijert.org 233 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 7 Issue 12, December-2018 Fig 4.1 Scanning Electron Microscope Images for the Crude Sample Before Extraction After the extraction, the size and the shape of the powder is sample is dried and the precipitate is further characterized disturbed and the extraction of various components are to identifythe variation. The difference is clearly identified performed. Once after the extraction is completed. The as shown in fig 5.The evident of the size varied a lot because of the extraction separated the compound formations. Fig 4.2 Scanning Electron Microscope Images for the Crude Sample after Extraction IJERTV7IS120097 www.ijert.org 234 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 7 Issue 12, December-2018 4.1.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1905.67 1940.39 60 1950.03 1963.53 1990.54 2013.68 2056.12 2202.71 2086.98 2235.50 2140.99 2129.41 2250.93 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) is 2264.43 2341.58 intended for identifying different types of chemical bonds %T 2360.87 1566.20 817.82 831.32 3846.06 3874.99 1546.91 (functional groups) present in molecular compounds. The 3934.78 45 wavelength of light absorbed is characteristic of the 896.90 401.19 416.62 437.84 chemical bond as can be seen in the annotated spectrum. 457.13 530.42 667.37 1633.71 After the extraction, the size and the shape of the powder is 1643.35 1514.12 1371.39 594.08 1454.33 1427.32 617.22 1462.04 559.36 1330.88 30 1209.37 1712.79 1317.38 1230.58 1267.23 disturbed and the extraction of various components are 3010.88 performed. Once after the extraction is completed. The 2854.65 sample is dried and the precipitate is characterized to 1161.15 2924.09 identify the variation. The difference is clearly identified as 15 1111.00 1033.85 shown in fig 5.The gradient of the size varied a lot because 1058.92 4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 3350.35 of the extraction separated the compound formations.In G E 3367.71 1/cm accordance with the spectra reading the denaturation of the Fig 4.4 FTIR for the Crude Sample after Extraction bond and the formation of new bonds are clearly identified. OPTIMIZATION FOR THE EXTRACTION OF CRUDE The T.terristris sample is collected and sieved and carried SAMPLE: out with FT-IR to identify the presence of the chemical constituents by its bonding between them. The 4.3.1 Effect of different Solvent for the extraction of identification of compound is a key criterion for the saponin from crude sample: identification and for further extraction, purification of the It is critical to optimize the solvent parameter to attain compound. As shown in Fig 4.3, the compound bonds are maximum extraction efficiency.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytochemical Functional Foods Related Titles from Woodhead’S Food Science, Technology and Nutrition List
    Phytochemical functional foods Related titles from Woodhead’s food science, technology and nutrition list: Performance functional foods (ISBN 1 85573 671 3) Some of the newest and most exciting developments in functional foods are products that claim to influence mood and enhance both mental and physical performance. This important collection reviews the range of ingredients used in these ‘performance’ functional foods, their effects and the evidence supporting their functional benefits. Antioxidants in food (ISBN 1 85573 463 X) Antioxidants are an increasingly important ingredient in food processing, as they inhibit the development of oxidative rancidity in fat-based foods, particularly meat and dairy products and fried foods. Recent research suggests that they play a role in limiting cardiovascular disease and cancers. This book provides a review of the functional role of antioxidants and discusses how they can be effectively exploited by the food industry, focusing on naturally occurring antioxidants in response to the increasing consumer scepticism over synthetic ingredients. ‘An excellent reference book to have on the shelves’ LWT Food Science and Technology Natural antimicrobials for the minimal processing of foods (ISBN 1 85573 669 1) Consumers demand food products with fewer synthetic additives but increased safety and shelf-life. These demands have increased the importance of natural antimicrobials which prevent the growth of pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms. Edited by a leading expert in the field, this important collection reviews the range of key antimicrobials such as nisin and chitosan, applications in such areas as postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables, and ways of combining antimicrobials with other preservation techniques to enhance the safety and quality of foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Satureja Montana L. and Satureja Cuneifolia Ten. Essential Oils
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Acta Bot. Croat. 64 (2), 313–322, 2005 CODEN: ABCRA25 ISSN 0365–0588 Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. essential oils NADA BEZI]*, MIRJANA SKO^IBU[I],VALERIJA DUNKI] Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Education, University of Split, Teslina12, 21000 Split, Croatia The phytochemical composition and the antibacterial activity of the essential oils ob- tained from the aerial parts of two Lamiaceae species, winter savory (Satureja montana L.) and wild savory (Satureja cuneifolia Ten.) were evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the isolated oils resulted in the identification of twenty compounds in the oil of S. montana representing 97% of the total oil and 25 compounds of S. cuneifolia, representing 80% of the total oil. Carvacrol was the major constituent of the S. montana oil (45.7%). Other important compounds were the monoterpenic hydrocar- bons p-cymene, g-terpinene and the oxygenated compounds carvacrol methyl ether, borneol and thymol. Conversely, the oil of S. cuneifolia contained a low percentage of carvacrol and thymol. The major constituents of wild savory oil were sesquiterpenes b-cubebene (8.7%), spathulenol, b-caryophyllene, followed by the monoterpenic hydro- carbons limonene and a-pinene. The screening of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils were individually evalated against nine microorganisms, using a disc diffusion metod. The oil of S. montana exhibited greater antimicrobial activity than the oil of wild savory. Maximum activity of winter savory oil was observed against Escherichia coli, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and against yeast (Candida albicans).
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemicals Center for Nutrition in Schools Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis for Health Professionals June 2016
    Produced by: Nutrition and Health Info Sheet: Ashley A. Thiede, BS Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr, PhD Phytochemicals Center for Nutrition in Schools Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis For Health Professionals June 2016 What are phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in vegetables, fruits, cereal grains, and plant- based beverages such as tea and wine. Phytochemical consumption is associated with a decrease in risk of several types of chronic diseases due to in part to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects.1 Recent research has also highlighted their potential role in improved endothelial function and increased vascular blood flow.2 What are the various types of phytochemicals? About 10,000 different phytochemicals have been identified, and many still remain unknown.1 Based on their chemical structure, phytochemicals can be broken into the following groups3, as shown below in Figure 1. Phytochemicals Phenolic Acids Flavonoids Stilbenes/Lignans Anthocyanins, Flavones, Flavanones, Flavonols Flavanols Isoflavones Catechins and Epicatechins Proanthocyanidins Procyanidins Prodelphinidins Figure 1: Types of Phytochemicals What are flavonoids and why are they of particular interest? Flavonoids make up the largest class of phytochemicals.2 In general, flavonoids can play an important role in decreasing disease risk through various physiologic mechanisms. Some of these include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects.4 Mechanisms responsible for improvements in heart disease risk include improved endothelial function, decreased blood pressure, and improvements in lipid and insulin resistance.5 Flavonoids can be divided into the following subclasses flavonols, flavanones, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and flavanonols.6 Certain clinical studies have documented relationships between flavonoid consumption and decreased cancer risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Rich Foods
    Phytonutrient-Rich Foods: Add color to your plate Your goal is to aim for five to 10 servings of colorful fruits and vegetables every day. What Counts as a Serving? One serving = -1 cup leafy greens, berries or melon chunks -½ cup for all other fruits and vegetables -1 medium fruit/vegetable (i.e. apple, orange) -¼ cup dried fruit -¾ cup juice Phytonutrients are natural compounds found in plant-based foods that give plants their rich pigment as well as their distinctive taste and smell. They are essentially the plant’s immune system and offer protection to humans as well. There are thousands of phytonutrients that may help prevent cancer as well as provide other health benefits. The best way to increase your intake of phytonutrients is to eat a variety of plant based foods including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, spices and tea. Supplements are a poor substitute, as these compounds “work together as a team” and provide a more potent protective punch when eaten as whole foods. Vegetables Fruits Spices Artichokes Apples (w/skin) Cilantro Asparagus Apricots Parsley Avocadoes Blackberries Turmeric Beets Blueberries Bok Choy Cantaloupe Other Broccoli Cherries Flax Seeds Brussels Sprouts Cranberries Garlic Cabbage Grapefruit (Red) Ginger Carrots Grapes (Red or Concord) Green or Black Tea Cauliflower Guava Legume and Dried Eggplant Kiwi Beans Greens (Leafy) Mango Nuts Kale Oranges Soy Products Lettuce (Romaine) Papaya Whole Grains Okra Peaches Onions Plums Peppers (Red) Pomegranate or juice Pumpkin Prunes Spinach Raspberries Squash (Butternut) Strawberries Sweet Potatoes Tangerine Tomatoes Watermelon Watercress © 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Scorzonera Species
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Scorzonera Species Karolina Lendzion 1 , Agnieszka Gornowicz 1,* , Krzysztof Bielawski 2 and Anna Bielawska 1 1 Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] (K.L.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-85-748-5742 Abstract: The genus Scorzonera comprises nearly 200 species, naturally occurring in Europe, Asia, and northern parts of Africa. Plants belonging to the Scorzonera genus have been a significant part of folk medicine in Asia, especially China, Mongolia, and Turkey for centuries. Therefore, they have become the subject of research regarding their phytochemical composition and biological activity. The aim of this review is to present and assess the phytochemical composition, and bioactive potential of species within the genus Scorzonera. Studies have shown the presence of many bioactive compounds like triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, or caffeic acid and quinic acid derivatives in extracts obtained from aerial and subaerial parts of the plants. The antioxidant and cytotoxic properties have been evaluated, together with the mechanism of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective activity. Scorzonera species have also been investigated for their activity against several bacteria and fungi strains. Despite mild cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines in vitro, the bioactive properties in wound healing therapy and the treatment of microbial infections might, in perspective, be the starting point for the research on Scorzonera species as active agents in medical products designed for Citation: Lendzion, K.; Gornowicz, miscellaneous skin conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Betalain Phytochemistry by Means of Ion-Pair Countercurrent Chromatography
    STUDIES ON BETALAIN PHYTOCHEMISTRY BY MEANS OF ION-PAIR COUNTERCURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY Von der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte D i s s e r t a t i o n von Thu Tran Thi Minh aus Vietnam 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Peter Winterhalter 2. Referent: apl. Prof. Dr. Ulrich Engelhardt eingereicht am: 28.02.2018 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 28.05.2018 Druckjahr 2018 Vorveröffentlichungen der Dissertation Teilergebnisse aus dieser Arbeit wurden mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, vertreten durch den Mentor der Arbeit, in folgenden Beiträgen vorab veröffentlicht: Tagungsbeiträge T. Tran, G. Jerz, T.E. Moussa-Ayoub, S.K.EI-Samahy, S. Rohn und P. Winterhalter: Metabolite screening and fractionation of betalains and flavonoids from Opuntia stricta var. dillenii by means of High Performance Countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) and sequential off-line injection to ESI-MS/MS. (Poster) 44. Deutscher Lebensmittelchemikertag, Karlsruhe (2015). Thu Minh Thi Tran, Tamer E. Moussa-Ayoub, Salah K. El-Samahy, Sascha Rohn, Peter Winterhalter und Gerold Jerz: Metabolite profile of betalains and flavonoids from Opuntia stricta var. dilleni by HPCCC and offline ESI-MS/MS. (Poster) 9. Countercurrent Chromatography Conference, Chicago (2016). Thu Tran Thi Minh, Binh Nguyen, Peter Winterhalter und Gerold Jerz: Recovery of the betacyanin celosianin II and flavonoid glycosides from Atriplex hortensis var. rubra by HPCCC and off-line ESI-MS/MS monitoring. (Poster) 9. Countercurrent Chromatography Conference, Chicago (2016). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This PhD would not be done without the supports of my mentor, my supervisor and my family.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Nettle (Urtica Dioica L.) As an Active Filler of Natural Rubber Biocomposites
    materials Article Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as an Active Filler of Natural Rubber Biocomposites Marcin Masłowski * , Andrii Aleksieiev, Justyna Miedzianowska and Krzysztof Strzelec Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (K.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Common nettle (Urtíca Dióica L.), as a natural fibrous filler, may be part of the global trend of producing biocomposites with the addition of substances of plant origin. The aim of the work was to investigate and explain the effectiveness of common nettle as a source of active functional compounds for the modification of elastomer composites based on natural rubber. The conducted studies constitute a scientific novelty in the field of polymer technology, as there is no research on the physico-chemical characteristics of nettle bio-components and vulcanizates filled with them. Separation and mechanical modification of seeds, leaves, branches and roots of dried nettle were carried out. Characterization of the ground plant particles was performed using goniometric measurements (contact angle), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), themogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained natural rubber composites with different bio-filler content were also tested in terms of rheological, static and dynamic mechanical properties, cross-linking density, color change and resistance to simulated aging Citation: Masłowski, M.; Aleksieiev, processes. Composites with the addition of a filler obtained from nettle roots and stems showed the A.; Miedzianowska, J.; Strzelec, K.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Final
    Onions – Phytochemical and Health Properties Provided by the National Onion Association Abstract – Inhibit the proliferation of cultured ovarian, breast, and colon cancer cells. Onions have been valued for their medicinal qualities by many cultures around the globe. The organosulfur compounds are largely responsible Numerous health benefits have been attributed to for the taste and smell of onions. Research studies the vegetable, including prevention of cancer and have shown organosulfur compounds to: cardiovascular disorders. Scientific studies have – Reduce symptoms associated with diabetes shown a positive relationship between vegetable mellitus. intake and risk for these common diseases. This has – Inhibit platelet aggregation (involved in led many researchers to test whether the proposed thrombosis). medicinal attributes of onions are valid. Some of – Prevent inflammatory processes associated these studies have shown that including onion in with asthma. the diet: – Was associated with a reduced risk of stomach Many of these studies used non-human subjects. cancer in humans. Others used experimental assays that mimic – Was associated with a decreased risk for brain processes related to disease that occur in the body. cancer in humans. More research is underway to assess the effects of – Inhibited platelet-mediated thrombosis dietary intake of onions on health in human subjects. (a process leading to heart attacks and strokes). – Reduced levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and thromboxanes (substances involved in Introduction the development of cardiovascular disease) in the blood. For centuries consumption of fruits and vegetables – Was associated with a reduction in symptoms has been attributed to beneficial health effects. Ames associated with osteoporosis. and Gold (1998) stated that approximately one-third of cancer risk in humans could be attributed to diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenolic Compounds Assay Kit
    Phenolic Compounds Assay Kit Catalog Number MAK365 Storage Temperature –20 C TECHNICAL BULLETIN Product Description Components Phenolic compounds are phytochemical secondary The kit is sufficient for 200 colorimetric assays in metabolites found abundantly in dietary and medicinal 96 well plates. plants, vegetables, and fruits. Major types of phytochemical phenolic compounds include simple PC Assay Buffer 25 mL phenolic acids (such as gallic acid and vanillic acid), Catalog Number MAK365A flavonoids (such as catechin), stilbenoids, lignans, and various highly complex polyphenols (proanthocyanidins PC Probe 4 mL and tannins). These compounds play an important role Catalog Number MAK365B in plant defense against ultraviolet radiation, serve as a deterrent to herbivores, and also act as signaling Catechin Standard (100 mM) 100 L molecules in ripening and other plant growth processes. Catalog Number MAK365C Both simple phenolic acids and complex polyphenols Vanillic Acid (50 mM) 500 L are found in high concentrations in foods and Catalog Number MAK365D beverages such as berries, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, and wine. Phenolic compounds, being antioxidants, Reagents and Equipment Required but Not have been increasingly studied in dietary sources, due Provided. to their protective effects against cardiovascular Pipetting devices and accessories diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. (e.g., multichannel pipettor) Studies have also shown dietary polyphenols to Spectrophotometric multiwell plate reader possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and Clear flat-bottom 96 well plates anti-allergic properties. Ethanol, 200 proof (Catalog Number E7023) The Phenolic Compounds Assay Kit provides a quick, Organic solvents (e.g. methanol, acetone) and sensitive, and selective method for measuring the total dilute hydrochloric acid (1 M HCl) for sample amount of phenolic compounds in various biological extraction samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Capsicum Frutescens) Fruits
    Vol. 9(38), pp. 2067-2078, 23 September, 2015 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2014.7286 Article Number: 1C3CADE55841 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Full Length Research Paper Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of selected Nigerian long pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruits Bello, I.*, Boboye, B. E. and Akinyosoye, F. A. Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Nigeria. Received 19 November, 2014; Accepted 31 August, 2015 Five varieties of Nigerian long pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruits (var. baccatum, chacoense, fingerh, maxima and minima) were studied for their antibacterial activities. Methods described by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were employed to determine the phytochemicals in the pepper fruits. The Capsicum frutescens fruits showed antibacterial activity (10.33 - 32.66 mm zones of inhibition) against all the tested pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the peppers range between 7.8 and 37.5 mg/ml. Pepper var. minima had the highest MIC (37.5 mg/ml) while pepper var. fingerh exhibited the lowest MIC (7.8 mg/ml) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, respectively. The flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins found present in the extracts were quantified as 0.0019-0.0043, 0.0084-0.0146, 6.57-15.78 and 15.67-26.29 mg/ml, respectively. From this study, it was concluded that the long peppers have antibacterial effect on the tested food borne pathogens; even the less pungent C. frutescens var. fingerh showed antibacterial activity. These peppers when consumed raw could prevent elaboration of infection that the test pathogenic bacteria could cause if consumed in foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Database & Health Function
    AMERICAN PISTACHIO PHYTOCHEMICAL DATABASE & HEALTH FUNCTION AMERICAN PISTACHIO PHYTOCHEMICAL DATABASE & HEALTH FUNCTION RAW KERNELS Pistachio Phytochemicals Pistachios have been considered beneficial to health for These include carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin and centuries by societies all over the world.1 In addition to beta-carotene; phytosterols like beta-sitosterol and being a rich source of many essential vitamins and minerals, polyphenols like quercetin and resveratrol. Research shows monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty that these phytochemicals have beneficial roles in the body, acids, protein and fiber, pistachios provide an array of acting as antioxidants, cholesterol-lowering and phytochemicals that may promote heath and well-being.1, 2, 3 anti-inflammatory agents.4, 5 Pistachio Phytochemical Database SUBSTANCE VALUE FUNCTION ALANINE 0.914 g per 100 g Amino Acid Building block for making proteins. (See Protein) ALPHA-LINOLENIC 0.259 g per 100 g Essential Fatty Acid Omega-3 fatty acids that is essential for life. Omega-3 fatty ACID acids have anti-inflammatory effect. They have been shown to lower blood triglycerides levels and protect from heart disease. ALPHA- 2.3 mg per 100 g Vitamin E Fat-soluble antioxidant: it protects cell membranes against free radical TOCOPHEROL 0.6 mg per oz serving - damage. Research has shown that vitamin E is important for heart health and (2% DV) protects from diseases that come with aging, it boosts immune system and keeps skin and eyes healthy. ANTHOCYANIDINS 6.06 mg per 100 g Flavonoids (Polyphenols) Health protective bioactive compounds (Phytochemicals). Anthocyanidins, a class of flavonoid, are responsible for the intense color of berries, wine, beets and red cabbage.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Antioxidants for Health and Medicine – a Move Towards Nature
    Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review Vol. 1 (4), pp. 097-104, September 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/BMBR ISSN 1538-2273 © 2006 Academic Journals Standard Review Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine – A move towards nature Duduku Krishnaiah*, Rosalam Sarbatly and Awang Bono Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Information Technology University Malaysia Sabah, 88999, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Accepted 4 July, 2007 Oxidants or reactive oxygen species are produced in our body during aerobic metabolism leading to many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases etc. Antioxidants are the chemicals that neutralize these oxidants. Natural antioxidants are the secondary metabolites of phytochemicals and are preferred over synthetic antioxidants, which are found to impose side effects. A review has been done on the effect of oxidants on human health and their neutralization by natural antioxidants. Major natural antioxidants and their plant sources, different recovery processes for antioxidants from plant matrices and the advantage of indirect supercritical fluid extraction over other processes are presented. Keywords: Free radical, secondary metabolites, oxidative stress, recovery processes, process parameters. Table of content 1. Introduction 2. Formation of Oxidants 3. Exogenous Sources 4. Endogenous Sources and Characteristics of oxygen radicals 5. Antioxidant and its mechanism 6. Antioxidant and Cancer 7. Antioxidant extraction processes 8. Future prospects 9. Conclusions 10. References INTRODUCTION Phytochemicals are the chemicals extracted from plants. Antioxidants are secondary constituents or metabolites These chemicals are classified as primary or secondary found naturally in the body and in plants such as fruits constituents, depending on their role in plant metabolism. and vegetables.
    [Show full text]