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Version 7.8-Systemd
Linux From Scratch Version 7.8-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 7.8-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2015 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2015, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 7.8-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book .................................................................................................................... x vi. Prerequisites -
The Complete Freebsd
The Complete FreeBSD® If you find errors in this book, please report them to Greg Lehey <grog@Free- BSD.org> for inclusion in the errata list. The Complete FreeBSD® Fourth Edition Tenth anniversary version, 24 February 2006 Greg Lehey The Complete FreeBSD® by Greg Lehey <[email protected]> Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006 by Greg Lehey. This book is licensed under the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5” license. The full text is located at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode. You are free: • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work • to make derivative works under the following conditions: • Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. • Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. This clause is modified from the original by the provision: You may use this book for commercial purposes if you pay me the sum of USD 20 per copy printed (whether sold or not). You must also agree to allow inspection of printing records and other material necessary to confirm the royalty sums. The purpose of this clause is to make it attractive to negotiate sensible royalties before printing. • Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. -
CSCE 451/851 Operating Systems Principles the UNIX Operating System Processes &
Page 1 The UNIX Operating System History ◆ The original UNIX 1 » An experimental operating system developed by Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie in the late ‘60s ◆ Main variants (“Standards”) »System V »POSIX ❖developed by AT&T, now ❖IEEE/ISO owned by UNIX International »FreeBSD » 4.4 BSD ❖ Open Software Foundation »Linux ◆ Commercial products » Ultrix, DEC UNIX — DEC » AIX — IBM » SunOS, Solaris — Sun » Xenix — Microsoft » HP/UX — Hewlett Packard » ... 2 Lecture 4 Steve Goddard [email protected] Processes & IPC The UNIX OperatingThe System http://www.cse.unl.edu/~goddard/Courses/CSCE451 CSCE 451/851 Operating Systems Principles CSCE 451/851 Steve Goddard Lecture 4 Page 2 CSCE 451/851 CSCE Steve Goddard The UNIX Operating System The UNIX Operating System Processes Processes ◆ A process is created by the fork() system call ◆ Alternatively, processes can be “created” by an exec() » creates a new address space that is a duplicate of the callers » replaces the memory image of the caller with a new program Parent address space “parent” “child” main (argc, argv) address space address space int childpid; main() prog() childpid = 1 { { { switch (childpid = fork()) { exec( prog) case 0: /* child */ } } child_func(); exit(0); default: /* parent */ ◆ This is how the shell executes commands parent_func(); while(wait((int *) 0) != childpid); »a fork() followed by an exec() exit(0); Child address space case -1: /* oops */ csh wait() error("fork:%s\n",sys_errlist[errno]); childpid = 0 fork() } } csh ls exec() 3 4 CSCE 451/851 CSCE 451/851 Steve Goddard -
Operating RISC: UNIX Standards in the 1990S
Operating RISC: UNIX Standards in the 1990s This case was written by Will Mitchell and Paul Kritikos at the University of Michigan. The case is based on public sources. Some figures are based on case-writers' estimates. We appreciate comments from David Girouard, Robert E. Thomas and Michael Wolff. The note "Product Standards and Competitive Advantage" (Mitchell 1992) supplements this case. The latest International Computerquest Corporation analysis of the market for UNIX- based computers landed on three desks on the same morning. Noel Sharp, founder, chief executive officer, chief engineer and chief bottle washer for the Superbly Quick Architecture Workstation Company (SQAWC) in Mountain View, California hoped to see strong growth predicted for the market for systems designed to help architects improve their designs. In New York, Bo Thomas, senior strategist for the UNIX systems division of A Big Computer Company (ABCC), hoped that general commercial markets for UNIX-based computer systems would show strong growth, but feared that the company's traditional mainframe and mini-computer sales would suffer as a result. Airborne in the middle of the Atlantic, Jean-Helmut Morini-Stokes, senior engineer for the UNIX division of European Electronic National Industry (EENI), immediately looked to see if European companies would finally have an impact on the American market for UNIX-based systems. After looking for analysis concerning their own companies, all three managers checked the outlook for the alliances competing to establish a UNIX operating system standard. Although their companies were alike only in being fictional, the three managers faced the same product standards issues. How could they hasten the adoption of a UNIX standard? The market simply would not grow until computer buyers and application software developers could count on operating system stability. -
The Rise & Development of Illumos
Fork Yeah! The Rise & Development of illumos Bryan Cantrill VP, Engineering [email protected] @bcantrill WTF is illumos? • An open source descendant of OpenSolaris • ...which itself was a branch of Solaris Nevada • ...which was the name of the release after Solaris 10 • ...and was open but is now closed • ...and is itself a descendant of Solaris 2.x • ...but it can all be called “SunOS 5.x” • ...but not “SunOS 4.x” — thatʼs different • Letʼs start at (or rather, near) the beginning... SunOS: A peopleʼs history • In the early 1990s, after a painful transition to Solaris, much of the SunOS 4.x engineering talent had left • Problems compounded by the adoption of an immature SCM, the Network Software Environment (NSE) • The engineers revolted: Larry McVoy developed a much simpler variant of NSE called NSElite (ancestor to git) • Using NSElite (and later, TeamWare), Roger Faulkner, Tim Marsland, Joe Kowalski and Jeff Bonwick led a sufficiently parallelized development effort to produce Solaris 2.3, “the first version that worked” • ...but with Solaris 2.4, management took over day-to- day operations of the release, and quality slipped again Solaris 2.5: Do or die • Solaris 2.5 absolutely had to get it right — Sun had new hardware, the UltraSPARC-I, that depended on it • To assure quality, the engineers “took over,” with Bonwick installed as the gatekeeper • Bonwick granted authority to “rip it out if itʼs broken" — an early BDFL model, and a template for later generations of engineering leadership • Solaris 2.5 shipped on schedule and at quality -
IBM System Storage Open Systems Tape Encryption Solutions
Front cover IBM System Storage Open Systems Tape Encryption Solutions Understanding tape encryption and Tivoli Key Lifecycle Manager Version 2 Planning for and installing hardware and software Configuring and managing the tape encryption solution Alex Osuna Luciano Cecchetti Edgar Vinson ibm.com/redbooks International Technical Support Organization IBM System Storage Open Systems Tape Encryption Solutions December 2010 SG24-7907-00 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page vii. First Edition (December 2010) This edition applies to Tivoli Key Lifecycle Manager (TKLM) Version 2. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2010. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . vii Trademarks . viii Preface . ix The team who wrote this book . .x Become a published author . xi Comments welcome. xi Stay connected to IBM Redbooks . xii Chapter 1. Introduction to tape encryption. 1 1.1 IBM System Storage tape drives. 2 1.2 How tape data encryption works . 4 1.3 What to encrypt . 6 1.4 Why use tape data encryption. 7 1.4.1 Why encrypt data in the drive . 7 1.4.2 Fundamental to encryption: Policy and key management . 7 1.4.3 Summary. 8 1.5 Concepts of tape data encryption . 8 1.5.1 Symmetric key encryption. 9 1.5.2 Asymmetric key encryption . 11 1.5.3 Hybrid encryption . 14 1.5.4 Digital certificates . 15 1.6 Simplifying key management with TKLM . 20 1.6.1 Encryption as a critical business process . -
Chapter 4 Introduction to UNIX Systems Programming
Chapter 4 Introduction to UNIX Systems Programming 4.1 Introduction Last chapter covered how to use UNIX from from a shell program using UNIX commands. These commands are programs that are written in C that interact with the UNIX environment using functions called Systems Calls. This chapter covers this Systems Calls and how to use them inside a program. 4.2 What is an Operating System An Operating System is a program that sits between the hardware and the application programs. Like any other program it has a main() function and it is built like any other program with a compiler and a linker. However it is built with some special parameters so the starting address is the boot address where the CPU will jump to start the operating system when the system boots. Draft An operating system typically offers the following functionality: ● Multitasking The Operating System will allow multiple programs to run simultaneously in the same computer. The Operating System will schedule the programs in the multiple processors of the computer even when the number of running programs exceeds the number of processors or cores. ● Multiuser The Operating System will allow multiple users to use simultaneously in the same computer. ● File system © 2014 Gustavo Rodriguez-Rivera and Justin Ennen,Introduction to Systems Programming: a Hands-on Approach (V2014-10-27) (systemsprogrammingbook.com) It allows to store files in disk or other media. ● Networking It gives access to the local network and internet ● Window System It provides a Graphical User Interface ● Standard Programs It also includes programs such as file utilities, task manager, editors, compilers, web browser, etc. -
Open Technology Development (OTD): Lessons Learned & Best Practices for Military Software
2011 OTD Lessons Learned Open Technology Development (OTD): Lessons Learned & Best Practices for Military Software 2011-05-16 Sponsored by the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Networks & Information Integration) (NII) / DoD Chief Information Officer (CIO) and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (AT&L) This document is released under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 (CC- BY-SA) License. You are free to share (to copy, distribute and transmit the work) and to remix (to adapt the work), under the condition of attribution (you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work)). For more information, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ . The U.S. government has unlimited rights to this document per DFARS 252.227-7013. Portions of this document were originally published in the Software Tech News, Vol.14, No.1, January 2011. See https://softwaretechnews.thedacs.com/ for more information. Version - 1.0 2 2011 OTD Lessons Learned Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Software is a Renewable Military Resource ................................................................................ 1 1.2 What is Open Technology Development (OTD) ......................................................................... 3 1.3 Off-the-shelf (OTS) Software Development -
An Analysis of the Strategic Management of Technology in the Context of the Organizational Life-Cycle
An Analysis of the Strategic Management of Technology in the Context of the Organizational Life-Cycle by Steven W. Klosterman BSEE (1983), University of Cincinnati Submitted to the System Design and Management Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering and Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2000 C 2000 Steven W. Klosterman. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author --------- System Design and Management Program. June, 2000 Certified by Thomas Kochan George M. Bunker Professor of Management Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Thomas Kochan Co-Director, System Design and Management Program Sloan School of Management Acceptedby Paul A. Lagace Co-Director, System Design and Management Program Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY EN JUN 1 4 2000 LIBRARIES I Acknowledgements I would like to thank the individuals and organizations that have helped me pursue this thesis and my MIT education: To the System Design and Management (SDM) program for providing the vision of flexible, distance learning as an enabler for mid-career engineers to study at one of the world's foremost centers of learning. To Tom Magnanti, Tom Kochan, Ed Crawley, John Williams, Margee Best, Anna Barkley, Leen Int'Veld, Dan Frey, Jon Griffith and Dennis Mahoney, I cannot sufficiently express my gratitude for being given the privilege of becoming a member of the MIT community. To my fellow students in the SDM program for providing the support, encouragement and help, I am honored to be associated with you. -
An Introduction to X Window Application Development
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1992-03 An introduction to X Window application development. Rust, David Michael Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23933 FV KNOX LIBRARY •Ud SCHOOL SivAL POSTGRADUATE SoNTEHEV.CAUFORN.AG^^ CURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION UNCLASSIFIED a SECURITY CLASSIPICAT I6M AUTH6RITV 3. bisTRiBuTi6N7AVAlLABiUTY 6P REP5RT Approved for public release; b. dECLAssIFICATIoN/doWNgRADINg SCHEDULE distribution is unlimited PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REP6RT NUM&ER(S) 5. M6niT6Ring6Rgani2aTi6n rep6rT numbER(S) *. NAME 6F PERFORMING 6R6ANIZATI6N 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME 6E M6NIT6R1NG ORGANIZATION vdministrative Sciences Department (if applicable) Naval Postgraduate School Javal Postgraduate School AS :. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) /lonterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL g PROCURE M E N T I NST RUMEN T ID E N T I FI CATION NUMBE R ORGANIZATION (if applicable) 6. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM 1 PR6JECT TTa^R" WoRkUNiT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. 1 . TITLE (Include Security Classification) ^N INTRODUCTION TO X WINDOW APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (U) 2 PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) lust, David M. 3a. type of report 13b. time covered 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 16. PAGE COUNT Master's Thesis from 10/90 to 03/92 1992, March, 23 70 supplementary notation 6 The views expressed in this ^sis ^ those of the author md do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States Government. -
Oracle Solaris Administration Common Tasks
Oracle® Solaris Administration: Common Tasks Part No: 821–1451–11 December 2011 Copyright © 1998, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract,and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle America, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065. -
Solaris X Window System Reference Manual
Solaris X Window System Reference Manual Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. 1995 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 USA. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Portions of this product may be derived from the UNIX system, licensed from UNIX System Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc., and from the Berkeley 4.3 BSD system, licensed from the University of California. Third- party software, including font technology in this product, is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun's Suppliers. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 and FAR 52.227-19. The product described in this manual may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. TRADEMARKS Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunSoft, the SunSoft logo, Solaris, SunOS, OpenWindows, DeskSet, ONC, ONC+, and NFS are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. OPEN LOOK is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc.