Annex III: Glossary
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
100 Magic Water Words
WaterCards.(WebFinal).qxp 6/15/06 8:10 AM Page 1 estuary ocean backwater canal ice flood torrent snowflake iceberg wastewater 10 0 ripple tributary pond aquifer icicle waterfall foam creek igloo cove Water inlet fish ladder snowpack reservoir sleet Words slough shower gulf rivulet salt lake groundwater sea puddle swamp blizzard mist eddy spillway wetland harbor steam Narcissus surf dew white water headwaters tide whirlpool rapids brook 100 Water Words abyssal runoff snow swell vapor EFFECT: Lay 10 cards out blue side up. Ask a participant to mentally select a word and turn the card with the word on it over. You turn all marsh aqueduct river channel saltwater the other cards over and mix them up. Ask the participant to point to the card with his/her water table spray cloud sound haze word on it. You magically tell the word selected. KEY: The second word from the top on the riptide lake glacier fountain spring white side is a code word for a number from one to ten. Here is the code key: Ocean = one (ocean/one) watershed bay stream lock pool Torrent = two (torrent/two) Tributary = three (tributary/three) Foam = four (foam/four) precipitation lagoon wave crest bayou Fish ladder = five (fish ladder/five) Shower = six (shower/six) current trough hail well sluice Sea = seven (sea/seven) Eddy = eight (eddy/eight) Narcissus = nine (Narcissus/nine) salt marsh bog rain breaker deluge Tide = ten (tide/ten) Notice the code word on the card that is first frost downpour fog strait snowstorm turned over. When the second card is selected the chosen word will be the secret number inundation cloudburst effluent wake rainbow from the top. -
Weather and Climate: Changing Human Exposures K
CHAPTER 2 Weather and climate: changing human exposures K. L. Ebi,1 L. O. Mearns,2 B. Nyenzi3 Introduction Research on the potential health effects of weather, climate variability and climate change requires understanding of the exposure of interest. Although often the terms weather and climate are used interchangeably, they actually represent different parts of the same spectrum. Weather is the complex and continuously changing condition of the atmosphere usually considered on a time-scale from minutes to weeks. The atmospheric variables that characterize weather include temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, and wind speed and direction. Climate is the average state of the atmosphere, and the associated characteristics of the underlying land or water, in a particular region over a par- ticular time-scale, usually considered over multiple years. Climate variability is the variation around the average climate, including seasonal variations as well as large-scale variations in atmospheric and ocean circulation such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Climate change operates over decades or longer time-scales. Research on the health impacts of climate variability and change aims to increase understanding of the potential risks and to identify effective adaptation options. Understanding the potential health consequences of climate change requires the development of empirical knowledge in three areas (1): 1. historical analogue studies to estimate, for specified populations, the risks of climate-sensitive diseases (including understanding the mechanism of effect) and to forecast the potential health effects of comparable exposures either in different geographical regions or in the future; 2. studies seeking early evidence of changes, in either health risk indicators or health status, occurring in response to actual climate change; 3. -
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary Editor: A.P.M. Baede A → indicates that the following term is also contained in this Glossary. Adjustment time centrimetric precision. Altimetry has the advantage of being a See: →Lifetime; see also: →Response time. measurement relative to a geocentric reference frame, rather than relative to land level as for a →tide gauge, and of affording quasi- Aerosols global coverage. A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between 0.01 and 10 µm and residing in the atmosphere for Anthropogenic at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or Resulting from or produced by human beings. anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in two ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and Atmosphere indirectly through acting as condensation nuclei for cloud The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry formation or modifying the optical properties and lifetime of atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume clouds. See: →Indirect aerosol effect. mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), The term has also come to be associated, erroneously, with together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% the propellant used in “aerosol sprays”. volume mixing ratio), helium, and radiatively active →greenhouse gases such as →carbon dioxide (0.035% volume Afforestation mixing ratio), and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not water vapour, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% contained forests. For a discussion of the term →forest and volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and related terms such as afforestation, →reforestation, and →aerosols. -
The California Low-Level Coastal Jet and Nearshore Stratocumulus
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications 2001 The California Low-Level Coastal Jet and Nearshore Stratocumulus Kalogiros, John http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34433 1.1 THE CALIFORNIA LOW-LEVEL COASTAL JET AND NEARSHORE STRATOCUMULUS John Kalogiros and Qing Wang* Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 1. INTRODUCTION* and the warm air above land (thermal wind) and the frictional effect within the atmospheric This observational study focus on the boundary layer (Zemba and Friehe 1987, Burk and interaction between the coastal wind field and the Thompson 1996). The horizontal temperature evolution of the coastal stratocumulus clouds. The gradient follows the orientation of the coastline data were collected during an experiment in the (317° on the average in central California). Thus, summer of 1999 near the California coast with the the thermal wind has a northern and an eastern Twin Otter research aircraft operated by the component and local maximum of both Center for Interdisciplinary Remote Piloted Aircraft components of the wind is expected close to the Study (CIRPAS) at the Naval Postgraduate School top of the boundary layer. Topographical features (NPS). The wind components were measured with may intensify this wind jet at significant convex a DGPS/radome system, which provides a very bends of the coastline like Cape Mendocino, Pt accurate (0.1 ms-1) estimate of the wind (Kalogiros Arena and Pt Sur. At such changes of the and Wang 2001). The instrumentation of the coastline geometry combined with mountain aircraft included fast sensors for the measurement barriers (channeling effect) the northerly flow can of air temperature, humidity, shortwave and become supercritical. -
THE EARTH's GRAVITY OUTLINE the Earth's Gravitational Field
GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) THE EARTH'S GRAVITY OUTLINE The Earth's gravitational field 2 Newton's law of gravitation: Fgrav = GMm=r ; Gravitational field = gravitational acceleration g; gravitational potential, equipotential surfaces. g for a non–rotating spherically symmetric Earth; Effects of rotation and ellipticity – variation with latitude, the reference ellipsoid and International Gravity Formula; Effects of elevation and topography, intervening rock, density inhomogeneities, tides. The geoid: equipotential mean–sea–level surface on which g = IGF value. Gravity surveys Measurement: gravity units, gravimeters, survey procedures; the geoid; satellite altimetry. Gravity corrections – latitude, elevation, Bouguer, terrain, drift; Interpretation of gravity anomalies: regional–residual separation; regional variations and deep (crust, mantle) structure; local variations and shallow density anomalies; Examples of Bouguer gravity anomalies. Isostasy Mechanism: level of compensation; Pratt and Airy models; mountain roots; Isostasy and free–air gravity, examples of isostatic balance and isostatic anomalies. Background reading: Fowler §5.1–5.6; Lowrie §2.2–2.6; Kearey & Vine §2.11. GEOPHYSICS (08/430/0012) THE EARTH'S GRAVITY FIELD Newton's law of gravitation is: ¯ GMm F = r2 11 2 2 1 3 2 where the Gravitational Constant G = 6:673 10− Nm kg− (kg− m s− ). ¢ The field strength of the Earth's gravitational field is defined as the gravitational force acting on unit mass. From Newton's third¯ law of mechanics, F = ma, it follows that gravitational force per unit mass = gravitational acceleration g. g is approximately 9:8m/s2 at the surface of the Earth. A related concept is gravitational potential: the gravitational potential V at a point P is the work done against gravity in ¯ P bringing unit mass from infinity to P. -
Talking Points for “Utilizing Synthetic Imagery from the NSSL 4-Km WRF-ARW Model in Forecasting Severe Thunderstorms”
Talking points for “Utilizing Synthetic Imagery from the NSSL 4-km WRF-ARW model in forecasting Severe Thunderstorms”. 1. This training session is part of a series that focuses on applications of synthetic imagery from the NSSL 4-km WRF-ARW model. In this training session we’ll consider applications of the synthetic imagery towards severe weather events. The primary motivation for looking at synthetic imagery is that you can see many processes in an integrated way compared with looking at numerous model fields and integrating them mentally. 2. Synthetic imagery is model output that is displayed as though it is satellite imagery. Analyzing synthetic imagery has an advantage over model output fields in that the feature of interest appears similar to the way it would appear in satellite imagery. There are multiple sources of synthetic imagery available on the web, for example the CRAS model at the university of Wisconsin has been available in AWIPS via the LDM for some time. The primary focus of this training session is synthetic imagery generated from the NSSL 4-km WRF-ARW model. The model is run once a day (at 0000 UTC), it uses WSM6 microphysics. This is a 1- moment package, meaning the model predicts only the mass, and not the number concentration, of each hydrometeor species. Hydrometeors include cloud water, cloud ice, snow, graupel, and rain. Certain model output fields, including the hydrometeors in addition to temperature, pressure, heights, water vapor, and canopy temperature are sent to CIRA and CIMSS. 3. Those fields are used as inputs into a model that generates simulated satellite brightness temperatures. -
Critical Lightning Induced Wildfire Patterns for the Western Great Basin
Critical Lightning Induced Wildfire Patterns for the Western Great Basin Rhett Milne WSFO Reno, NV Introduction: Critical fire weather patterns typically focus on synoptic conditions which produce strong winds, low relative humidities, and above normal temperatures (Shroeder et. al). Important as these conditions are in creating an environment conducive to increased fire behavior and rapid fire spread, without a fire, dry, windy, and anomalously warm conditions generally pose little threat to the protection of life and property. Since most wildland fires result from lightning, most notably dry lightning, this is the most important forecasted weather element to federal, state, and local fire management agencies and results in critical decisions for allocating wildland firefighting resources. Thunderstorms provide the sparks necessary to ignite numerous new wildfires, potentially putting a severe strain on wildland firefighting resources, which are used to keep these initially small wildfires from becoming large ones. Only once these lightning caused wildfires are started do critical fire weather patterns relating to warm, dry, and windy conditions become important. Therefore, it is more beneficial for fire management officials to be informed of critical fire weather patterns which lead to lightning induced wildfire outbreaks. To better forecast lightning in the Western Great Basin (Nevada) and portions of eastern California, major lightning induced wildfire outbreaks were analyzed from a nine year data set to find correlations between the number of new wildfire starts and synoptic patterns. The results of the investigation found two synoptic patterns to account for all 17 of the major wildfire outbreaks over the nine year sample period. Methodology: Critical fire weather patterns relating to new wildfire starts in Western Great Basin (WGB), specifically Nevada and portions of extreme eastern California, were evaluated over a nine year period from 1995 through 2003. -
2021 Girls Spring Season
2021 GIRLS' SPRING PROGRAM SEASON INFORMATION PACKET LAST UPDATED: WEDNESDAY, APRIL 7TH @ 10:00PM 2020-21 RETURN TO PLAY - MAKING YOUR SAFETY A PRIORITY C R E A T E D B Y V C U N I T E D S T A F F U S I N G R E S T O R E I L L I N O I S A N D J V A / U S A V / A A U V O L L E Y B A L L G U I D E L I N E S 2021 SPRING TRYOUTS 2020-21 Seaon - Return To Play - Making Your Safety Our Priority GET READY FOR THE 2021 SPRING SEASON WHY TRYOUTS? Even though we anticipate that the Pre-TRryouEt Cl-iniTcs aRre a gYreatO way Uto prTepar eC for tLhe uIpNcomiIngC club season early sessions will be in-house leagues, or simply keep your skills sharp during the year. Each session will focus on a we need to accomplish two goals with range of skills and include drills to sharpen your overall game and build our tryouts. First, to create a competitive training environment with your confidence as you prepare for the spring club season. players of similar ability and objectives. Second, is to be in a position to quickly U17 U16 U15 move to teams/tournament play when SATURDAY, APRIL 17 SATURDAY, APRIL 17 SATURDAY, APRIL 17 Illinois determines it is safe to do so. 9A-11A OR 1P-3P 9A-11A OR 1P-3P 9A-11A OR 1P-3P COST: $30 COST: $30 COST: $30 AGE GROUPS USA Volleyball and AAU Volleyball have U14 U13 U12-U11 changed the birthdate cutoff starting SATURDAY, APRIL 17 SATURDAY, APRIL 17 SATURDAY, APRIL 17 with the upcoming season. -
Increasing Day-Length Induces Spring Flushing of Tropical Dry Forest Trees in the Absence of Rain
Trees (2002) 16:445–456 DOI 10.1007/s00468-002-0185-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Guillermo Rivera · Stephen Elliott · Linda S. Caldas Guillermo Nicolossi · Vera T. R. Coradin Rolf Borchert Increasing day-length induces spring flushing of tropical dry forest trees in the absence of rain Received: 10 September 2001 / Accepted: 26 March 2002 / Published online: 20 July 2002 © Springer-Verlag 2002 Abstract In many conspecific trees of >50 species high- synthetic gain in tropical forests with a relatively short ly synchronous bud break with low inter-annual varia- growing season. tion was observed during the late dry season, around the spring equinox, in semideciduous tropical forests of Keywords Bud break · Phenology · Photoperiodic Argentina, Costa Rica, Java and Thailand and in tropical control · Tropical semideciduous forests savannas of Central Brazil. Bud break was 6 months out of phase between the northern and southern hemispheres and started about 1 month earlier in the subtropics than Introduction at lower latitudes. These observations indicate that “spring flushing”, i.e., synchronous bud break around the In cold-temperate forests, vegetative phenology of all spring equinox and weeks before the first rains of the broad-leaved trees is strongly synchronized by winter wet season, is induced by an increase in photoperiod of cold. In contrast, severe seasonal drought does not syn- 30 min or less. Spring flushing is common in semidecid- chronize vegetative phenology in tropical semideciduous uous forests characterized by a 4–6 month dry season forests with a dry season of 4–6 months and annual rain- and annual rainfall of 800–1,500 mm, but rare in neo- fall between 800 and 1,500 mm. -
Using the Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation to Understand Self-Aggregation 1
Multiple Equilibria in a Cloud Resolving Model: Using the Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation to Understand Self-Aggregation 1 Sharon Sessions, Satomi Sugaya, David Raymond, Adam Sobel New Mexico Tech SWAP 2011 nmtlogo 1This work is supported by the National Science Foundation Sessions (NMT) Multiple Equilibria in a CRM May2011 1/21 Self-Aggregation Bretherton et al (2005) precipitation 1 WVP = g rt dp R nmtlogo Day 1 Day 50 Sessions (NMT) Multiple Equilibria in a CRM May2011 2/21 Possible insight from limited domain WTG simulations Bretherton et al (2005) Day 1 Day 50 nmtlogo Sessions (NMT) Multiple Equilibria in a CRM May2011 3/21 Weak Temperature Gradients in the Tropics Charney 1963 scaling analysis Extratropics (small Rossby number) F δθ ∼ r θ Ro Tropics (Rossby number not small) δθ ∼ Fr θ 2 −3 Froude number: Fr = U /gH ∼ 10 , measure of stratification −5 Rossby number: Ro = U/fL ∼ 10 /f , characterizes rotation nmtlogo Sessions (NMT) Multiple Equilibria in a CRM May2011 4/21 Weak Temperature Gradients in the Tropics Charney 1963 scaling analysis Extratropics (small Rossby number) F δθ ∼ r θ Ro Tropics (Rossby number not small) δθ ∼ Fr θ 2 −3 Froude number: Fr = U /gH ∼ 10 , measure of stratification −5 Rossby number: Ro = U/fL ∼ 10 /f , characterizes rotation In the tropics, gravity waves rapidly redistribute buoyancy anomalies nmtlogo Sessions (NMT) Multiple Equilibria in a CRM May2011 4/21 Weak Temperature Gradient (WTG) Approximation Sobel & Bretherton 2000 Single column model (SCM) representing one grid cell in a global circulation -
NWS Unified Surface Analysis Manual
Unified Surface Analysis Manual Weather Prediction Center Ocean Prediction Center National Hurricane Center Honolulu Forecast Office November 21, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers…………….3 Chapter 2: Datasets available for creation of the Unified Analysis………...…..5 Chapter 3: The Unified Surface Analysis and related features.……….……….19 Chapter 4: Creation/Merging of the Unified Surface Analysis………….……..24 Chapter 5: Bibliography………………………………………………….…….30 Appendix A: Unified Graphics Legend showing Ocean Center symbols.….…33 2 Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers 1. INTRODUCTION Since 1942, surface analyses produced by several different offices within the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Weather Service (NWS) were generally based on the Norwegian Cyclone Model (Bjerknes 1919) over land, and in recent decades, the Shapiro-Keyser Model over the mid-latitudes of the ocean. The graphic below shows a typical evolution according to both models of cyclone development. Conceptual models of cyclone evolution showing lower-tropospheric (e.g., 850-hPa) geopotential height and fronts (top), and lower-tropospheric potential temperature (bottom). (a) Norwegian cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) and (III) narrowing warm sector, (IV) occlusion; (b) Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) frontal fracture, (III) frontal T-bone and bent-back front, (IV) frontal T-bone and warm seclusion. Panel (b) is adapted from Shapiro and Keyser (1990) , their FIG. 10.27 ) to enhance the zonal elongation of the cyclone and fronts and to reflect the continued existence of the frontal T-bone in stage IV. -
Articles from Bon, Inorganic Aerosol and Sea Salt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6585–6599, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6585-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Meteorological controls on atmospheric particulate pollution during hazard reduction burns Giovanni Di Virgilio1, Melissa Anne Hart1,2, and Ningbo Jiang3 1Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia 2Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia 3New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney, 2000, Australia Correspondence: Giovanni Di Virgilio ([email protected]) Received: 22 May 2017 – Discussion started: 28 September 2017 Revised: 22 January 2018 – Accepted: 21 March 2018 – Published: 8 May 2018 Abstract. Internationally, severe wildfires are an escalating build-up of PM2:5. These findings indicate that air pollution problem likely to worsen given projected changes to climate. impacts may be reduced by altering the timing of HRBs by Hazard reduction burns (HRBs) are used to suppress wild- conducting them later in the morning (by a matter of hours). fire occurrences, but they generate considerable emissions Our findings support location-specific forecasts of the air of atmospheric fine particulate matter, which depend upon quality impacts of HRBs in Sydney and similar regions else- prevailing atmospheric conditions, and can degrade air qual- where. ity. Our objectives are to improve understanding of the re- lationships between meteorological conditions and air qual- ity during HRBs in Sydney, Australia. We identify the pri- mary meteorological covariates linked to high PM2:5 pollu- 1 Introduction tion (particulates < 2.5 µm in diameter) and quantify differ- ences in their behaviours between HRB days when PM2:5 re- Many regions experience regular wildfires with the poten- mained low versus HRB days when PM2:5 was high.