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Fine Guidance Sensor Instrument Handbook for Cycle 15 Version 14 October 2005 Fine Guidance Sensor Instrument Handbook for Cycle 15 Space Telescope Science Institute 3700 San Martin Drive Baltimore, Maryland 21218 [email protected] Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration User Support For prompt answers to any question, please contact the Science Support Division Help Desk. • E-mail: [email protected] • Phone: (410) 338-1082 World Wide Web Information and other resources are available on the FGS World Wide Web pages: • URL: http://www.stsci.edu/hst/fgs/ FGS Instrument Contact Name Title Phone e-mail Ed Nelan Instrument Scientist (410) 338-4992 [email protected] Revision History Version Date Editor 1.0 October 1985 Alain Fresneau 5.0 June 1995 S. T. Holfeltz, E. P. Nelan, L. G. Taff, and M. G. Lattanzi 6.0 June 1996 S. T. Holfeltz 7.0 June 1998 O. L. Lupie & E. P. Nelan 8.0 June 1999 E. P. Nelan and R. B. Makidon 9.0 June 2000 E. P. Nelan and R. B. Makidon 10.0 June 2001 E. P. Nelan and R. B. Makidon 11.0 October 2002 E. P. Nelan and R. B. Makidon 12.0 October 2003 E. P. Nelan and J. Younger 13.0 October 2004 E. P. Nelan 14.0 October 2005 E. P. Nelan Citation In publications, refer to this document as: Nelan, E., et al. 2004, “Fine Guidance Sensor Instrument Handbook”, Version 14.0, (Baltimore: STScI) Send comments or corrections to: Space Telescope Science Institute 3700 San Martin Drive Baltimore, Maryland 21218 E-mail:[email protected] Table of Contents List of Figures ...................................................................ix List of Tables.................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments........................................................xv Chapter 1: Introduction............................................. 1 1.1 Purpose ........................................................................... 2 1.2 Instrument Handbook Layout ..................................... 2 1.3 Two-gyro Guiding.......................................................... 3 Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) Performance........................ 4 1.3.1 FGS Science............................................................... 4 1.3.2 Scheduling.................................................................. 4 1.4 The FGS as a Science Instrument............................ 5 1.5 Technical Overview ...................................................... 6 1.5.1 The Instrument............................................................ 6 1.5.2 Spectral Response ..................................................... 7 1.5.3 The S-Curve: The FGS’s Interferogram...................... 7 1.5.4 FGS1r and the AMA ................................................... 7 1.5.5 Field of View ............................................................... 8 1.5.6 Modes of Operation .................................................... 9 1.6 Planning and Analyzing FGS Observations ......... 10 1.6.1 Writing an FGS Proposal.......................................... 10 1.6.2 Data Reduction......................................................... 11 1.7 FGS2r............................................................................. 11 1.7.1 HST’s 2nd Replacement FGS .................................. 11 Chapter 2: FGS Instrument Design .............. 13 2.1 The Optical Train......................................................... 13 2.1.1 The Star Selectors.................................................... 13 2.1.2 The Interferometer.................................................... 15 iii iv Table of Contents 2.2 FGS Detectors ............................................................. 19 2.3 HST’s Spherical Aberration ...................................... 19 2.4 The FGS Interferometric Response........................ 20 2.4.1 The Ideal S-Curve..................................................... 20 2.4.2 Actual S-Curves........................................................ 21 2.5 The FGS1r Articulated Mirror Assembly................ 24 2.6 FGS Aperture and Filters .......................................... 25 2.6.1 FOV and Detector Coordinates ................................ 25 2.6.2 Filters and Spectral Coverage .................................. 27 2.7 FGS Calibrations ......................................................... 29 Chapter 3: FGS Science Guide......................... 31 3.1 The Unique Capabilities of the FGS....................... 31 3.2 Position Mode: Precision Astrometry ..................... 32 3.3 Transfer Mode: Binary Stars and Extended Objects ............................................................................. 32 3.3.1 Observing Binaries: The FGS vs. WFPC2................ 33 3.3.2 Transfer Mode Performance..................................... 36 3.4 Combining FGS Modes: Determining Stellar Masses ................................................................ 37 3.5 Angular Diameters ...................................................... 39 3.6 Relative Photometry ................................................... 39 3.7 Moving Target Observations .................................... 41 3.8 Summary of FGS Performance ............................... 41 3.9 Special Topics Bibliography ..................................... 42 3.9.1 STScI General Publications...................................... 42 3.9.2 Position Mode Observations..................................... 42 3.9.3 Transfer Mode Observations .................................... 43 3.9.4 Miscellaneous Observations..................................... 43 3.9.5 Web Resources ........................................................ 43 Chapter 4: Observing with the FGS ............. 45 4.1 Position Mode Overview............................................ 45 4.1.1 The Position Mode Visit............................................ 45 4.1.2 The Position Mode Exposure ................................... 46 Table of Contents v 4.2 Planning Position Mode Observations................... 46 4.2.1 Target Selection Criteria........................................... 46 4.2.2 Filters........................................................................ 48 4.2.3 Background .............................................................. 51 4.2.4 Position Mode Exposure Time Calculations ............. 52 4.2.5 Exposure Strategies for Special Cases .................... 52 4.2.6 Sources Against a Bright Background...................... 54 4.2.7 Crowded Field Sources ............................................ 54 4.3 Position Mode Observing Strategies...................... 55 4.3.1 Summary of Position Mode Error Sources ............... 55 4.3.2 Drift and Exposure Sequencing................................ 56 4.3.3 Cross Filter Observations ......................................... 57 4.3.4 Moving Target Observation Strategy........................ 57 4.4 Transfer Mode Overview ........................................... 58 4.4.1 The FGS Response to a Binary................................ 58 4.4.2 The Transfer Mode Exposure................................... 60 4.5 Planning a Transfer Mode Observation................. 61 4.5.1 Target Selection Criteria........................................... 61 4.5.2 Transfer Mode Filter and Color Effects..................... 62 4.5.3 Signal-to-Noise ......................................................... 63 4.5.4 Transfer Mode Exposure Time Calculations ........... 64 4.6 Transfer Mode Observing Strategies ..................... 66 4.6.1 Summary of Transfer Mode Error Sources............... 66 4.6.2 Drift Correction.......................................................... 67 4.6.3 Temporal Variability of the S-Curve.......................... 67 4.6.4 Background and Dark Counts Subtraction ............... 67 4.6.5 Empirical Roll Angle Determination .......................... 68 4.6.6 Exposure Strategies for Special Cases: Moving Targets.............................................................. 69 Chapter 5: FGS Calibration Program.......... 71 5.1 Position Mode Calibrations and Error Sources.... 71 5.1.1 Position Mode Exposure Level Calibrations ............. 73 5.1.2 Position Mode Visit Level Calibrations ..................... 76 5.1.3 Position Mode Epoch-Level Calibrations.................. 78 5.2 Transfer Mode Calibrations and Error Sources ............................................................................ 79 5.3 Linking Transfer and Position Mode Observations ................................................................... 85 vi Table of Contents 5.4 Cycle 14 Calibration and Monitoring Program ..... 86 5.4.1 Active FGS1r Calibration and Monitoring Programs....................................................................... 86 5.5 Special Calibrations.................................................... 87 Chapter 6: Writing a Phase II Proposal..... 89 6.1 Phase II Proposals: Introduction ............................. 89 6.1.1 Required Information ................................................ 89 6.1.2 STScI Resources for Phase II Proposal Preparation.................................................................... 90 6.2 Instrument Configuration........................................... 91 6.2.1 Optional Parameters for FGS Exposures ................. 92 6.3 Special Requirements................................................ 95 6.3.1 Visit-Level Special Requirements............................. 95 6.3.2 Exposure-Level Special Requirements .................... 96 6.4 Overheads ...................................................................
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