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The Science of String Instruments
The Science of String Instruments Thomas D. Rossing Editor The Science of String Instruments Editor Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) Stanford, CA 94302-8180, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7109-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7110-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 Thomas D. Rossing 2 Plucked Strings ........................................................... 11 Thomas D. Rossing 3 Guitars and Lutes ........................................................ 19 Thomas D. Rossing and Graham Caldersmith 4 Portuguese Guitar ........................................................ 47 Octavio Inacio 5 Banjo ...................................................................... 59 James Rae 6 Mandolin Family Instruments........................................... 77 David J. Cohen and Thomas D. Rossing 7 Psalteries and Zithers .................................................... 99 Andres Peekna and Thomas D. -
To the New Owner by Emmett Chapman
To the New Owner by Emmett Chapman contents PLAYING ACTION ADJUSTABLE COMPONENTS FEATURES DESIGN TUNINGS & CONCEPT STRING MAINTENANCE BATTERIES GUARANTEE This new eight-stringed “bass guitar” was co-designed by Ned Steinberger and myself to provide a dual role instrument for those musicians who desire to play all methods on one fretboard - picking, plucking, strumming, and the two-handed tapping Stick method. PLAYING ACTION — As with all Stick models, this instrument is fully adjustable without removal of any components or detuning of strings. String-to-fret action can be set higher at the bridge and nut to provide a heavier touch, allowing bass and guitar players to “dig in” more. Or the action can be set very low for tapping, as on The Stick. The precision fretwork is there (a straight board with an even plane of crowned and leveled fret tips) and will accommodate the same Stick low action and light touch. Best kept secret: With the action set low for two-handed tapping as it comes from my setup table, you get a combined advantage. Not only does the low setup optimize tapping to its SIDE-SADDLE BRIDGE SCREWS maximum ease, it also allows all conventional bass guitar and guitar techniques, as long as your right hand lightens up a bit in its picking/plucking role. In the process, all volumes become equal, regardless of techniques used, and you gain total control of dynamics and expression. This allows seamless transition from tapping to traditional playing methods on this dual role instrument. Some players will want to compromise on low action of the lower bass strings and set the individual bridge heights a bit higher, thereby duplicating the feel of their bass or guitar. -
Guitar Anatomy Glossary
GUITAR ANATOMY GLOSSARY abalone: an iridescent lining found in the inner shell of the abalone mollusk that is often used alongside mother of pearl; commonly used as an inlay material. action: the distance between the strings and the fretboard; the open space between strings and frets. back: the part of the guitar body held against the player’s chest; it is reflective and resonant, and usually made of a hardwood. backstrip: a decorative inlay that runs the length of the center back of a stringed instrument. binding: the inlaid corner trim at the very edges of an instrument’s body or neck, used to provide aesthetic appeal, seal open wood and to protect the edge of the face and back, as well as the glue joint. bout: the upper or lower outside curve of a guitar or other instrument body. body: an acoustic guitar body; the sound-producing chamber to which the neck and bridge are attached. body depth: the measurement of the guitar body at the headblock and tailblock after the top and back have been assembled to the rim. bracing: the bracing on the inside of the instrument that supports the top and back to prevent warping and breaking, and creates and controls the voice of the guitar. The back of the instrument is braced to help distribute the force exerted by the neck on the body, to reflect sound from the top and act sympathetically to the vibrations of the top. bracing, profile: the contour of the brace, which is designed to control strength and tone. bracing, scalloped: used to describe the crests and troughs of the braces where mass has been removed to accentuate certain nodes. -
Nxta Cello Instructions STAND Open the Legs Wide for Stability, and Secure in Place with Thumb Screw Clamp
NXTa Cello Instructions STAND Open the legs wide for stability, and secure in place with thumb screw clamp. Mount the instrument to the stand using the large (5/16”) thumb screw at the top of the stand. Using the adjustment knobs, it is possible to adjust the height, angle, and tilt of the instrument. CONTROLS Knob 1 Volume – rotary control Knob 2 Tone – rotary control, clockwise for full treble, counter-clockwise to cut treble. Dual Output Mode – push-pull control, in for Passive Mode, out for Active Mode. Active Mode – Using the supplied charger, connect the NXTa to any AC outlet for 60 seconds. This will fuel the capacitor-powered active circuit for up to 16 hours of performance time. The instrument can then be plugged straight into any low or high impedance device, no direct box necessary. Passive Mode* – The NXTa can be played in this mode with an amplifier with an impedance of 1 meg ohm or greater (3-10 meg ohm recommended) or with a direct box. Switch Arco/Pizzicato Mode selection, toggle up for Arco, toggle down for Pizzicato The design of the Polar™ Pickup System enables you to choose between two distinct attack and decay characteristics: Arco Mode is for massive attack and relatively fast decay, optimal for bowed and percussive plucked sound. Pizzicato Mode is for a smooth attack and long decay, optimal for plucked, sustained sound. This mode is not recommended for bowing. Note that the Polar™ pickup allows the player to control attack and decay parameters. Pizzicato Mode is for a smoother attack and longer decay when plucked. -
Acoustical Studies on the Flat-Backed and Round- Backed Double Bass
Acoustical Studies on the Flat-backed and Round- backed Double Bass Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorats der Philosophie eingereicht an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien von Mag. Andrew William Brown Betreuer: O. Prof. Mag. Gregor Widholm emer. O. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Födermayr Wien, April 2004 “Nearer confidences of the gods did Sisyphus covet; his work was his reward” i Table of Contents List of Figures iii List of Tables ix Forward x 1 The Back Plate of the Double Bass 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Form of the Double Bass 2 1.3 The Form of Other Bowed Instruments 4 2 Surveys and Literature on the Flat-backed and Round-backed Double Bass 12 2.1 Surveys of Instrument Makers 12 2.2 Surveys Among Musicians 20 2.3 Literature on the Acoustics of the Flat-backed Bass and 25 the Round-Backed Double Bass 3 Experimental Techniques in Bowed Instrument Research 31 3.1 Frequency Response Curves of Radiated Sound 32 3.2 Near-Field Acoustical Holography 33 3.3 Input Admittance 34 3.4 Modal Analysis 36 3.5 Finite Element Analysis 38 3.6 Laser Optical Methods 39 3.7 Combined Methods 41 3.8 Summary 42 ii 4 The Double Bass Under Acoustical Study 46 4.1 The Double Bass as a Static Structure 48 4.2 The Double Bass as a Sound Source 53 5 Experiments 56 5.1 Test Instruments 56 5.2 Setup of Frequency Response Measurements 58 5.3 Setup of Input Admittance Measurements 66 5.4 Setup of Laser Vibrometry Measurements 68 5.5 Setup of Listening Tests 69 6 Results 73 6.1 Results of Radiated Frequency Response Measurements 73 6.2 Results of Input Admittance Measurements 79 6.3 Results of Laser Vibrometry Measurements. -
Some Misconceptions About the Baroque Violin Stewart Pollens
Performance Practice Review Volume 14 | Number 1 Article 6 Some Misconceptions about the Baroque Violin Stewart Pollens Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/ppr Part of the Music Practice Commons Pollens, Stewart (2009) "Some Misconceptions about the Baroque Violin," Performance Practice Review: Vol. 14: No. 1, Article 6. DOI: 10.5642/perfpr.200914.01.06 Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/ppr/vol14/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Claremont at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Performance Practice Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Misconceptions about the Baroque Violin Stewart Pollens Copyright © 2009 Claremont Graduate University Much has been written about the baroque violin, yet many misconceptions remain²most notably that up to around 1750 their necks were universally shorter and not angled back as they are today, that the string angle over the bridge was considerably flatter, and that strings were of narrower gauge and under lower tension.1 6WUDGLYDUL¶VSDWWHUQVIRUFRQVWUXFWLQJQHFNVILQJHUERDUGVEULGJHVDQG other fittings preserved in the Museo Stradivariano in Cremona provide a wealth of data that refine our understanding of how violins, violas, and cellos were constructed between 1666- 6WUDGLYDUL¶V\HDUV of activity). String tension measurements made in 1734 by Giuseppe Tartini provide additional insight into the string diameters used at this time. The Neck 7KHEDURTXHYLROLQ¶VWDSHUHGQHFNDQGZHGJH-shaped fingerboard became increasingly thick as one shifted from the nut to the heel of the neck, which required the player to change the shape of his or her hand while moving up and down the neck. -
A Guide for Playing the Viola Without a Shoulder Rest Chin Wei Chang University of South Carolina - Columbia
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2018 A Guide for Playing the Viola Without a Shoulder Rest Chin Wei Chang University of South Carolina - Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Music Performance Commons Recommended Citation Chang, C.(2018). A Guide for Playing the Viola Without a Shoulder Rest. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5036 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Guide for Playing the Viola Without a Shoulder Rest by Chin Wei Chang Bachelor of Music National Sun Yat- sen University, 2010 Master of Music University of South Carolina, 2015 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in Performance School of Music University of South Carolina 2018 Accepted by: Daniel Sweaney, Major Professor Kunio Hara, Committee Member Craig Butterfield, Committee Member Ari Streisfeld, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Chin Wei Chang, 2018 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my dearest parents, San-Kuei Chang and Ching-Hua Lai. Thank you for all your support and love while I have pursued my degree over the past six years. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I truly appreciate the director of the dissertation, Dr. Daniel Sweaney, for his advice, inspiration, and continuous encouragement over the past four years. -
Meet the String Family
Quapaw Quartet Presents Meet the String Family Instruments of the String Family There are three string instruments played by the four members of the Quapaw Quartet: Two violins, one viola, and one cello. The full orchestra includes two additional string instruments, the double bass and the harp. Except for the harp, these instruments are played by the right hand, either with a bow or plucking the strings with your fingers. [See short examples of all five instruments on YouTube played by college students at the University of Texas: String instruments of the orchestra www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxFNHeXKmrY May 22, 2011.] The violin, sometimes called the fiddle, is the smallest of the instruments in the The String Family string quartet. It is played by resting the belly of the instrument on your left shoulder, placing your chin on the chinrest, and holding the neck, or the skinnier part, of the violin in your left hand. Violins play the highest notes because its strings are the shortest and thinnest of all string instruments. The viola is the medium-sized instrument endpin in the string quartet and plays lower notes than the violin. This is because its strings The cello and double bass are actually much larger are longer and thicker than those on the compared to the violin and viola than it looks like in this violin. It is held the same way as a violin illustration. and looks exactly like a violin except for that fact that it is slightly larger. The cello (also called the violincello) is the largest instrument in the string quartet and plays the lowest notes. -
On Behalf of Teachers, Violin Shops, and Beginning Players Across The
BEWARE OF THE V.S.O. „VIOLIN SHAPED OBJECT‟ On behalf of Teachers, Violin Shops, Beware! The $99.00 violin and Beginning Players across the country, we encourage parents to Welcome to Frank's Violins‟ Comedy avoid the temptation to buy a cheap Corner, a little laugh and a little lesson! internet-auction violin outfit, The $99.00 violin outfit usually features: commonly known as a V.S.O. – Violin • Heavily sprayed lacquer finish, almost Shaped Object. "dipped" in appearance, shiny but not an V.S.O.’s look like violins, but a very high open sound, unusually heavy instrument percentage are virtually unplayable due to weight, sometimes an airbrushed faux finish innumerable structural and set-up problems. that appears to be a highly flamed piece of Many well-meaning parents bring in their wood, also know as "photo flame" V.S.O.’s to violin shops around the country and • Unseasoned or improperly seasoned wood of are disappointed to find out that the repairs questionable origin needed to make their instrument playable far • Stained hardwood fittings (in lieu of solid exceed both the price they paid for the ebony) for the fingerboard, nut, saddle. instrument and the price of a properly made and Often called ebonized or ebonite set up instrument without any of the problems of • Plastic fittings which may include the a V.S.O. tailpiece, chinrest, end button and saddle Common V.S.O. Problems • Poorly fitted thick bridge and sound post Frustrating pegs that are very hard to turn made of soft, unseasoned woods, improper making tuning difficult even for an experienced arching of the bridge makes playing one player or they “slip” causing frustration when string difficult instrument constantly goes out of tune. -
Developing a Personal Vocabulary for Solo Double Bass Through Assimilation of Extended Techniques and Preparations
Developing a Personal Vocabulary for Solo Double Bass Through Assimilation of Extended Techniques and Preparations Thomas Botting This thesis is submitted in partial requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Sydney Conservatorium of Music The University of Sydney 2019 i Statement of Originality This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Thomas Botting November 8th, 2018 ii Abstract This research focuses on the development of a personal musical idiolect for solo double bass through the assimilation of extended techniques and preparations. The research documents the process from inception to creative output. Through an emergent, practice-led initial research phase, I fashion a developmental framework for assimilating new techniques and preparations into my musical vocabulary.The developmental framework has the potential to be linear, reflexive or flexible depending on context, and as such the tangible outcomes can be either finished creative works, development of new techniques, or knowledge about organisational aspects of placing the techniques in musical settings. Analysis of creative works is an integral part of the developmental framework and forms the bulk of this dissertation. The analytical essays within contain new knowledge about extended techniques, their potential and limitations, and realities inherent in their use in both compositional and improvisational contexts. Video, audio, notation and photos are embedded throughout the dissertation and form an integral part of the research project. -
French Violin Performance from Franck to Ravel A
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles In Search of a Style: French Violin Performance from Franck to Ravel A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Musical Arts by Ji Young An 2013 © Copyright by Ji Young An 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION In Search of a Style: French Violin Performance from Franck to Ravel by Ji Young An Doctor of Musical Arts University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Robert Winter, Chair My dissertation focuses on issues of French sound and style in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century French violin repertoire. As a violinist who studied at the Paris Conservatory, I have long been puzzled as to why so little had been written about something that everyone seems to take for granted—so called French style. I attacked this elusive issue from three perspectives: 1) a detailed look at performance directions; 2) comparisons among recordings by artists close to this period (Jacques Thibaud, Zino Francescatti, as well as contemporary French artists such as Philippe Graffin and Guillaume Sutre); and 3) interviews with three living French violinists (Olivier Charlier, Régis Pasquier, and Gérard Poulet) with strong ties to this tradition. After listening to countless historical recordings, I settled on three pivotal works that illustrate the emergence and full flowering of the French style: César Franck’s Violin Sonata (1886), Claude Debussy’s Violin Sonata (1917), and ii Maurice Ravel’s Tzigane: Rapsodie de Concert pour Violon et Piano (1924). Each of them presents specific challenges: notational and stylistic issues in Franck’s Violin Sonata, Debussy’s performance directions in his Violin Sonata, and notational and interpretive issues in Ravel’s Tzigane that led to a separate, orally-transmitted French tradition. -
Intonation and Compensation of Fretted String Instruments
Physics Faculty Works Seaver College of Science and Engineering 1-2010 Intonation and Compensation of Fretted String Instruments Gabriele U. Varieschi Loyola Marymount University, [email protected] Christina M. Gower Loyola Marymount University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/phys_fac Part of the Music Commons, Physics Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation G. Varieschi and C. Gower, “Intonation and compensation of fretted string instruments,” Am. J. Phys. 78 (1), 47-55, January 2010. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Seaver College of Science and Engineering at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Intonation and compensation of fretted string instruments Gabriele U. Varieschi and Christina M. Gower Citation: American Journal of Physics 78, 47 (2010); doi: 10.1119/1.3226563 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3226563 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/78/1?ver=pdfcov Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers Articles you may be interested in Modification of the loop filter design for a plucked string instrument J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, EL126 (2012); 10.1121/1.3675805 Prestress effects on the eigenfrequencies of the soundboards: Experimental results on a simplified string instrument J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 872 (2012); 10.1121/1.3651232 Acoustical classification of woods for string instruments J.