What is Feminist ? A Community Structure of Psychology of Women Quarterly and

Feminism & Psychology

by

Sonia Baron

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of

The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts

with a Concentration in Psychology &

Women’s Studies

Wilkes Honors College of

Florida Atlantic University

Jupiter, Florida

December 2019

i

What is ? A Community Structure of Psychology of Women Quarterly and

Feminism & Psychology

by Sonia Baron

This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Kevin Lanning and Dr. Dr. Wairimũ Njambi, and has been approved by members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences.

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE:

______Dr. Kevin Lanning

______Dr. Wairimũ Njambi

______Dean Timothy Steigenga, Wilkes Honors College

______Date

ii

Acknowledgements

My most profound appreciation goes to the entire Honors College staff. They are all dedicated to make this campus the unique place that it is.

I would like to thank my thesis advisors, Dr. Kevin Lanning and Dr. Wairimũ Njambi, for all their support and compassion that they have shown these past few years. I have grown into a better person and scholar in their classes. This thesis is a product of finding myself between two fields that never cease to fascinate me.

I would also like to acknowledge the friends I've met during these years. To Miles,

Dacia, Melannie, Stessie, Erica, Hannah, and Cassidy: thank you!

Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Vernon and Dr. Earles for being great professors and mentors. I would not have made out of my first year at the Honors College without their guidance.

iii

ABSTRACT

Author: Sonia Baron

Title: What is Feminist Psychology? A Community Structure of Psychology of Women Quarterly and Feminism & Psychology

Institution: Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University

Thesis Advisor: Dr. Kevin Lanning

Degree: Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences

Concentration: Psychology & Women’s Studies

Year: 2019

Women’s studies is an interdisciplinary field that had continued to evolve since it was introduced to academic spaces in the ‘70s. Feminist psychology unites the psychology of women and the psychological study of women’s social issues. Using community structure of the scholarship of the journals Psychology of Women Quarterly (PWQ) and Feminism & Psychology, we examine and seek to understand the empirical structure of feminist psychology. An analysis of these two journals by decade will help determine whether the scholarship of feminist psychology has changed as much as women’s studies. In doing so, one can also address the question of how psychological is women’s studies (and vice versa).

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Para Diana, Gema, y Vivianne

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...... 1

2. Chapter 1: Foundations of Feminist Psychology...... 5

A brief of women in psychology...... 5

Three theoretical divides ...... 12

3. Chapter 2: Bibliometric Analyses of Feminist Psychology...... 18

4. Chapter 3: Methods...... 23

5. Chapter 4: Results...... 24

6: Chapter 5: Discussion...... 32

7. References...... 42

8. Appendices...... 46

Appendix 1 ...... 47

Appendix 2 ...... 52

Appendix 3 ...... 57

Appendix 4 ...... 65

Appendix 5 ...... 72

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What is Feminist Psychology? A Community Structure of Psychology of Women

Quarterly and Feminism & Psychology

Introduction

Women’s studies and psychology intersect with the field of feminist psychology, which emerged in 1970. The psychology of women, the psychology of sex and , and the psychology of sexuality have foundations in the field of women’s studies. A network and community structure analysis of the journals Psychology of Women Quarterly and Feminism &

Psychology can provide insight as to the structure of the scholarly work of feminist psychology, and, more specifically, address the question of how psychological women’s studies is (and vice versa). The history of the intersection between psychology and feminism is long and complicated and has been described as an empirical debate between a political/academic movement and scientific discipline (Burman, 1997; Teo, 2005; Rutherford & Pettit, 2015; Granek, 2010; Radtke

& Stan, 2016). Given the unstable place of feminist thought on the psychological studies of women, Rutherford and Pettit (2015) place a distinction between feminist psychology and the psychology of women. The latter refers to the research on women’s nature and experiences; feminist psychology refers to the application of feminist theories and practices in psychological research. “‘Feminist psychology’ names a strategic space between feminism and psychology; it is not a stable topic area, but rather identifies a site of the contest (over what counts as knowledge, who defines this, and how it is arrived at)” (Burman, 1997, 3).

Nancy Henley (1985) conducted a review of feminist psychology to develop three separate frameworks that are parallel to those of Rutherford and Pettit (2015), whose work provided the theoretical framework for this thesis. The first category, called the psychology of women, studies the empirical study of sex differences and sex roles. Second, psychology against

1 women refers to the psychological literature that has stigmatized and pathologized women and makes suggestions for new research. Lastly, psychology for women is the scholars who are both feminists and who take elements from both fields to theorize the experiences of women and other marginalized communities. Rutherford and Pettit (2015) divide the relationship between feminism and psychology into three separate frameworks. First, psychology and feminism are seen as two separate fields that debate each other. The second relationship looks at the critique and work of feminist psychologists on the study of gender and psychology overall.

The changes that have been adopted by psychology are part of the third type of relationship between feminism and psychology. This thesis uses community structure to study the intersection of psychology and feminism/ women’s studies, as depicted in the journal Psychology of Women Quarterly. This journal was part of the countless efforts from women psychologists to promote feminist scholarship and advance their careers in psychology, even if not all of them were self-identified feminists (Rutherford & Granek, 2010).

Michelle Barrett and Anne Phillips point out that there is a difference that is substantially different from the feminist scholarship in the 19’70s with that of its two subsequent decades.

Destabilizing Theory lays out the main topics that emerge in women’s studies during 1980 and

1990, which are seen as reactionary criticism of the topics that centered of the

1970s. The present project questions if the field of psychology and feminism (interchangeably referred to as feminist psychology) had a trajectory similar to feminist scholarship. While

Destabilizing Theory pertains to a historical debate within the field of women’s studies, there is a possibility that this shift could inform the studies of the psychology of women and the psychological study of women’s issues. This thesis places the psychology and/in/of women in the decades of the ‘70s and ‘90s. These two decades are conversely compared with the last

2 decade so that it can be established which topics are being centered today in comparison to these two previous decades. While there is substantive literature aimed at reframing psychological theories with a broader female sample, discounting sex and gender differences, and proposing a feminist critique of the , most of this work has been at the periphery of psychology before the 1970s (Denmark & Fernandez, 2008).

The scholarship that women created needs to be contextualized within their professional experiences of women in psychology (Bohan, 1990). The systematic marginalization that women psychologists face might serve as a source of knowledge for their research on women, gender, and sexuality are based on their personal experiences. As Hogan & Sexton stated, - “forces that prevented women from participating fully in the community at large were also factors in their

APA participation” (1991 p. 623). Ultimately, the journals that are studied in this thesis were birthed from feminist activism in psychology. As Rutherford and Granek (2010) recall the history of women in psychology since the early 20th century, they explain the impossibility of separating women's biographies from their research and theories:

Given that the psychology of women, both as a subject matter and

professional discipline was created almost entirely by women, often

in response to personal experiences of or an acute awareness

of widespread sexist assumptions about women, it is impossible to

disentangle the emergence and development of the psychology of

women from the women who developed it and the gendered

contexts in which they worked. Furthermore, the growth of

the field is closely tied to the historical trajectory of

women’s status and the increasing awareness of gendered

3

practices and their effects within the discipline of psychology

A historical analysis of the prominent topics of feminist scholarship by decade should provide the professional status of women when they founded the journals analyzed in this thesis.

Women psychologists had critiqued psychological theories since the inception of the field

(Burman, 1997; Rutherford, Pettit, 2015; Granek, 2010; Radtke & Stan, 2016). Still, I start my account from second-wave feminism of the 19’70s since the field of feminist psychology was birthed in that decade. Psychology of Women Quarterly was an academic enterprise that was the result of years of organizing of women psychologists. Moreover, a community structure of the most prominent decades in the history of feminist psychology helps bridge the theory with the bibliometric studies of this field.

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Chapter 1: Foundations of feminist psychology

“In my lifetime, feminists have always been interested in the autobiographies of women, hunting down the words of their foremothers and constructing their own tales of personal struggle and survival, whether in the quest for self-enlightenment or for solidarity with other women” - Lynne

Segal, 2015.

A brief history of women in psychology

During second-wave feminism, feminist psychology emerged as a distinct field as a result of debating the professional treatment of women in psychology as well as its literature in sex differences. It was during this decade that the issues of psychology of women were at the forefront of the field (Rutherford & Granek, 2019). In 1972, Anne Anastasi was the third elected as president of the American Psychological Association (APA), and the first one in the position for over fifty years. In her presidential address was titled ‘The Cultivation of Diversity,’ she stated that the psychological contributions to social problems were the mass of single educational constructs that could aid in the understanding and prevention of social problems. Some of the constructs she listed included interaction and multiplicity of variables, overlapping of distributions, and multidimensionality of group differences and individual differences (Anastasi, 1972).

In the 1973 APA annual convention, the Division of the Psychology of Women

(Division 35) was created by efforts the Association for Women in Psychology (AWP).

APWMembers gathered in the 1969 American Psychological Association to protest the hiring procedures of women in psychology: being asked on marital status, spousal employment, intentions of having children, and any other long-term plans. APA Council of Representatives created an investigative task force in 1970, which was led by Helen S. Astin, who was the second

5 president of the division. The task force conducted a two-year study that documented the professional status of women in psychology as well as the existing literature on the psychology of women (Mednick & Urbanski, 1991). Based on these efforts, the APA Council of

Representatives collected 800 signatures to create APA’s Division 35 (Chrisler & McHugh,

2011). While Division 35 was able to promote the scholarship and professional lives of women, there were debates regarding the extent to which the discipline should be restructured and the participation of men in these endeavors (Mednick & Urbanski, 1991).

Representatives of Division 35 contacted women from other divisions to establish a

Women’s Caucus of the APA council that could expand the participation of women (Chrisler &

McHugh, 2011). The first meeting for the representatives of the Women’s Caucus of the APA

Council was held in secret in 1974 (Mednick & Urbanski, 1991). In 1975, AWP released guidelines for the non-sexist use of language (Denmark & Fernandez, 2008) and began having a liaison in the United Nations in 1975 (Anderson & Martinez, 2014). To ensure fair hiring practices and treatment within the workplace, the task force along with APA’s Board of

Directors established the Women’s Programs Office at APA in 1977, which developed outreach and educational programs for the Committee on Women in Psychology (Hogan & Sexton, 1991;

Chrisler & McHugh, 2011).

That same year, the division filed for a resolution that proposed not to hold annual

conventions in states that were not enforcing the Equal Rights Amendment. APA

canceled preplanned conventions in Atlanta, Las Vegas, and New Orleans (Mednick &

Urbanski, 1991) and also formed the Committee on Black Women’s Concerns and a Task

Force on the Concerns of Hispanic Women (Mednick & Urbanski, 1991; Denmark &

Fernandez, 2008).

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The Division’s 35 flagship journal - Psychology of Women Quarterly was established in 1973 and published its first volume in 1976 (Mednick & Urbanski, 1991; Denmark & Fernandez,

2008). In its first editorial, Babladelis established the aim of the publication as a journal devoted to the study of women. The journal's primary purpose was to publish the psychology of a historically misrepresented population.

Noting that psychology had mostly studied from male samples, Psychology of Women

Quarterly worked to publish the behavior and mental processes of women (Babladelis, 1976). In the journal's second editorial, Babladelis clustered their publications into clinically related research, work-related research, and research concerned with sex-role and stereotypes. By 1977, the PWQ was planning on having issues on achievement and , women patients in therapy, and dual-career couples (Babladelis, 1977). Division 35 was also responsible for creating the Leadership Citation Program, and by 1991 they had recognized the scholarship of nineteen separate women psychologists (Hogan & Sexton, 1991). The journals

Sex Roles and Signs had their first publication in 1975. Annual Review of Psychology has its first entry on the psychology of women in 1975 (Lee, Rutherford & Pettit 2016).

Half of the doctorate recipients in Psychology in 1984 were women, which was 30% more than women recipients in 1975 (Ostertag & McNamara, 1991). Still, by 1985, Division 35 was the only division that was predominantly female, with a 5.3% male membership (Russo & Denmark,

2008). In 1995, Division 35 created that Task Force on Changing the Gender Composition

Psychology - a mission that was appropriately called the 'feminization of psychology' (Chrisler &

McHugh, 2011).

By 1991, the Division of the Psychology of Women was the 12th largest division in APA

(Mednick & Urbanski, 1991). The other divisions with the highest representation of women were

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Developmental Psychology, , for the Psychological Study of Ethnic

Minority Issues, , and Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian and

Gay Issues (Hogan & Sexton, 1991).

Ostertag & McNmara (1991) published a report on the state of women psychologists.

By 1980, 63% of Baccalaureate recipients and 42% of Doctorate recipients were women.

Although women were part of 33% of the workforce in psychology, they had an annual income of 5,700 lower than men with the same education, work activity, and years of experience.

Despite these graduation rates, women held 20.7% of tenured faculty positions in 1987. In that same year, the income disparity was $6,700. After accounting for the fact that most women in faculty positions were younger than their male counterparts, they were not participating in higher levels in organizations: women participation in the APA board of directors never exceeded 33% between the years 1975 and 1988 (Ostertag & McNamara, 1991).

Feminist psychology, intended as the political movement that could drive changes within the area of psychology and beyond, was depoliticized during the decade of the 1990s

(Rutherford, Vaughn-Blount & Ball, 2010; Rutherford & Pettit, 2015). Feminists working in the field of psychology felt as though the relationship between feminism and psychology was disintegrating as it has not fulfilled its initial promise from over twenty years back (Rutherford &

Pettit, 2015). There were still efforts to maintain afloat the scholarship of the psychology of women, and more specifically, the scholarship of feminist psychology. In 1990, Judith Worell, the 8th editor of Psychology of Women Quarterly, noted that the journal’s mission statement lacked a description that mentioned its feminist intent. She added to the journal’s mission statement: “A feminist journal which aims to engage, encourage and develop a body of knowledge about the psychology of women” (Yoder, 2010). In 1991, Feminism &

8

Psychology was inaugurated as the first international journal in the field of feminist psychology

(Shields, 2015). In the inaugural issue, Kitzinger described Feminism & Psychology as an opportunity to center feminist principles in the psychological study of women, gender, and sexuality. As she noted:

Feminism & Psychology has the opportunity, and I believe the obligation,

to be explicit in its political commitments. The unique contribution of this

journal should make towards developing feminist theory and practice

and not just to permit, but also actively to demand that its authors write

politically, as feminists. That is, that we design and interpret our

research, that we assess our theory and method, not merely in terms of scientific

adequacy, or the extent to which it ‘validates our experience,’ but most

importantly in terms of its implications for women’s lives, its contribution to

feminist transformation (p. 50).

Despite the discontent with the progress of psychology, the Association for Women in

Psychology continued to make effects in promoting the scholarship and career advancement of women psychologists. 1990, AWP’s Section on Feminist Professional Training and Practice, which replaced the Committee on Clinical Training and Practice (Mednick & Urbanski, 1991).

In 1999 Division 35 was renamed as the Society for the Psychology of Women (Denmark &

Fernandez, 2008). By the end of the decade, Feminist psychologists took part in forming APA’s

Division 51 - Society for the Psychology of Men and Masculinity (Chrisler & McHugh, 2011).

By the end of the decade, APA had awarded nine women the Distinguished Scientific

Contributions Award. In the introduction of Deconstructing Feminist Psychology, Burman

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(1997) establishes that feminist psychology had just started to incorporate the marginalized perspectives of working-class, lesbian, and Black feminists.

While the 1970s and 1990s are pivotal decades in the study of the psychology of gender and the psychology of women, this project compares those two decades with the latest decade. In

2004, APA’s Council of Representatives released ten guidelines called a Resolution on Cultural and Gender Awareness - this resolution encouraged research that contextualizes the cultural and hegemonic dynamics that influence the experience of women as well as diversifying the production of knowledge through cross-cultural collaboration and policy advocacy (Denmark &

Fernandez, 2008). Janice D. Yoder was appointed as the 14th editor of Psychology of Women

Quarterly in 2010. In her first editorial, Yoder addressed the challenges of choosing scholarship that studied the psychology of women while maintaining a feminist framework. As a psychology journal, Yoder stated that PWQ would have methodological standards, which has continuously expanded to include qualitative and narrative methods of study (2010). A constructivist approach guided standards for a feminist scholarship that studies the experiences of women from a psychological lense:

Simply documenting gender differences as implicitly essentialized different

without taking into account social context (Yoder & Kahn, 2003) is not

appropriate for this journal. More ambiguous are the lines are drawn

between foci on women and on gender. Certainly, I welcome (and encourage)

manuscripts that explore the intersection of gender with other social

categorizations, such as sexuality, race and ethnicity, (dis)ability, socio-

cultural, and so on that explore gender’s confounding with

socialization practices, stereotyping, social status, and power.

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More uncertain are manuscripts operationalizing gender in terms

of men and masculinity. For me, the litmus test here goes back to

the journal’s stated purview in the psychology of women. If women’s

well-being is at the center of what a researcher is studying (e.g., men’s

myth acceptance and its effect on behaviors targeting women), even

if that paper’s participants are men and its focus is on masculinity,

then I believe it falls within PWQ’s scope.

The journals that are studied here are chosen not only because they are top-performing journals in the publication of feminist psychology, but also because of their historical significance. Studying the contributions of the most accomplished women as well as studying the contributions to specific fields of psychology are two ways that Gerda Lerner identified in studying the women in history (Bohan, 1990; Denmark & Fernandez, 2008). Rhoda Unger employed another method of studying the contributions of women by outlining textbooks on the psychology of women since they were first published in 1971 (Shields, 2015). The method used in this project illustrates Gerda Lerner’s third method of studying how women’s scholarship has shaped psychological theories. In this way, “psychological issues such as sexuality, reproduction, the link between motherhood and raising children, roles of women, sexual values, sexual myths, ethnicity, race, class, and religion would all be taken into consideration as multidirectional matrix when examining women concerning specific categories and how women contribute, respond, develop and react to them” (Denmark & Fernandez, 2008 p. 4).

A community structure analysis can help us determine whether the depolarization of the field has influenced the topics that it has studied, the change of these topics from the past decades, and, finally, how psychological is feminism/women’s studies. The tripartite framework

11 from Rutherford & Pettit (2015) sheds light on the different interactions that these two fields have had over the years.

Three Theoretical divides

Rutherford and Pettit (2015) expand the question of how psychological women’s studies is. Instead, they ask “How has psychology itself affected women’s changing status? How have influenced women and men working within the psychological disciplines, as both consumers of and contributors to gender ideologies? When and how has psychology channeled feminism and feminism channeled psychology?” (p. 224). In addressing the last question,

Rutherford and Pettit (2015) proposed three different theoretical divides, which account for the malleable position that feminist thought has had on psychology. These three theoretical divides are organized by the gradual influence that women’s studies/feminism has had on the psychology of women as the overall field of psychology. Much of the past literature on the psychology of women and/or feminist psychology could be classified into each of these three frameworks, even if these authors were not operating from this specific framework.

Psychology and Feminism - Rutherford and Pettit (2015) referred as ‘psychology and feminism’ as the debates that have emerged from these two fields as psychology is a scientific discipline, and feminism is a political movement. In this categorization, psychology and women’s studies/feminism are two separate fields of study that contest each other. While none of these three frameworks are placed within a timed period, feminist critiques on the naturalization of gender differences and women’s experiences established the work of early feminist social scientists. Early studies that refuted or elaborated on sex differences are considered the initial work on the psychology of women (Denmark & Fernandez, 2008). Ultimately, “What these

12 debates revealed was that women, especially feminist intellectuals, were not passive recipients of gendered ideologies but also acted historically as its producers. Various feminist movements have been central to the history of gender as a cultural construct” (Rutherford & Pettit, 2015, p.

228).

Presenting psychology and feminism as two separate streams enabled multiple women psychologists to separate their feminist politics from their research endeavors. Doing so would prevent emerging women psychologists from being cast as feminist role models (Rutherford &

Pettit, 2015). Florence Goodenough, a prominent child , was known for declaring that she was a psychologist, not a woman psychologist (Rutherford & Granek, 2010; Johnson &

Johnson, 2010). Though the definition and the illustrations above of feminism and psychology are centered in the first generation/first wave of feminism, women from the second generation of women psychologists also made the same separation from their professional and gendered identities, such as Anne Anastasi and Eleanor Gibson (Johnson & Johnson, 2010).

Feminism in psychology - Under this heading, Rutherford and Pettit (2015) relate how self- identified feminists who are also scientists critique the science and profession and psychology. A feminist intervention in psychology has taken three separate routes. First, this framework revisits the history of women psychologists and their contributions to major psychological theories

(Bernstein & Russo, 1974; Bohan, 1990). Second, feminism questions the professional and career advancement of psychology, much of which has been described in the previous section.

Finally, feminism in psychology has incorporated criticisms of and the notion of ‘value-free science’ on the study of psychology at large (Gavey, 1989).

Stephanie Shields and Mary Mallory wrote in 1987 one of the first accounts on the history of women in psychology as well as the social contexts that excluded women from that practice of

13 this field (Bohan, 1990). Laurel Furumoto and Elizabeth Scarborough were two of the earliest historians of women in psychology. Both “adopted a frame that matched well the grounds for establishing a separate field, psychology of women, to both correct the biases of the past and theorize how social expectations produced difference” (Radtke & Stam, 2016 p. 173). In 1975,

Stephanie Shield published Functionalism, Darwinism, and the Psychology of Women - a seminal paper that was also part of a critical of psychology (Lee, Rutherford,

Pettit 2016). Gerda Lerner’s historical approach consisted of identifying women who have been pivotal in the history of psychology, their specific contributions, and historical accounts from their perspective (Radtke & Stam, 2016).

Ethel Tobach was a figure who maintained their positions as scientists while holding feminist politics during the 1970’s. Her work on the Genes and Gender Collective funneled yearly conferences and issues to communicate the problems of using biological determinism to uphold sexism and racism. The annual genes and gender symposium lasted from 1977 to 1989 and hosted seven symposia with their respective published volumes. Each year the Genes and

Gender Collective challenged the politics of biological determinism from a different perspective: the relationship between genes and behavior, the role of genetic determinism in justifying women’s marginalization, genetic determinism and children, women race and ethnicity, the societal origins of peace and war, and, finally, alternative explanations for the accounted racial and gender differences. The final symposium was delivered in response to J. Philippe Rushton’s

1989 lecture on the genetic differences among Asians, Europeans, and Africans (Rutherford,

Vaughn-Blount & Ball, 2010).

Naomi Weisstein’s feminist standpoint informed several of her conception of science and research as a neuroscientist. In responding, how science can be feminist, she responded that

14 being science a projection of society “the politics of science many serve to exclude, the spirit of science respects and requires diversity, differences, and deviance” (Rutherford, Vaugh-Blount, &

Ball, 2010, p. 465). The stance that women have human agency was part of Weisstein’s discovery that secondary visual nerve cells serve a purpose in the processing of images without direct physical stimuli (Rutherford, Vagh-Blount, & Ball, 2010). In 1900, Helen Thompson-

Woolley wrote the first dissertation on the state of sex differences at the University of Chicago.

Her literature review concluded that the psychological literature on sex differences was inconclusive. Thompson-Woolley then proceeded to study sex differences on motor ability and emotionality. Instead of presenting these sex differences as averages, she graphed both distributions next to each other to demonstrate the little discrepancy between them. Her work eventually set a precedent in understanding the role of socialization on gender differences

(Rutherford & Granek, 2010).

‘Feminist psychology/ psychology as feminism’ - refers to the potential uses of psychology to research and theorize the experiences of women and other historically marginalized populations

(Rutherford & Pettit, 2015). This theoretical includes the research of topics that are evident from a feminist point of view yet had not been studied in the field of psychology. A feminist approach to the study of women’s experiences and women’s behavior in the umbrella of a well-established field that has historically misrepresented women (Rutherford & Granek, 2010). According to Teo

(2005). Incorporating feminist standpoint theory in the framework of psychology and feminism would change the proposition of the subjects of study and also the epistemology. “In this new perspective, the researchers and the researched, the knower and the known, the subject and the object are recognized in relation to one another, and everyone’s experiences and perspectives should be taken into account” (p. 128). As they analyze the role of contextualizing the history of

15 the psychology of women, sex, gender, and sexuality, Radtke and Stam (2016) cite Rachel Hare-

Mustin’s and Jeanne Marecek’s as well as Fox Keller’s analysis on the topic. They all stated that the relationship between the observer and the object of creates psychological constructs that are historically and culturally situated and should be addressed as such.

This framework encompasses the times in which women’s studies/feminism has constructively rather than critically added to psychological research (Rutherford & Pettit, 2015).

In February 2018, the American Psychological Association released guidelines for the psychological research of and women. They range from being aware of historical misuses of and diagnosis to promoting remedial practices for gender-based discrimination and marginalization. These include: (1) recognizing ’s and woman's strength and resilience; (2) addressing the contradictory identities and experiences of what it means to be a girl or a woman; (3) acknowledge and use information of structural discrimination affects the well-being of girls and women; (4) use interventions with girls that are developmentally, culturally, and gender-appropriate; (5) reflect how own gender biases affect their practice with girls and women; (6) deliver practice that promotes agency in girls and women; (7) use diagnoses only when necessary with unbiased assessment tools as well as acknowledging the history of misuses in gender biases in diagnoses and assessment; (8) understand the geopolitical context of girls and women; (9) educate on the resources that are beneficial to of girls and women; and finally, (10) engage in work to change hostile environments that perpetuate institutional discrimination that affects the well-being of girls and women (APA, 2018). APA additionally created a guideline for the psychological practices with and gender non- conforming people in 2015 and guidelines for the psychological practice with Boys and Men in

16

2018. Each one of these creates guidelines based on feminist research on gender-based violence and oppression.

A network and community structure analysis gives insight into the in psychology as it reveals the trends that were prominent in each decade. The history that is described in this introduction provides a context for the topics that took place in the empirical study of the psychological perspective of women’s experiences. The discussion section will elaborate on Rutherford and Pettit’s third relationship between feminism and psychology, in which psychological science is used to theorize and research-based on marginalized experiences.

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Chapter 2: Bibliometric analyses of feminist psychology

Co-word analysis and keyword analysis are two of the most common methodologies of the bibliometric analysis of feminist theory and women studies as interdisciplinary fields. Hernández-Pozo & Rius (2013) search the key four words “feminist,” “perspective,”

“empirical,” and “study” from papers published from 1960 to 2013 in the database engine

SCOPUS. Although they note that they could have yielded different results by writing in the

SCOPUS search engine ‘,’ they still found that 20% of the articles in their analysis were from psychology journals. This list of these psychology journals is not specified, yet the presence of psychology literature in the field of women’s studies point towards an informative overlap between these two fields.

Bibliometric analyses are often used to study the productivity of a specific journal. A of 1,302 papers from the pioneering journals Frontiers, Feminist studies, and

Signs published from 1975 to 2004 revealed that the number of authors per paper had increased each decade. Also, about 90% of the authors of these journals were female (Cronin, Martison &

Davenport, 1997). A bibliometric analysis of the Indian Journal of Gender Studies collected the number and name of authors as well as the number of references of each article. This study found that over ten years, 70% percent of articles are single-authored and their degree of collaboration

(DC) as measured with the Subramanyam’s formula is 0.299 (Gogoi, 2017). This analysis of the

Indian Journal of Gender Studies is centered around its impact internationally, as it is the case with the bibliometric analysis conducted outside of the United States (e.g., Hernández-Pozo &

Rius, 2013, Söderlund & Madison, 2015).

An analysis of the Women’s Studies Index (WSI), Studies on Women Abstracts (SWA), and Women's Studies Abstracts (WSA) found that the journal Psychology of Women

18

Quarterly had the highest rating of 93% in the SWA index Kirkos 1991). While the other journal

- Feminism & Psychology - was not found in Kriko’s analysis, it provides insight into how useful in studying the progress of feminist psychology since it was founded in 1991. A historical bibliometric analysis from Tsay & Li (2017) studied peer-reviewed papers from 1990 to 2013.

Papers from the field of women’s studies were identified as those who had keywords in the Title,

Abstract, Author Keyword and Keyword Plus as identified by the Library of Congress Subject

Headings (which did not include the term “gender studies”). A keyword analysis of 1581 terms across 5530 articles across the period of 1945-2008 found a shift in the main issues studied during the early 2000s. The literature on women empowerment, working women, and have all become more frequent during 1999-2008 (Sharma & Rana, 2018).

The cited literature above concerns the bibliometric analysis of women’s studies only.

Given that there is no operational definition on the field of women’s studies, Söderlund &

Madison (2015) sampled the scholarship of self-identified women’s studies scholars. Most of the bibliometric work cited above analyzes only the field of women’s studies. In contrast, this project concerns the conjunction of the overlap between the fields of psychology and women’s studies. Considering the breadth of each area of study, I will restrict their overlap by studying the historical development of feminist psychology. Feminism & Psychology was founded in 1991, and Psychology of Women Quarterly was founded in 1976. Before delving into a content analysis of the psychology of women and feminist psychology from two pivotal journals, it is vital to historicize the intersection of these two fields. Rutherford & Granek stated that “outlining the emergence and development of psychology of women appears to be a straightforward task until one tries to define the historical object. Treated strictly as a body of research or an

19 institutional sub-field within psychology, the psychology of women becomes artificially divorced from its gendered contact and political origins” (p. 19, 2010).

This thesis seeks to understand feminism and psychology, feminism in psychology, and psychology as feminism through the community structure of the journal Psychology of Women

Quarterly and Feminism & Psychology in an analysis by decade. This methodology aims to understand the trajectory of Feminist psychology and feminism and/of/in psychology through the scholarship of two significant journals. While this methodology provides a clear historical snapshot of a field, there are some limitations when applying bibliometric studies to a field as broad as women, gender, and sexuality studies. Scopus and Web of Science are two databases that include peer-reviewed papers, articles, and book reviews from and . Despite holding a wide range of sources, neither of these databases helps define women's studies or gender studies as a standalone field. Söderlund & Madison (2015) pointed out that the “Scopus database provides no way of performing a general search for gender or women’s studies. Web of Science has a research area called ‘Women’s Studies, but it seems not to distinguish the field gender studies well since, for example, journals dedicated to women’s health from a medical perspective are also included” (p. 1351).

A bibliometric study of women’s studies, or an interdisciplinary field in that regard, can identify its selected work with the discipline of the authors. Following this method would require to scrap this information since the self-identification of authors manually is not available in online databases. An alternative approach to distinguishing women’s studies and gender studies from other fields is by analyzing keywords from the title and abstract (Söderlund & Madison,

2015). Most of the bibliometric studies on women’s studies take the second approach of defining women’s studies by keywords found in the titles and abstracts of publications. This project

20 classifies work from women’s and gender studies by analyzing journals that are inherently centered around women’s studies, gender studies, feminist issues, and feminist psychology. The journal Psychology of Women Quarterly (PWQ) is a feminist and scientific peer-reviewed journal whose published ranges from feminist critiques and international concerns to objectification, stereotyping, and lifespan development and change. The journal Feminism &

Psychology state that they are the relationship between psychology and women's studies and beyond. This journal points out in their page description that they have things in academics and beyond. Aside from the historical background that carries the Psychology of Women Quarterly,

Google scholar ranks this journal with the highest h-5 index in the area of feminism and women’s studies. The Journal of Psychology & Feminism was positioned in the eight rankings of this list.

A second limitation of this method stems from relying solely on the databases of

SCOPUS or Web of Science to study the structure of women’s studies and its overlap with psychology. It would potentially discount feminist theory and women’s studies scholarship that is not available online as well as the literature that is produced outside of academia. It is challenging to quantitative assess print work from women's studies/feminism. Still, their scholarship on the psychology of women and can be useful in contextualizing the development of Psychology of Women Quarterly (PWQ) as well as Feminism & Psychology. While the h- index is a useful metric for identifying the most widely cited journals, it is mostly used to measure the scientific productivity of published research (Hirsch & Buela-Casal, 2014). “It is more frequent that authors in the Social Sciences and Humanities publish books with the results of their research rather than papers, and citations of books do not contribute to the h-index.

Artists produce works of art that do not contribute to their h-index” (Hirsch & Buela-Casal,

21

2014, p. 16). Even if network and community structure are used as a guide to distinguish psychology and/in/as feminist throughout history, using journals and published papers as units of analysis can regard what this is used as feminist empiricism (Gavey, 1989; Rutherford, Vaughn-

Blount & Ball, 2010; Radtke, Stam 2016). Feminist psychology manages to ward off its scholarship on the psychology of women’s marginalization and from the rest of psychology. It tends to leave relatively unexamined the forms of feminism it takes as its reference point

(Burman, 1997). As Rutherford and Granek (2010) point out:

The major criticism of this approach is that even when positivistic

research is designated as ‘feminist,’ it is often still saturated with

technical flaws including experimental biases, poorly represented

samples, faulty measurement techniques, and misrepresentation of

Data. Researchers have countered feminist empiricism with the charge

that methods can never reveal ‘reality,’ as no science, including a feminist

empiricist, one can be separated from the social and political stance.

Nonetheless, a community structure of two prominent journals in the history of feminist psychology can bridge the theoretical with the empirical gap on studies on this topic. Theoretical accounts on the relationship between psychology and feminism tend to have an overview of the most seminal papers on this topic and provide a comprehensive literature review. Empirical work on the relationship between women’s studies/feminism and psychology has a broad conceptualization of the first field. This thesis seeks to place community structure of Psychology of Women Quarterly as well as Feminism & Psychology in a historical context.

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Chapter 3: Methods

Data Collection: The bibliometric data used in the current analysis was extracted from the Web of Science. Web of Science is a citation index database that includes journals in humanities and social science. Its search engine is optimized with options to search from title to funding agency. In May 2019, a search query of the publication name Psychology of Women

Quarterly yields 2,590 results, out of those 1,464 are peer-reviews articles. In October 2019, a search query of Feminism & Psychology yields 1,702 results, out of which 1003 are psychology journals (for a complete list of the type of articles for both journals see appendix). Web of

Science offers the papers' author, title, source, abstract, and cited references. Five hundred txt files are extracted at a time and archived in a Dropbox folder. The information on these papers was downloaded since the inception of the journal Psychology of Women Quarterly.

Coding program Analyses were conducted in R - an open-source coding and programming language. The R package Bibliometrix was used to extract summary statistics from Psychology of Women Quarterly and Feminism & Psychology , including, most cited journal papers, country of origin from the papers, and author’s most used keywords (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017).

Community structure The txt files are loaded into the R programming language, in which the same analysis was conducted in the decades of 1970-1979, 1990-1900, and2010-2019. In each decade, all of the downloaded papers are in a broad citation network. The decade of the ‘70s had

104 papers, the decade of the ‘90s had 341 papers, and the decade of the ‘10s had 328 papers.

Subsequently, papers from each decade are linked by the citations they have in common.

Grouping papers by their shared references aids building a two-mode or bipartite network, in which one paper can be tied to multiple references from other papers. Building a ‘clean’ two-

23 mode network entails removing papers that lack their authors or references, copies of papers with the same full title and full author name, and self-citation. Subsequently, structural or community network was created by decade from the inception of Psychology of Women

Quarterly and Psychology & Feminism until May 2019. The R package Tidygraph is used to group papers and compute their centralities, which are the basis of community-based visualizations (Pedersen 2018). Communities are extracted using the Louvain Community

Detection algorithm. The community structure of each decade is displayed with the open-source imaging program Gephi (Bastian et al. 2009).

N-grams are computed to generate the descriptors of each community. This tool is generally used to identify semantic similarities within a corpus of texts. Agyemang, Barker, &

Alhaji (2005) identified three advantages of using n-grams for community detection. First, this is a computationally efficient tool that can assess extensive texts. Second, it allows matching words with similar root words and different spelling (e.g., acrid and acrimony). Finally, it can match misspelled words.

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Chapter 4: Results

Here, we focus on three main decades that were changing pivotal points in Women’s

Studies and Feminist Scholars. In Psychology of Women Quarterly (PWQ) from 1970-2019, there are 1460 journal articles which altogether have 6.2241 X 10 references. Of these, 1013 papers are from the U.S. There are 12 distinct communities across all years of publication from

PWQ. Across all years, the top 3 communities have 193,171, and 157 papers each. The most cited papers in PWQ and Feminism & Psychology can be found in table 1 and table 2, respectively. Each community has three most central papers that can help describe its main research areas and methodologies. With very few exceptions, the most central papers of each community were published early in its corresponding decade.

Decade of the ‘70s

The community with most papers is ‘achievement/sex role,’ which has 13 papers tied together by the references that they share. The three most central papers of this community were published in 1976, and all study the question of the inclusion, roles, and experiences of women in the workplace (Trigg& Perlman. 1976) and higher education (Travis, 1976; Kunter & Brogan,

1976). The first community studied issues of representation. The second-largest community studied the complications of women in the workplace, career, and family: women’s career plans and maternal employment (Altman, 1977); beliefs and attitudes of women across social groups

(Blanchard, Becker, Bristow, 1976); and the status of working women (Staines & Peck,

1978).

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Figure 1 - Psychology of Women Quarterly (1970-1979)

A third community similarly sized as the second study the psychological concept of androgyny. One of the central papers of this community defines androgyny as a person who is equally comfortable with feminine and masculine activities and emotional responses and rejects -roles (Hasson & Chernovetz, 1977). These communities are illustrated in figure

1.

The Decade of the ‘90s

Out of the top five countries, 76% of citations are from outside of the U.S. In this decade, Psychology & Women Quarterly had 11,973 more citations in the U.S than Feminism in

Psychology. A comparison of these two journals can be found in tables 2 and 3.

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Table 1. Citation per country of Feminism & Psychology (1990-1999)

Table 2 Citation per country of Psychology of Women Quarterly (1990-1999)

As for the scholarship from PWQ, there are 18 distinct communities with at least four papers each. The largest community has 38 papers that study rape and . Its most central papers include the issues of female clients who have been victims of sexual assault and potential approaches in therapy for this population (Dye, Roth 1990); coping strategies and new behaviors victims of sexual assault (Wyatt, Notgrass, Newcomb, 1990); and, long-term consequences of being sexually assaulted (Gidyz, Coble, Latham, Layman, 1993).

The second-largest community, with 32 papers, studies sexism, neosexism, and ambivalent sexism. Its most central papers study the attitudes and of sexism: as an analysis of attitudes, beliefs, and towards men and women (Eagly, Miladinic, Otto, 1991); with the development of a 10-item scale to find the attitudes toward feminism and the women’s movement (Fassinger, 1994); and assessing the attitudes of 319 Jewish and 276 Arab adolescent males toward women’s roles (Seginer, Karayanni, Mari, 1990). A smaller community of 13 papers (not shown in the graph) studies the attitudes of on college campuses.

Another smaller community of four papers studies the language-related with battering and . These communities are illustrated in figure 2.

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Figure 2 - Psychology of Women Quarterly (1990-1999)

The third-largest community, with 32 papers, is the only one that studies the theoretical framework of feminist psychology, as explained by the publishing practices of the journal. One of its central peppers is Judith Worrel’s 1990 issue as an incoming editor of PWQ. Kahn,

Presbury, Moore, and Driver (1990) compared the rejected versus accepted manuscripts to study the kind of research that the journal considers fitting for its description.

Decade of the ‘10s

The six largest communities have 72, 43, 34, 30, 27, 25 papers each. The largest community of papers in all three decades studies eating disorders and body surveillance. Among its most central papers are a study body consciousness in depressive symptoms (Chen & Russo,

28

2010); the relationship between the objectification of others, media exposure, and personal beauty ideals (Swami, Coles, Wyrozumska, et al., 2010); the role of upward and downward social comparison with media portrayals of thin bodies (Tiggemann & Polivy, 2010). The second-largest community in all three decades has 43 papers, and it was a wide range of research topics. It studies sexism, benevolent sexism, applications of sexual theory, and perceptions of social norms on marriage and having children (Erchull, Liss, Axelson, 2010).

Another subsection of this same whether women’s benevolent sexism can predict their fear of intimate partner violence (Expósito, Herrera, Moya, 2010) and women’s identity development as feminists (Liss, Erchull, 2010).

Figure 3 - Psychology of Women Quarterly (2010-2019)

The third-largest community in the decade of the ‘10s studies group discrimination of minority women: levels of LGBTQ women’s heterosexist and sexist discrimination (Friedman &

Leaper, 2010); the relationship of women’s experiences and their well-being, their beliefs about

29 justice, and their sense of control for their lives (Fischer & Holz, 2010); white college student’s of Black and white women (Donovan, 2011). The next three communities study leadership and representation, survivors of sexual assault, and stereotype threat, and women in

STEM. The study of intimate partner violence in the decade of the ‘10s also takes an intersectional framework. A community of 10 papers (not shown in the graph) has one its central papers, a study the intimate partner violence in lesbian (Oswald, 2010), and the ngram description of this community also mentions native American women.

Table 3. Feminism and Psychology (1900-2019)

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Table 4. PQW (1970-2019).

An alternative method of understanding the interactions of women’s studies/feminist theory and psychology is by looking at the journals that had been cited over the years. In the decade that it was inaugurated, PWQ cited the Journal of , (29 papers)

Journal of Marriage and Family (33 papers), Journal of Social Issues (19 papers), Journal of

Personality and (44 papers), and the American Psychologist Journal (22 papers). The first three journals were not cited in the decade of the nineties. The Journal of Sex

Roles was cited for the first time in this decade and has been the most-cited journal in the past ten years. The American Psychologist Journal was cited in the decade of the ‘70s, ‘90s, and ‘10s.

The Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin was cited for the first time in the last decade, while the Psychology Bulletin was only cited in the decade of the ‘90s.

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Chapter 5: Discussion

“Feminist psychology is fundamentally a contest over meanings and definitions: it is a struggle about what is sayable within our discipline, and about what need not be said - about what can be assumed and what requires explanation, about what questions can be asked, and what constitute legitimate answers” Kitzinger, 1991.

Some research concerns are unique to each decade and can help get further insight into the state of feminist psychology at the time of the publication. While the relationship between psychology and women’s studies/feminist theory covers a vast, continuous trajectory of each of these two fields, the scholarship published in PWQ covers an array of topics that demonstrate the breadth of the psychological research of women, sex, gender, and sexuality. When all papers published in Psychology of Women Quarterly from its inception in 1971 until May of 2019, there is not a clear distinction of communities based on papers with shared references. Breaking down the scholarship of this journal has revealed the development of feminist psychology in relation to the development of women’s studies/feminist theory. Overall, issues of women in the workplace are the central area of study in the decade of the ‘70s. Looking at the central papers of each of the communities from the decades of the ‘90s and the’10s reveals that though different in their methodologies, the study of physical and sexual violence against women remains relevant.

Overview of the decades

The communities from the ‘70s reveal the social issues from second-wave feminism also informed the scholarship that was published in PWQ. Women’s equality was framed as women obtaining access to the same benefits and working positions as men (Barnett & Phillips 1992). In this sense, the largest two communities in this decade study the women’s career trajectories

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(Trigg, 1976), the political views of women of various life paths (Travis, 1976; Blanchard,

1976), and the marital status of employed women (Staines, 1978). Even a small community of three papers that studies the role, consciousness-raising groups, in developing a feminist politic

(Kravetz 1978; Nassi, 1978), has a third paper that studies the effects of role models in women’s professional development (Douvan, 1976).

The depoliticization of feminist psychology that Kitizinger (1991), Rutherford Vaughn-

Blount, & Ball (2010), and Rutherford & Pettit (2015) narrated can be seen in the study of the major communities of the decade of the ‘90s. Violence against women remains a central topic of study of the journal. However, they are applied in a research context that allows it to create a distance from the political stances that are created when advocating for the structural reform that is necessary to end violence against women. An overview of this decade is an exemplar of the ongoing debates about what is feminist psychology, and to which extent does one field influence the other as well as how much overlap there is between these two fields when studying the psychology of women, gender, sex, and sexuality. If feminist psychology were considered as the applications that feminist theory could have on psychology, then many feminists who have worked on psychology would agree with Rutherford & Pettit’s (2015) statement:

By the early 1900s, many feminists working within the discipline, especially in

the United States, suggested that the relationship between feminism and

psychology was on the verge of disintegration. They argued that psychology had

successfully resisted critical feminist interventions and that the resulting science

of gender had effectively subdued any political project (p. 225).

Well before the decade of the ‘70s, many different women psychologists were critical of the role that psychology as science had on creating sex differences that in turn, were used to

33 maintain the subjugation of women (Bernstein & Russo, 1974). Many women psychologists in the ‘70s saw the establishment of feminist psychology as a separate field as an opportunity to alter the structure of the field of psychology and were critical of the direction that the field had taken by 1990 (Burman, 1997; Rutherford & Pettit, 2015; Granek, 2010; Radtke & Stan, 2016).

However, some of their central papers include topics that are relevant to the psychology of women and the psychological study of women's issues. Each community studied sexism, neosexism, and benevolent sexism (Eagly, 1991; Fassinger, 1991; Seginer, 1990).

The scholarship of PWQ in the ‘90s can conversely illustrate how feminist psychology works as a well-established branch of psychology with a focus on the livelihood of women. The scholarship of the ‘90s did not have issues of women in the workplace at the forefront of PWQ.

Studying issues that affect women from a psychological framework centered research on the effects of body weight and eating disorders (Cohn 1992; Hodge 1993); critical decision making during (Cohan, 1993); and the effects of the language that media has on the perpetrator (Lamb, 1995). The last decade has followed the same theoretical trend of the ‘90s and studied one of the largest communities of this decade studies women’s achievements and setbacks in STEM fields (Kaiser, 2011; Cheryan, 2013; Eccles 2011). Another community of 15 papers has two papers that study leadership within psychology - one revisits the history of women in an organization of psychology (Johnson, 2010), and the other paper looks at the women leaders in SPSSI (Unger 2010). These two communities echo the issues of representation in the workplace that was so prevalent in the ‘70s

In the last decade, issues experienced by women are centered in PWQ include body objectification and body image (Chen, 2010; Swami, 2010; Tiggemann, 2010), sexual scripts and unwanted sexual experiences (Capdevila, 2010; Rendon, 2012), sexual stigmas against women

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(Kite, 2011; Chrisler 2011); breastfeeding (Johnstone 2011; Puente 2011); and, the struggles of women with disabilities (Dehard, 2014; Wolowicz, 2016; and Dewey, 2018). The study of women, gender, sex, and sexuality in the field of feminist psychology has expanded to explain the different areas in which women remain marginalized.

Psychology as/in/of feminism

The scholarship that Rutherford & Pettit (2015) present to illustrate their tripartite framework of feminist psychology range in their publication date. The central papers of Psychology & Women Quarterly (PWQ) from the decades of the '70s, '90s, and '10s follows a similar pattern. Psychology and feminism concern the debates that these two fields have had over content areas and their methods of study. Feminism in psychology studies the contributions and criticism of self-identified feminists in psychology. Finally, feminist psychology/psychology as feminism describes the broader contributions of feminism that had been adopted organically in the overall field of psychology. An analysis of the ngrams - or descriptors of each community - can help position the scholarship of Psychology of Women Quarterly under the first two headlines.

Feminism and psychology As the founding editor of Psychology of Women Quarterly, Georgia

Babladelis established the journal as a platform to study the psychology of women. Namely, the behaviors, attitudes, and thought processes that are unique to women (1976). At the beginning of the last decade, Janice D. Yonder stated that the psychology of women needed to include the social issues that affect the well-being and psychological character of women (2010). An analysis of central papers in PWQ state that the scholarship closely reflects this mission statement. The founding editor of the Journal Feminism & Psychology - Celia Kitzinger - encouraged to create a scholarship that embraces feminist politics (1991). A close community

35 structure analysis of this journal might be useful in understanding the literature of feminist psychology that critiques the field of psychology.

Feminism in psychology The tripartite framework from Rutherford & Pettit (2015) was proposed with the assumption that each of these categories would be present in the scholarship of Psychology of Women Quarterly. Still, most of the scholarship in the decades of the '70s, '90s,

'10s fall under this category. Though the psychology of women is not necessarily critical of the structure, methodologies, and area of study of psychology, having a scholarship that studies the psychological effects of women's various forms of marginalization and oppression is a form of critique in itself (Shields, 2015).

Feminist psychology/ psychology as feminism The two journals studied here are in the field of feminist psychology. Journals on general psychology would need to be added in order to assess the impact on the field of psychology. Eagly, Eaton, & Rose (2012) studied the presence of the scholarship on feminist psychology in the database PsychINFO and their indices that could potentially indicate scholarship based on women's studied: Human sex differences, studies that

PsychINFO classifies as gender-related (sex discrimination, sex-role attitudes, sexism, , /masculinity/androgyny), and women-oriented index terms (psychology of women, working women, female attitudes, female delinquency). They found that while most of the 22 categories in psychology from PsychINFO, papers on feminist psychology were mostly cited in the area of social processes and social issues. An alternative method was conducted by

Lee, Rutherford, and Pettit (2016), in which they analyzed the citation of a seminal paper in feminist psychology.

A fourth category: Psychology in feminism Attitude, perceptions, group discrimination, gender norms are some of the psychological constructs that have been applied to the study of

36 women, gender, sex, and sexuality in psychology. Using psychology as a behavioral science, each of these frameworks can be used to understand the constraints that systems of power have on women of different backgrounds. None of these constructs are meant to theorize or dismantle the , religious beliefs, media representations, or educational structures that have been responsible for the oppression of marginalized communities. However, they reveal how each of the institutions affects the emotions, behavioral patterns, and even physiology of those subjugated to structural violence. Naomi Weisstein insisted that feminist empiricist approaches could drive social change in ways that other feminist epistemologies were not able to

(Rutherford, Vaugh-Blount, Ball, 2010).

In proposing three different frameworks that explain the relationship between women’s studies/feminist theory and psychology, Rutherford & Pettit (2015) address the question of how to have these two fields influenced each other. Psychology and/in/as feminism are all present in three decades of the scholarship of Psychology of Women Quarterly that is all influential in the history of the development of feminist psychology. Feminism in psychology and feminism as psychology both attribute the role that feminist theory has had and could have on the professionalization and publication of psychology. The present community analysis gives room for the fourth category of psychology in feminism. Just as there are theories, frameworks, and reflections that originated from women’s studies/feminist theory that have influenced the empirical study of women’s experiences, psychology as a behavioral science can prove useful in developing an evidence-based praxis of feminist theory.

In the decade of the ‘70s, there is a community of nine papers, whose central papers study attitude change after taking a women’s studies class (Schott, Richards, & Wade 1977) and being part of a consciousness-raising group (Abernathy, Abramowitz, Roback, Weitz,

37

Abramowitz, & Tittler, 1977). The study of perceptions is found on three different communities of the ‘90s: the first one of 19 papers that studies body weight and body image in college students (Cohn, 1992), a second one of 14 papers that studies the perceptions of college students that work on the perceptions of power by their experiences of male and female bosses (Oyster

1992), and a third community of 13 papers in which one of the central papers studies the perceptions of sexual harassment in colleges (Fitzgerald, Ormerod, 1991). In the decade of the

‘10s, there is a community of 43 papers that studies the perception of social norms on marriage and children (Erchull, 2010); another community of 34 papers, the third community of 8 papers studies social comparison and the psychological effects of learning about the pay gap

(Bylsma,1994). Future bibliometric studies on the relationship between psychology and women's studies should account for the fact that most of the publications in the second field are textbooks and anthology chapters (Hirsch & Buela-Casal, 2014). A quantitative answer to the question of how psychological is women’s studies can count the number of times attitudes, perceptions, and group discrimination, are cited and referenced in on sexual harassment, intimate partner justice, battering against women.

Violence against women is a pillar topic in women's studies/feminism. Much of the literature that has studied the relationship between women’s studies/feminist theory and psychology centers on the feminist versions of therapy that center the experiences of victims of sexual assault (see: Rutherford & Pettit, 2015; Rutherford & Granek, 2010; Radtke & Stan,

2016). The identification of female psychotherapy clients who had been victims of sexual assault was the biggest community of the decade of the ‘90s; there also was a smaller community of ten papers in the decade of the ‘70s that addressed this same issue. Given that all communities in the decade of the ‘70s were similarly sized, it can be concluded that the issue of implementing

38 therapy on sexual assault victims was one of the central topics when the Psychology of Women

Quarterly was inaugurated.

The fifth-largest community from the '10s studies the role that sexual assault victims should have during the prosecution process of their perpetrators. This issue is not addressed in any of the central papers of this community. Nevertheless, psychology can be useful in addressing the memory loss of victims of sexual assault as well as the PTSD symptoms of Native

American women who have been subjected to decades of systemic violence and environmental racism. These two issues were not found in the most central papers of each decade; such absence does not indicate that they had not been addressed in any of the editions if Psychology of Women

Quarterly or in the vast field of feminist psychology. However, it is worth noting that neither memory loss on sexual assault victims or PTSD symptoms of Native American women had been central in any of the communities of PWQ.

Revisiting Feminism in Psychology As a behavioral science, psychology studies the daily interactions that marginalized communities have with systems of power (Anastasi, 1972). In the

'70s, there is a community of 12 papers that studies power and social class in which two of its central papers study perceived balance of interpersonal power in women under the age of 36 and over the age of 44 (Vaillan, 1990); the emergence and development of political consciousness in middle-aged women (Stewart, 1990). The apprehension from feminist scholars on feminist psychology stems from an over-reliance on empiricist methods that study relevant topics on women’s experiences without addressing the theories that address the historical events and structural organizations that have shaped and enabled sexism and to be prevalent in the first place. As Rutherford noted: “Over the last two decades [since 1990], a number of critics have argued that feminist psychology has become mired in an epistemological impasse where

39 positivist commitments effectively mute its political project, rendering the field acceptable to mainstream psychology yet shorn of its transformative vision”. (Rutherford, Vaughn-Blount, &

Ball, p. 460). There have been feminists who have produced scholarship on power and social class using standpoint theory: In 1986, Gerda Lerner published the creation of . In

1992, Catherine MacKinnon formulated the legal language to file for faces of sexual assault in the workplace. In 2018, Britney Cooper published Eloquent Rage: A black feminist discovers her superpower.

Recognizing the differential power structure that dictates the existence of different racial, ethnic, and religious groups was central in criticizing what is conventionally referred to as the second-wave of feminism. Most of the literature in women's studies that emerge from the decade of the 90’s focuses on how the experiences of Black women as a racial and sexual minority can be a source of understanding social disparities (Barrett, M., & Phillips, 1992). Issues concerning

Black women are studied in PWQ almost 20 years of Black feminist thought and theory were originally formulated. That is not to say these sentiments are new in feminist psychology: In the decade of the ‘70s, two interlinked papers question the effectiveness of research on policies that affect women’s equality (Tangri, 1997) and the presence of racism in feminist movements (Torrey, 1979). In the decade of the ‘90s, there is a community of eight papers that studies gender issues in Asian American psychology (Okazaki, 1998), the presence of

Latinas in courts of ethnicity, race, and gender (Ginorio, 1998), and minority women in academia

(Wyche, 1992).

Limitations of the current design

Including more journals in this analysis would help more accurately answer the extent to which women’s studies/feminist theory and psychology overlap with each other. Feminism &

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Psychology and Psychology & Women Quarterly cite very similar journals which, once included in the same citation network, could have very revealing information about feminist psychology and its development. Subsequently, while PWQ was a project that was part of the inclusion of women in psychology as a professional field, it does present a very limited snapshot of the history of the research of women, gender, sex, and sexuality. It also presents the studies that have been done on women and have sporadic research on LGBTQ women+ and almost no research on gender studies, both of which are core tenets of feminist theory.

Then a community structure by the decade of how psychological is women’s studies instead addresses the question of how much of ‘women’s studies there is in the psychological study of women. Psychology of Women Quarterly is listed as a prominent journal on women’s studies. It was established in the field of psychology to promote the scholarship that was done by women psychologists, which is not necessarily feminist.

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Appendix 1

• 1.1 Psychology of women Quarterly (1970-2019)

## # A tibble: 1,369 x 39 ## X1 name groupComp groupLouv centralBet centralPR centralClo ## ## 1 1 ABBE~ 1 3 0 0.000565 0.0000370 ## 2 2 ABBE~ 1 7 56 0.000550 0.0000413 ## 3 3 ABBE~ 1 3 1 0.000866 0.0000397 ## 4 4 ABBE~ 1 3 1 0.000782 0.0000396 ## 5 5 ABBE~ 1 3 906 0.000671 0.0000403 ## 6 6 ABER~ 1 9 0 0.000800 0.0000387 ## 7 7 ABRA~ 1 9 0 0.000775 0.0000390 ## 8 8 ABRA~ 1 5 596. 0.000524 0.0000414 ## 9 9 ABRA~ 1 6 3 0.000635 0.0000398 ## 10 10 ABRA~ 1 13 44.5 0.000561 0.0000397 ## # ... with 1,359 more rows, and 32 more variables: groupLeid , ## # index , SR , AU , AF , TI , DE , ## # DT , ID , AB , C1 , RP , EM , NR ,

47

## # TC , Z9 , U1 , U2 , SN , EI , J9 , ## # PY , BP , DI , AU_UN , AU1_UN , ## # country , continent , fromUSA , keywords , ## # mainwords , id

79 papers are in smaller communities which are not represented here ### Characteristic 1-,2-, and 3- grams characteristic of Leiden communities

## 'data.frame': 12 obs. of 5 variables: ## $ groupLeid: num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... ## $ nMembers : int 193 171 157 138 146 117 109 109 52 44 ... ## $ 1 : Factor w/ 12 levels "androgyny, sports, aws",..: 1 10 8 9 12 6 2 11 5 4 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 2 : Factor w/ 12 levels "armed conflict, income mothers, native american",..: 9 5 3 10 2 12 8 4 11 7 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 3 : Factor w/ 12 levels "childhood , african america n adolescent, african american women",..: 8 5 9 11 10 12 2 7 3 6 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ...

• Appendix 1.2 – Psychology of Women Quarterly n-grams (1970-1999)

n text: tokens, bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

1 193 androgyny, sports, aws COLE ER, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN sex typing, na sex, psychological QUART Associations between femininity androgyny and women’s political behavior during na sex role, na na sex, sex role midlife … orientation SPENCE JT, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Off with the old, on with the new … DONOVAN RA, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Tough or tender: (dis)similarities in white college students’ perceptions of black and white women …

2 171 silencing, textbooks, JOHNSON A, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN feminist research, feminist QUART Unfamiliar feminisms: revisiting psychology, influence strategies the national council of women psychologists …

48

n text: tokens, bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

na intimate relationships, na na JACK DC, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN feminist, na sex differences QUART Reflections on the silencing the self scale and its origins … USSHER JM, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Gender differences in self- silencing and psychological distress in informal cancer carers …

3 157 objectification, body, eating CHEN FF, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN body image, body shame, QUART Measurement invariance and the objectification theory role of body consciousness in depressive objectified body consciousness, body symptoms … mass index, objectification body SWAMI V, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN image QUART Oppressive beliefs at play: associations among beauty ideals and practices and individual differences in sexism, objecti … SCHICK VR, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Genital appearance dissatisfaction: implications for women’s genital image self-consciousness, sexual esteem, sexual sat …

4 138 rape, victimization, assault MILLER AK, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual assault, sexual victimization, QUART Stigma-threat motivated sexual aggression nondisclosure of sexual assault and sexual assault survivors, rape myth sexual revictimization: a prospective acceptance, negative social reactions, analysis … sexual assault resistance, unwanted ANDERS MC, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual experiences, verbal sexual QUART A socioecological model of rape coercion survivors’ decisions to aid in case prosecution … ZURBRIGGEN EL, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Rape, war, and the socialization of masculinity: why our refusal to give up war ensures that rape cannot be eradicated …

5 146 stem, sexism, benevolent GOOD JJ, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN benevolent sexism, stereotype QUART Doing gender for different threat, ambivalent sexism reasons: why gender conformity science technology engineering, positively and negatively predicts self- esteem …

49

n text: tokens, bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

theory, social ERCHULL MJ, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN dominance orientation QUART Well . . . She wants it more: perceptions of social norms about desires for marriage and children and anticipated chore … EXPOSITO F, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Don’t rock the boat: women’s benevolent sexism predicts fears of marital violence …

6 117 heterosexism, collective, infertility FISCHER AR, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual minority, collective action, QUART Testing a model of women’s feminist identity personal sense of justice, control, well- sexual minority women, race related being, and distress in the context of sexist stress, black sexual minority, strong discrim … black woman FRIEDMAN C, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sexual-minority college women’s experiences with discrimination: relations with identity and collective action … LISS M, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Everyone feels empowered: understanding feminist self-labeling …

7 109 breastfeeding, leave, battered JONKER IE, 2012, PSYCHOL WOMEN multiple roles, role quality, partner QUART Toward needs profiles of shelter- abuse based abused women: a latent class gender norm beliefs, approach … internalization, intimate partner CHONG A, 2016, PSYCHOL WOMEN violence QUART Postnatal : the role of breastfeeding efficacy, breastfeeding duration, and family-work conflict … OSWALD RF, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Lesbian mothers’ counseling experiences in the context of intimate partner violence …

8 109 spatial, costumes, cards ECCLES JS, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN educational attainment, future QUART Understanding women’s orientation, na sex achievement choices: looking back and na na sex, na sex differences, na na looking forward … gender, na na effects ONYEIZUGBO EU, 2003, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Effects of gender, age,

50

n text: tokens, bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

and education on assertiveness in a nigerian sample … FRIEZE IH, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Considering the social-context in gender research - the impact of college- students life stage …

9 52 harassment, workplace, outrage MCDONALD P, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual harassment, gender QUART Outrage management in cases of harassment, harmful workplace sexual harassment as revealed in judicial harmful workplace experiences, na decisions … sexual harassment, woman HOLLAND KJ, 2013, PSYCHOL WOMEN unfriendly experiences QUART When sexism and feminism collide: the sexual harassment of feminist working women … SETTLES IH, 2013, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Derogation, discrimination, and (dis)satisfaction with jobs in science: a gendered analysis …

10 44 fusion, tentative, closeness HAMILTON MC, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN mental illness, sex relationships, na QUART Masculine bias in the attribution mental, sex couples of personhood - people = male, male = na na sex, na na women, na na people … feminist HARRIS B, 1980, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART The image of women in abnormal-psychology - professionalism versus psychopathology … DAVIDSON CV, 1980, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sex bias in clinical judgment - later empirical returns …

11 28 disabilities, gbv, armed, ppd WOLOWICZ-RUSZKOWSKA A, 2016, armed conflict, income mothers, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART How polish native american women with disabilities challenge the low income mothers, sexual double meaning of motherhood … standard, gender based violence BOWLEG L, 2004, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART “The ball was always in his court”: an exploratory analysis of relationship scripts, sexual scripts, and use amon … SIEGEL JA, 2019, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Eating disorders in the

51

n text: tokens, bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

workplace: a qualitative investigation of women’s experiences …

12 26 menstrual, menopause, memories DEHART D, 2014, PSYCHOL WOMEN menstrual cycle, anxiety disorders, QUART Life history models of female menstrual cycles offending: the roles of serious mental childhood sexual abuse, african illness and trauma in women’s pathways american adolescent, african to jail … american women KOWALSKI RM, 2000, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART The social stigma of menstruation - fact or fiction? … AUBEELUCK A, 2002, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART The menstrual joy questionnaire items alone can positively prime reporting of menstrual attitudes and symptoms …

Appendix 2

• 2. 1 - Psychology of Women Quarterly (1970-1979)

Constants (location of reference files and title text) # set to TRUE to run on shorter file knitr::opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE, warning = FALSE, echo = FALSE) debugging <- FALSE workingDir <- "PsychWomen" #refsource <- "PsychWomen0519new" # directory with files to be combined dataDir <- "PsychWomen/Data" # titles for tables titletext <- "Psychology of Women Quarterly" firstyear <- 1970 lastyear <- 1979 dropStopWords <- FALSE # edit stop word list as desired

52 custom_stop_words <- (word = c("elsevier", "wiley", "john", "rights", "reserved", "inc", "study", "studies")) refsource <- paste0(workingDir,"0519new",firstyear,lastyear) yearrange <- paste0("(", firstyear,"-",lastyear,")") data reading

## # A tibble: 104 x 39 ## X1 name groupComp groupLouv centralBet centralPR centralClo ## ## 1 1 ABER~ 1 3 7 0.0110 0.000529 ## 2 2 ABRA~ 1 3 54 0.0101 0.000539 ## 3 3 ABRA~ 1 5 0 0.0120 0.000481 ## 4 4 ADAM~ 1 4 597 0.00865 0.000604 ## 5 5 ALLI~ 1 7 936 0.00963 0.000623 ## 6 6 ALPE~ 1 1 37 0.0134 0.000563 ## 7 7 ALTM~ 1 12 82 0.00967 0.000548 ## 8 8 BACH~ 1 31 0 0.00763 0.000478 ## 9 9 BALL~ 2 17 0 0.00755 0.0000934 ## 10 10 BARN~ 1 28 89 0.00808 0.000557 ## # ... with 94 more rows, and 32 more variables: groupLeid , ## # index , SR , AU , AF , TI , DE , ## # DT , ID , AB , C1 , RP , EM , NR , ## # TC , Z9 , U1 , U2 , SN , EI , J9 , ## # PY , BP , DI , AU_UN , AU1_UN , ## # country , continent , fromUSA , keywords , ## # mainwords , id

17 papers are in smaller communities which are not represented here ### Characteristic 1-,2-, and 3- grams characteristic of Leiden communities

53

## 'data.frame': 13 obs. of 5 variables: ## $ groupLeid: num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... ## $ nMembers : int 13 11 11 10 10 9 6 5 3 3 ... ## $ 1 : Factor w/ 13 levels "achievement, differences, success",..: 1 5 2 8 10 3 11 7 12 13 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 2 : Factor w/ 4 levels "na na","na sex, na na",..: 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 2 2 1 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 3 : Factor w/ 2 levels "na na na","na na sex, na na na": 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ...

• Appendix 2.2 Psychology of Women Quarterly n-grams (1970-1979)

text: tokens, n bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

1 13 achievement, TRAVIS CB, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Womens- differences, success liberation among 2 samples of young-women … sex role, na sex, na TRIGG LJ, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Social na influences on womens pursuit of a nontraditional career na na sex, na na na … KUTNER NG, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sources of sex-discrimination in educational systems - conceptual- model …

2 11 career, employment, ALTMAN SL, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Womens couples, family career plans and maternal employment … na na BLANCHARD CG, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART na na na Attitudes of southern women - selected group comparisons … STAINES GL, 1978, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Wives employment status and marital adjustment - yet another look …

3 11 androgyny, HANSSON RO, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Maternal psychological, sex employment and androgyny … sex role, na sex, na FALBO T, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Relationships

54

text: tokens, n bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

na between sex, sex-role, and social-influence … na na sex, na na na WELCH RL, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Androgyny and derived identity in married-women with varying degrees of non-traditional role involvement …

4 10 differences, a, OBERSTONE AK, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART performance Psychological adjustment and life-style of single lesbians na sex, na na and single heterosexual women … na na sex, na na na FINK A, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Girls and boys changing attitudes toward school … KEMPE LJ, 1978, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Persuasibility of women - conventional wisdom reexamined …

5 10 psychological, sex, HAREMUSTIN RT, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART to Biased professional in divorce litigation … sex role, na sex, na KENWORTHY JA, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART na Women and therapy - survey on internship programs … na na sex, na na na COWAN G, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Therapist judgments of clients sex-role problems …

6 9 attitudes, sex, on SCOTT R, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Womens sex role, na na studies as change agent … na na na ABERNATHY RW, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Impact of an intensive consciousness-raising curriculum on adolescent women … BECKMAN LJ, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART-a More you have, the more you do - relationship between wifes employment, sex-role attitudes, and household behavior …

7 6 success, sex, on ABRAMSON PR, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Talking sex role, na sex, na platypus phenomenon - competency ratings as a function na of sex and professional status … na na sex, na na na GARLAND H, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sometimes nothing succeeds like success - reactions to success and failure in sex-linked occupations … ETAUGH C, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Causal

55

text: tokens, n bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

attributions of male and female performance by young- children …

8 5 couples, role, sex DENMARK FL, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Styles of na sex, na na leadership … na na sex, na na na HERMAN JB, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Working men and women - inter-role and intra-role conflict … FEILD HS, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sex of supervisor, sex of subordinate, and subordinate job- satisfaction …

9 3 the, sex, social, to STPETER S, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Jack went na sex, na na up the hill … But where was jill … na na sex, na na na KEARNEY HR, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Feminist challenges to the social-structure and sex-roles … RUSSO NF, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sex-roles, fertility and the motherhood mandate - overview …

10 3 womens, KRAVETZ D, 1978, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART professional, the Consciousness-raising groups in the 1970s … na na DOUVAN E, 1976, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Role of na na na models in womens professional-development … NASSI AJ, 1978, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Raising consciousness about womens groups - process and outcome research …

11 2 career, as, womens LARUSSA GW, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Portias na na decision - womens motives for studying and their na na na later career satisfaction as attorneys … COPLIN JW, 1978, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Women law students descriptions of self and ideal lawyer …

12 2 on, womens, for TANGRI SS, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Can na na research on women be more effective in shaping policy … na na na TORREY JW, 1979, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Racism and feminism - is womens-liberation for whites only …

56

text: tokens, n bigrams, and comm. Papers trigrams most central papers

13 2 couples, BUTLER M, 1977, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Status of employment, professional couples in psychology … professional BECKMAN LJ, 1978, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Relative na na rewards and costs of parenthood and employment for na na na employed women …

Appendix 3

• Appendix 3.1 Psychology of Women Quarterly (1980-1989)

# set to TRUE to run on shorter file knitr::opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE, warning = FALSE, echo = FALSE) debugging <- FALSE workingDir <- "PsychWomen/netdata" refsource <- "PsychWomen0519new" # directory with files to be combined dataDir <- "PsychWomen/Data" # titles for tables titletext <- "Psychology of Women Quarterly" firstyear <- 1990 lastyear <- 1999 dropStopWords <- FALSE # edit stop word list as desired custom_stop_words <- (word = c("elsevier", "wiley", "john", "rights", "reserved", "inc", "study",

57

"studies")) refsource <- file.path(paste0(refsource,firstyear,lastyear)) yearrange <- paste0("(", firstyear,"-",lastyear,")")

## # A tibble: 301 x 39 ## X1 name groupComp groupLouv centralBet centralPR centralClo ## ## 1 1 ABBE~ 1 13 81 0.00295 0.000248 ## 2 2 ACKE~ 1 45 21 0.00293 0.000233 ## 3 3 AHRE~ 1 11 0 0.00336 0.000224 ## 4 4 AITK~ 1 16 6 0.00306 0.000225 ## 5 5 ALLE~ 1 4 58 0.00312 0.000246 ## 6 6 AMAT~ 1 5 4 0.00329 0.000237 ## 7 7 APFE~ 5 35 0 0.00332 0.0000111 ## 8 8 BANY~ 1 4 309 0.00354 0.000248 ## 9 9 BARG~ 1 3 14 0.00494 0.000243 ## 10 10 BARN~ 1 5 254. 0.00362 0.000246 ## # ... with 291 more rows, and 32 more variables: groupLeid , ## # index , SR , AU , AF , TI , DE , ## # DT , ID , AB , C1 , RP , EM , NR , ## # TC , Z9 , U1 , U2 , SN , EI , J9 , ## # PY , BP , DI , AU_UN , AU1_UN , ## # country , continent , fromUSA , keywords , ## # mainwords , id

26 papers are in smaller communities which are not represented here ### Characteristic 1-,2-, and 3- grams characteristic of Leiden communities

## 'data.frame': 18 obs. of 5 variables: ## $ groupLeid: num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... ## $ nMembers : int 38 31 32 27 23 19 13 14 13 11 ... ## $ 1 : Factor w/ 18 levels "abuse, childhood, disordered, myths",.. : 2 10 16 13 8 5 6 14 11 18 ...

58

## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 2 : Factor w/ 18 levels "ambivalent sexism, sex typing, benevole nt sexism, emotional contagion, modern sexism, neosexism scale, scale aw"| __ truncated__,..: 13 4 1 7 8 2 10 6 16 11 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 3 : Factor w/ 15 levels "childhood sexual abuse",..: 14 3 4 8 7 10 2 5 11 9 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ...

• Appendix 3.2 Psychology of Women Quarterly n-grams (1980-1989)

text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

1 38 alcohol, rape, victimization DYE E, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART sexual aggression, sexual Psychotherapists knowledge about and victimization, sexual assault attitudes toward sexual assault victim rape myth acceptance, gender clients … role attitudes, adversarial sexual WYATT GE, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN beliefs QUART Internal and external mediators of womens rape experiences … GIDYCZ CA, 1993, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sexual assault experience in adulthood and prior victimization experiences - a prospective analysis …

2 31 feminist, psychology, apa KAHN AS, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN feminist research, feminist QUART Characteristics of accepted psychology, na psychology versus rejected manuscripts … feminist identity development, WORELL J, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN na na na, childhood sexual QUART Feminist frameworks - abuse, na gender differences retrospect and prospect … MOWBRAY CT, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Gender and serious mental- illness - a feminist perspective …

3 32 sexism, aws, neosexism EAGLY AH, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN ambivalent sexism, sex typing, QUART Are women evaluated more benevolent sexism, emotional favorably than men - an analysis of contagion, modern sexism, attitudes, beliefs, and emotions … neosexism scale, scale aws, FASSINGER RE, 1994, PSYCHOL

59

text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

sexism scale, spence helmreich WOMEN QUART Development and modern sexism scale, women testing of the attitudes toward feminism scale aws, na sex role and the womens movement (fwm) scale … SEGINER R, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Adolescents attitudes toward womens roles - a comparison between israeli jews and arabs …

4 27 play, silencing, anger ELDRIDGE NS, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN moral reasoning, women QUART Correlates of relationship leaders, depressive satisfaction in lesbian couples … symptomatology LASORSA VA, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN na sex differences, na gender QUART Adolescent daughter midlife differences, feminist identity dyad - a new look at separation development, na sex role and self-definition … MILLER JB, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Womens and mens scripts for interpersonal conflict …

5 23 depressive, distress, leave GOLDING JM, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN psychological distress, multiple QUART Division of household labor, roles, sexist discrimination strain, and depressive symptoms among na na na, na sex differences mexican-americans and non-hispanic whites … HELSON R, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Number and quality of roles - a longitudinal personality view … WATTSJONES D, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Toward a stress scale for african-american women …

6 19 body, weight, eating COHN LD, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN body hair, body attitudes, body QUART Female and male perceptions of image ideal body shapes - distorted views na sex role, na na na among caucasian college-students … HODGE CN, 1993, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART The freshman-15 - facts and fantasies about weight-gain in college- women …

60

text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

HARRIS SM, 1995, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Family, self, and sociocultural contributions to body-image attitudes of african-american women …

7 13 careers, science, attributes ROMER N, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN role attitudes, feminine gender, QUART Is political activism still a eating disorders masculine endeavor - gender feminine gender role, gender comparisons among high-school role attitudes, na na na political activists … GUNTER NC, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Domestic division-of-labor among working couples - does androgyny make a difference … MURRELL AJ, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Aspiring to careers in male- dominated and female-dominated professions - a study of black-and-white college-women …

8 14 power, strategies, OYSTER CK, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN codependency, japanese QUART Perceptions of power - female influence strategies, intimate executives descriptions of power usage relationships, na intimate by best and worst bosses … na intimate relationships, SAGRESTANO LM, 1992, PSYCHOL feminine gender role, na gender WOMEN QUART-a Power strategies in differences interpersonal relationships - the effects of expertise and gender … FRIEZE IH, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Power and influence strategies in violent and nonviolent …

9 13 harassment, unfriendly, sexual MALOVICH NJ, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual harassment, unfriendly QUART Sexual harassment on campus - experiences, woman unfriendly individual-differences in attitudes and na sexual harassment, woman beliefs … unfriendly experiences, FITZGERALD LF, 1991, PSYCHOL adversarial sexual beliefs WOMEN QUART Perceptions of sexual harassment - the influence of gender and academic context …

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text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

BROOKS L, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Reporting sexual harassment - exploring a predictive model …

10 11 spatial, task, instructions HYDE JS, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN sex differences, sexist events, QUART Gender comparisons of meta analysis mathematics attitudes and affect - a na sex differences, na na na metaanalysis … JACKLIN CN, 1991, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART The effects of feminist scholarship on developmental- psychology … STAKE JE, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Gender differences and similarities in self-concept within everyday life contexts …

11 12 shift, midlife, class VAILLANT GE, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN social class, power strategies, na QUART Determinants and college consequences of creativity in a cohort of na na na gifted women … TODD J, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Women growing stronger with age - the effect of status in the united- states and kenya … STEWART AJ, 1990, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Midlife womens political consciousness - case-studies of psychosocial development and political commitment …

12 7 premenstrual, pregnancy, cycles BECKMAN LJ, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN childhood sexual, sexual abuse, QUART Dimensions of the contraceptive psychological functioning attributes questionnaire … childhood sexual abuse COHAN CL, 1993, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Pregnancy decision-making - predictors of early stress and adjustment … KLEBANOV PK, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Effects of expectations

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text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

and bodily sensations on self-reports of premenstrual symptoms …

13 8 disadvantaged, discrimination, BYLSMA WH, 1994, PSYCHOL WOMEN entitlement, pay QUART Social comparisons and gender discrimination, research contentment - exploring the methods, women’s experiences psychological costs of the gender wage NA gap … LEPAGELEES P, 1997, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Struggling with a nontraditional past - academically successful women from disadvantaged backgrounds discuss their relat … KOBRYNOWICZ D, 1997, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Who considers themselves victims of discrimination? Individual difference predictors of perceived gender discrimination …

14 8 asian, topics, scholarship GINORIO AB, 1998, PSYCHOL WOMEN race class, asian american, class QUART Where are the latinas? Ethno- gender race and gender in psychology courses race class gender, childhood … sexual abuse OKAZAKI S, 1998, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Teaching gender issues in asian american psychology - a pedagogical framework … PLOUS S, 1997, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Racial and gender biases in magazine advertising - a content- analytic study …

15 5 messages, bias, attractiveness, LHEUREUXBARRETT T, 1991, PSYCHOL decisions WOMEN QUART Overcoming gender sexual behavior, community bias in reward allocation - the role of sample, meta analysis expectations of future performance … NA PAZY A, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sex-linked bias in promotion decisions - the role of candidates career relevance and respondents prior

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text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

experience … WYCHE KF, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Minority women in academia - access and barriers to professional participation …

16 6 condom, double, MUEHLENHARD CL, 1991, PSYCHOL sexual double, double standard, WOMEN QUART Double-standard college students double bind - the sexual double- sexual double standard standard and womens communication about sex … CAMPBELL SM, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Women, men, and condoms - attitudes and experiences of heterosexual college-students … HYNIE M, 1995, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Womens perceptions of female contraceptive behavior - experimental- evidence of the sexual double-standard …

17 4 battering, writing, measurement GINORIO AB, 1998, PSYCHOL WOMEN socially defined, race class, class QUART-a Contextualizing violence in a gender, feminist critique, sexual participatory classroom - a socially orientation defined identities approach … race class gender CHAMPION VL, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Variables related to breast self-examination - model generation … LAMB S, 1995, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Blaming the perpetrator - language that distorts reality in newspaper articles on men battering women …

18 4 abuse, childhood, disordered, LIEM JH, 1992, PSYCHOL WOMEN myths QUART The need for power in women sexual abuse, disordered eating, who were sexually abused as children - an exploratory-study … LOFTUS EF, 1994, PSYCHOL WOMEN

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text: tokens, bigrams, n and Papers trigrams most central papers

childhood sexual QUART Memories of childhood sexual childhood sexual abuse abuse - remembering and repressing … WYATT GE, 1994, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Reconceptualizing issues that affect womens sexual decision-making and sexual functioning …

Appendix 4

• 4.1 Psychology of Women Quarterly (1990-1999)

# set to TRUE to run on shorter file knitr::opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE, warning = FALSE, echo = FALSE) debugging <- FALSE workingDir <- "PsychWomen" #refsource <- "PsychWomen0519new" # directory with files to be combined dataDir <- "PsychWomen/Data" # titles for tables titletext <- "Psychology of Women Quarterly" firstyear <- 2010 lastyear <- 2019 dropStopWords <- FALSE # edit stop word list as desired custom_stop_words <- (word = c("elsevier", "wiley", "john", "rights", "reserved", "inc", "study",

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"studies")) refsource <- paste0(workingDir,"0519new",firstyear,lastyear) yearrange <- paste0("(", firstyear,"-",lastyear,")")

## # A tibble: 328 x 39 ## X1 name groupComp groupLouv centralBet centralPR centralClo ## ## 1 1 ABRA~ 1 5 20 0.00247 0.000633 ## 2 2 ALLE~ 1 1 0 0.00411 0.000625 ## 3 3 ALLE~ 1 3 2 0.00286 0.000629 ## 4 4 ALLE~ 1 1 115 0.00399 0.000666 ## 5 5 ANDE~ 1 6 129 0.00287 0.000661 ## 6 6 ANDE~ 1 1 61 0.00351 0.000641 ## 7 7 ASKA~ 1 15 0 0.00267 0.000553 ## 8 8 AUTI~ 1 7 99.5 0.00306 0.000692 ## 9 9 BACK~ 1 4 9 0.00287 0.000589 ## 10 10 BAGE~ 1 7 4 0.00264 0.000631 ## # ... with 318 more rows, and 32 more variables: groupLeid , ## # index , SR , AU , AF , TI , DE , ## # DT , ID , AB , C1 , RP , EM , NR , ## # TC , Z9 , U1 , U2 , SN , EI , J9 , ## # PY , BP , DI , AU_UN , AU1_UN , ## # country , continent , fromUSA , keywords , ## # mainwords , id

22 papers are in smaller communities which are not represented here ### Characteristic 1-,2-, and 3- grams characteristic of Leiden communities

## 'data.frame': 14 obs. of 5 variables: ## $ groupLeid: num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... ## $ nMembers : int 72 43 34 30 27 25 15 15 14 10 ... ## $ 1 : Factor w/ 14 levels "appraisals, condom, alcohol",..: 3 11 7 2 10 13 12 9 14 8 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ...

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## $ 2 : Factor w/ 14 levels "body hair, sexual scripts, sexual agenc y",..: 3 6 13 5 12 7 14 1 9 10 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 3 : Factor w/ 13 levels "african american women, intimate partne r violence, doi suppl 10.1177, http journals.sagepub.com doi, journals.s"| __ truncated__,..: 7 11 9 3 6 10 1 13 2 5 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... computing centralities for each community • Appendix 4.2 Psychology of Women Quarterly n-grams (1990-1999)

n comm. Papers text: tokens, bigrams, and trigrams most central papers

1 72 body, objectification, eating CHEN FF, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART disordered eating, body shame, body Measurement invariance and the role of surveillance body consciousness in depressive objectification body image, objectified symptoms … body consciousness, body image physical SWAMI V, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Oppressive beliefs at play: associations among beauty ideals and practices and individual differences in sexism, objecti … TIGGEMANN M, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Upward and downward: social comparison processing of thin idealized media images …

2 43 sexism, benevolent, feminist ERCHULL MJ, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN feminist identity, benevolent sexism, QUART Well . . . She wants it more: ambivalent sexism perceptions of social norms about desires sexual economics theory, feminist for marriage and children and anticipated identity development, liberal feminist chore … beliefs EXPOSITO F, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Don’t rock the boat: women’s benevolent sexism predicts fears of marital violence … LISS M, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Everyone feels empowered: understanding feminist self-labeling …

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n comm. Papers text: tokens, bigrams, and trigrams most central papers

3 34 intersectionality, intersectional, black FISCHER AR, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual minority, race related, black QUART Testing a model of women’s women personal sense of justice, control, well- race related stress, black sexual minority, being, and distress in the context of sexist strong black woman discrim … FRIEDMAN C, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sexual-minority college women’s experiences with discrimination: relations with identity and collective action … DONOVAN RA, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Tough or tender: (dis)similarities in white college students’ perceptions of black and white women …

4 30 backlash, salary, stemm RIOS D, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART female leaders, pay expectations, “Thinking she could be the next political attitudes president”: why identifying with the female role models, confirmatory factor curriculum matters … analysis, human sex differences GOOD JJ, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Doing gender for different reasons: why gender conformity positively and negatively predicts self-esteem … MOSS-RACUSIN CA, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Disruptions in women’s self-promotion: the backlash avoidance model …

5 27 rape, assault, survivors MILLER AK, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual assault, military sexual, rape QUART Stigma-threat motivated survivors nondisclosure of sexual assault and sexual military sexual trauma, pacific islander revictimization: a prospective analysis … ancestry, sexual assault resistance, ANDERS MC, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN sexual assault survivors QUART A socioecological model of rape survivors’ decisions to aid in case prosecution … ZURBRIGGEN EL, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Rape, war, and the socialization of masculinity: why our refusal to give up

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n comm. Papers text: tokens, bigrams, and trigrams most central papers

war ensures that rape cannot be eradicated …

6 25 stem, math, science KAISER CR, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN gender bias, role models, stereotype QUART Gender identification moderates threat social identity threat effects on working science technology engineering, female memory … role models, implicit association test CHERYAN S, 2013, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Enduring influence of stereotypical computer science role models on women’s academic aspirations … ECCLES JS, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Understanding women’s achievement choices: looking back and looking forward …

7 15 silencing, ladder, hiv JOHNSON A, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN women psychologists, feminist QUART Unfamiliar feminisms: revisiting psychology, sexual satisfaction the national council of women african american women, intimate psychologists … partner violence, doi suppl 10.1177, http UNGER RK, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN journals.sagepub.com doi, QUART Feminism and women leaders in journals.sagepub.com doi suppl spssi: social networks, ideology, and generational change … USSHER JM, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Gender differences in self- silencing and psychological distress in informal cancer carers …

8 15 , hair, feeding CAPDEVILA R, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN body hair, sexual scripts, sexual agency QUART Lysistratus, lysistrata, lysistratum: unwanted sexual experiences, women coconstructing the identities of mother aged 18, sexual risk taking and activist … RENDON MJ, 2012, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Deconstructing the portrayals of haitian women in the media: a thematic analysis of images in the associated press

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n comm. Papers text: tokens, bigrams, and trigrams most central papers

photo … WALSH JL, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Awkward or amazing: gender and age trends in first intercourse experiences …

9 14 stigma, suicide, suicidal KITE ME, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART minority stressors, suicidal ideation, (Some) things are different now: an relationship satisfaction optimistic look at sexual prejudice … anti bisexual stigma, interpersonal CHRISLER JC, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN psychological theory, sexual minority QUART Leaks, lumps, and lines: stigma women and women’s bodies … LEWIS RJ, 2014, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sexual minority stressors and psychological aggression in lesbian women’s intimate relationships: the mediating roles of …

10 10 ipv, battered, shelter OSWALD RF, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN native american, partner violence, QUART Lesbian mothers’ counseling battered women, coercive control, experiences in the context of intimate emotional dysregulation, lesbian partner violence … mothers, physical ipv BARATA PC, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN intimate partner violence, mental health QUART Searching for housing as a professionals, posttraumatic stress battered woman: does discrimination disorder affect reported availability of a rental unit? … THARP AT, 2013, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Relative importance of emotional dysregulation, hostility, and impulsiveness in predicting intimate partner violence per …

11 7 harassment, outrage, objectifying SETTLES IH, 2013, PSYCHOL WOMEN harmful workplace, gender harassment, QUART Derogation, discrimination, and sexual harassment (dis)satisfaction with jobs in science: a gendered analysis … LESKINEN EA, 2014, PSYCHOL WOMEN

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n comm. Papers text: tokens, bigrams, and trigrams most central papers

harmful workplace experiences, sexism QUART Dimensions of disrespect: sex role, human sex differences mapping and measuring gender harassment in organizations … HALL MEL, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Sanctified sexism: religious beliefs and the gender harassment of academic women …

12 5 breastfeeding, childcare, neuroticism JOHNSTONE M, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN pregnancy worries, identity components, QUART Influences of marriage, breastfeeding efficacy motherhood, and other life events on NA australian women’s employment aspirations … PUENTE CP, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Effects of personality on psychiatric and somatic symptoms in pregnant women: the role of pregnancy worries … TOWNSEND TG, 2010, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART I’m no jezebel; i am young, gifted, and black: identity, sexuality, and black girls …

13 5 disabilities, narrative, workplace DEHART D, 2014, PSYCHOL WOMEN eating disorders, partner relationships, QUART Life history models of female low income offending: the roles of serious mental posttraumatic stress disorder, african illness and trauma in women’s pathways american women, intimate partner to jail … violence WOLOWICZ-RUSZKOWSKA A, 2016, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART How polish women with disabilities challenge the meaning of motherhood … DEWEY S, 2018, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Ontologies of blame and the cultural value of accountability: formerly incarcerated women’s narratives …

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n comm. Papers text: tokens, bigrams, and trigrams most central papers

14 4 appraisals, condom, alcohol ZAWACKI T, 2011, PSYCHOL WOMEN cognitive mediation, risk judgments, QUART Effects of alcohol on women’s sexual decision risky sexual decision making during social sexual risk taking, women aged 18, interactions in the laboratory … structural equation modeling NORRIS J, 2013, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART How do alcohol and relationship type affect women’s risk judgment of partners with differing risk ? … BRYAN AEB, 2017, PSYCHOL WOMEN QUART Condom-insistence conflict in women’s alcohol-involved sexual encounters with a new male partner …

Appendix 5

• Appendix 5.1 – Feminism & Psychology (1990-2019)

# set to TRUE to run on shorter file knitr::opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE, warning = FALSE, echo = FALSE) debugging <- FALSE # prefixes for all File reads and writes workingDir <- "C:/Users/User/Dropbox/Bibliometrix2018/History of feminsit psy ch Data" refsource <-"C:/Users/User/Dropbox/Bibliometrix2018/History of feminsit psych Data" # directory with files to be combined dataDir <- "C:/Users/User/Dropbox/Bibliometrix2018/History of feminsit psych Data" # titles for tables titletext <- "Feminism & Psychology Journal" firstyear <- 1900 lastyear <- 2019 dropStopWords <- TRUE

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# edit stop word list as desired custom_stop_words <- cbind(word = c("elsevier", "wiley", "john", "rights", "reserved", "inc", "study", "studies", "na"), lexicon = c("custom")) refsource <- file.path(paste0(refsource,firstyear,lastyear)) yearrange <- paste0("(", firstyear,"-",lastyear,")")

169 papers are in smaller communities which are not represented here ### Characteristic 1-,2-, and 3- grams characteristic of Louvain communities

## 'data.frame': 25 obs. of 5 variables: ## $ groupLouv: num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... ## $ nMembers : int 105 92 57 54 50 40 39 39 34 31 ... ## $ 1 : Factor w/ 25 levels "animals, animal, nonhuman",..: 21 9 25 4 6 20 7 11 1 2 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 2 : Factor w/ 25 levels "biological politics, sexual satisfactio n, human animal",..: 12 2 20 6 15 9 11 21 1 23 ... ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... ## $ 3 : Factor w/ 21 levels "anti feminist perspectives, biological politics feminist, semi structured interviews",..: 4 14 13 2 18 7 5 NA 1 19 . .. ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ...

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• Appendix 5.2 – Feminism & Psychology n-grams (1990-2019)

• ## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "1" "2" "3" "4" ... Sizes and characteristic words, bigrams, and trigrams for Louven communities groupLouv nMembers 1 2 3 critical , repertoires, discursive psychology, analysis discursive 1 1 105 repertoire, interpretative repertoires, psychology, intimate partner interpretative conversation analysis violence pubic hair removal, social hair, removal, body hair, casual sex, hair 2 2 92 networking sites, weight loss postfeminist removal surgery whiteness, esteem, postnatal depression, male participatory action research, 3 3 57 injury dominated, story completion white middle class child sexual abuse, false cervical, screening, cervical screening, feminist 4 4 54 memory syndrome, intimate beating, betrayal counselling, lesbian feminist partner violence sex differences gender, critical discourse analysis, darwinism, shields, functionalism darwinism, 5 5 50 conversation analysis ca, functionalism sex differences, gender sex conversation analysis feminism clinical psychology, psy, psychiatric, 6 6 40 pharmaceutical industry, false memory syndrome centred 19th century , deconstructing developmental developmental, deconstructing 7 7 39 psychology, maternal child motherhood, child developmental, child centrism, white middle class centrism jewish, girls, power relations, dating 8 8 39 NA heterosexuality violence, gender roles anti feminist perspectives, animals, animal, biological politics, sexual 9 9 34 biological politics feminist, nonhuman satisfaction, human animal semi structured interviews sexual assault resistance, assault, desire, sexual agency, assault 10 10 31 assault resistance education, dating resistance, sexual assault sexual violence prevention gender identity, transgender feminist liberation psychology, contraceptive, 11 11 31 individuals, normative anti feminist perspectives, gaming, bisexuality knowledge biological politics feminist premenstrual, premenstrual change, childhood sexual abuse, child 12 12 27 asexuality, premenstrual syndrome, sexual abuse, semi structured depression positive premenstrual interviews marriage, civil, civil partnership, sex 13 13 27 semi structured interviews partnership marriage, gay marriage music, dance, divide feminist perspectives, children’s schooling, divide 14 14 24 crossing, military, mother daughter relationship, feminist, maternity care schooling semi structured interviews

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Sizes and characteristic words, bigrams, and trigrams for Louven communities groupLouv nMembers 1 2 3 lesbian health, trans parents, intimate partner violence, sperm, , 15 15 23 intimate partner, partner lesbian gay bisexual, violence donors violence social media, black women, shelter, shelters, 16 16 23 , women’s researching sensitive topics racism movement body politics, girl, aggression, developmental psychology, 17 17 20 white middle class girls gender women, sexual harassment body image, mental health, feminist researchers, 18 18 20 body, schema, fat NA heterosexual marriage, social constructionist internalized, coping resources, 19 19 20 friendship, internalized heterosexism, NA documentary critical race participatory, political participation, participatory action research, 20 20 19 liberation, justice, liberation psychology, feminist liberation psychology, participation action research gender based violence pilots, asian, airline, female pilots, ethnic researching sensitive topics, 21 21 17 aviation identity, south asian semi structured interviews false memory syndrome, child false memory, memory 22 22 17 loftus, memory, fms sexual abuse, researching syndrome, sexual abuse sensitive topics intimate partner violence, nuns, battered, woman abuse, battered domestic violence intimate, 23 23 15 christian women, domestic violence gender based violence, violence domestic violence social physique anxiety, physique anxiety, social conversation analysis ca, police, physique, 24 24 14 physique, conversation conversation analysis helpline, meetings analysis feminism, researching sensitive topics weight, attitudes, body image, black women, 25 25 13 semi structured interviews image obese women

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