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The Manufacturing Core More Definitions 3/14/2013 DEFINITION MANUFACTURING is the large-scale Regional Landscapes of the transformation of raw materials (primary United States and Canada sector of economy) into finished goods that The Manufacturing Core have higher value (secondary sector of the economy). Prof. Anthony Grande It uses machines, tools, labor and a power ©AFG 2013 source to create products. 2 North America’s Sub-regions of the Manufacturing Core Manufacturing Core USA USA Milwaukee Utica Chicago Schenectady Peoria Troy Gary New York City Detroit Baltimore Flint Patterson Toledo Trenton Cleve lan d NHNew Haven Akron Springfield Dayton Boston Cincinnati Worcester Wheeling Providence Pittsburgh Portsmouth Erie Portland Philadelphia CANADA Scranton Windsor Buffalo London Overlaps a number of regions Rochester Hamilton including Megalopolis, the Syracuse Toronto Montreal Canadian National Core, the Agricultural Core and Appalachia. 3 4 Manufacturing Needs More Definitions All manufacturing is dependent on: • Connectivity: nodes and linkages; time-distance – Space – Labor supply (various skill levels) • Comparative Advantage: best suited to – Raw materials perform a task – Energy supp ly – Financial centers • Agglomeration: clustering for mutual benefit – Water supply – Markets bulk buying; warehousing – Transportation net- – Political and legal • On-site Storage: variables that are work (accessibility: port • Just-in-Time Systems: buy and accept delivery favorable (jurisdictions, facilities, railroads, high- when needed ways, airports) laws, zoning, regulations) • Location Inertia: tendency of an industry to stay in place and at a place 5 6 1 3/14/2013 Handling Bulk Manufacturing Core Bulk - a large volume of material The growth and development of the Core Break bulk – to reduce the volume to manageable loads was directly related to the: Break-in-bulk Point 1. Quantity, quality and location AtA trans fer po in t on a transpor t rou te w here the of natural resources. type of carrier changes, and where the volume 2. Availability to transport raw materials of shipment is expanded or reduced in size. and the finished product. All manufacturing sites have to deal with issues of bulk and storage for both the raw materials and the finished products. 7 8 Growth of Manufacturing Core Manufacturing Core after the end of the Civil War Core region dates from the late-1800s. In East Coast cities manufacturing grew after the Civil War because of: – Before 1830, there was urban/manufacturing a) Labor supply, water power, good ports, development along Atlantic Coast as the the siting of railroad terminals and money. factoryyy system transformed towns. b) EiitEuropean immigrants with fac tory wor k- – Agricultural settlement between 1830 and ing experience entered the U.S. through these 1860 brought people into the interior lands. cities. – Transportation advances were a factor: c) The growth of the railroads in the mid- • Erie Canal and the “canal fever” (1820s-1850s) 1800s, esp. after the invention (1870s) of steel rails, • Railroads (surpassed the canals in 1840s; flexibility). allowed manufacturing to move inland along the Railroad companies sponsored manufacturing along tracks expanding the original core. their lines. 9 10 Growth of the Railroads Mineral Resources (1850-1880) Needed in the manufacture of many products. Nearby sources reduced cost. It allowed an uninterrupted flow to the Core’s factories. – Metallic minerals as iron ores, nickel, copper, zinc, gggalena, lead, silver, gold – Non-metallic minerals as industrial garnets, asbestos, quartz, clay, emery, limestone, natural cement – Mineral fuels as coal, petroleum and natural gas – Water supply for power, processing, cooling and waste removal. Proximity to the Great Lakes system was important. Note the increase of density of lines over the 30 yr period. 11 12 2 3/14/2013 Comparison of Core Regions Eastern Cities Interior Cities Rust Belt •Existedbefore industrialization • Developed near mineral A 20th century term used to describe the area in industrial • Developed because of and agric resources after decline stretching from Pennsylvania and western NYS commerce and finance industrialization through northern Illinois. • Hearth: New England • Focus: water • Spec ia liza tion: lig ht in dus try • Specialization: heavy ind’try - Small amt of raw materials used – Used nearby metallic minerals and coal - High value per unit weight added – Processing, metal smelting, • Importance on services, esp. machinery, vehicles finance, education, culture •Sites: Buffalo, Pittsburgh, •Sites: Boston, Providence, New Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, York, Philadelphia, Baltimore Gary, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. It is meant to evoke images of rusting manufacturing facilities, especially Louis; Toronto, Hamilton 13 involving the manufacturing of steel, vehicles, and heavy machinery. 14 Reasons for the “Rusting” New England Watermills of the Manufacturing Core the original factories Undershot water wheel • Population shifts to new growth areas (SE and SW U.S., W. Canada) • Labor shortage; young people not wanting to work in factories. • CtitiCompetition fftithUSfrom manufacturers in other U.S. regions and in foreign countries. Overshot water wheel • Aging infrastructure; costly to retro fit or come up to standards; limited space to expand. • New technologies (hi tech), especially robotics. • Environmental issues; cost factors. 15 16 Canals of Lowell, MA - 1850 Inside a Watermill Gears and shafts for GRINDING PULLY SYSTEM action. with gears and belts to turn drive shafts at different levels WATER-POWERED SAWMILL Cranks and rods for SAWING action 17 18 3 3/14/2013 Cotton Manufacturing Museum at Lowell, MA Mill Manville, RI Machines (looms) are powered by water turning wheels. 19 20 Great Falls of the New England Factory Buildings Passaic River Salem, MA Paterson, NJ Manchester, NH It is home to the largest and best example of early manufacturing mills in the US. Milton, MA It played a key role in shaping the American Industrial Revolution. It contains waterpower remnants from the Designated a National Historical Park in 2011. 1700s, including a 3- th th th Has 18 , 19 and 20 century structures. tiered raceway system. 22 21 New England Factory Buildings DUMBO, Brooklyn, NY 23 24 4 3/14/2013 Interior Lake Ports Canadian Lake Ports • Transfer of iron ore shipped on Great Lakes to rail cars at Great Lakes ports: break-in-bulk Hamilton (iron and steel) • Return rail cars carrying coal • Development of steel and other industries at Toronto (diversified) ports Windsor (automobiles) Cleveland - Largest port city on Lake Erie - Canal linkage to Ohio River Buffalo - Linked to NYC by Erie Canal “Golden Horseshoe” of Canada – the area at the west end of Lake Ontario from Toronto to the Niagara River. - Last port on “all American” route from Lake Superior 25 26 - Extensive rail yards interacted with port facilities Recipe for Making Steel Chicago IRON ORE • Dominant city in interior manufacturing core • Not a great site – Swampy – Poor-quality drinking water – Non-navigable river • Has situational advantages Coal is moved by rail or water. Iron ore is moved by water. COAL – Transfer of goods and people from west and Steel mills are located along southwest the shoreline. – Focus of inland water transportation (Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1848) connecting Lake Michigan Finished products are moved by to the Mississippi River system water, rail or truck to their next – Railroad center destination. 27 28 Lake Michigan Chicago: Chicago Metro Aerial area Satellite images Photograph of Gary, IN Lake • Originally, there were Cleveland Michigan two rivers that flowed from the image’s top and bottom. Winter 1937 View Chicago River • They joined and flowed east to Lake Michigan. • In the 1890s the flow was reversed (from Lake Michigan inland) and a sanitary canal Industrial area was created. 29 30 5 3/14/2013 Heavy industry Cuyahoga River Fire June 22, 1969 on Cleveland’s Cuyahoga River Here water is used in processing, for waste disposa l an d as a means of transportation. 31 32 PITTSBURGH Vintage Photos of Pittsburgh • Strategic river junction (where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to form the Ohio River) Pittsburgh steel mill • Access to raw materials (iron ore and coal) and down-river markets Air pollution from • Stee l ma king cen ter Pittsburgh steel mill 33 34 • From the French, Detroit: Satellite image de troit – “of the Detroit narrows” • Located along the Looking north Detroit River (a chan- nel) that connects from Detroit to Lake Erie with Lake Lake St. Clair (in Detroit, MI the distance). St. Clair. USA Lake St. Windsor (Canada) Clair • Located at a place to cross the river and is to the right. also to control water Windsor, ON traffic between the Canada lakes. • This was a site of colonial forts. Lake Erie 35 36 6 3/14/2013 The Ford Plant at Rouge River south of Detroit Automobile Industry Henry Ford (1863-1947). Industrialist, automobile manufacturer, and pioneer of the assembly line technique of mass production. Major manufacturing plants need a lot of space and are located outside of cities. Assembly line manufacturing is a one level, horizontal production line. (As opposed to the multi-story East Coast factories located within a city.) 37 38 A Modern Automobile Assembly Line Some horizontal assemble lines can be over a quarter mile long. 39 7.
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