4.19. Did Jesus Exist?
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The Jesus Puzzle.Pdf
THE JESUS PUZZLE A Novel About the Greatest Question of Our Time by Earl Doherty “As an historian, I do not know for certain that Jesus really existed, that he is anything more than the figment of some overactive imaginations. In my view, there is nothing about Jesus of Nazareth that we can know beyond any possible doubt. In the mortal life we have there are only probabilities. And the Jesus that scholars have isolated in the ancient gospels, gospels that are bloated with the will to believe, may turn out to be only another image that merely reflects our deepest longings.” Robert W. Funk, Jesus Seminar Founder and Co-Chair (From The Fourth R, January-February 1995, page 9) Chapter One 1 The conference room at the Flamingo Hotel in Santa Rosa was the size of a basketball court. The 40-odd players in the game being played on this particular day occupied the center space, while spectators were ranged in bleachers around three sides. The hoops, however, were metaphorical, and the balls being bounced across the court were finely-tuned arguments and quotations from scripture. Only one team commanded the court floor: the Fellows of the Jesus Seminar, vanguards in a renewed quest to discover the true nature, the genuine historical words and deeds, of the most influential figure in the history of the world. This was a quest, over the last two centuries, which had had lives as numerous as the many-headed Hydra. When one bit the dust under the slash of new discoveries and the ongoing advance of modern enlightenment, another sprang up in its place. -
Edinburgh Research Explorer
Edinburgh Research Explorer 'Dating the Death of Jesus' Citation for published version: Bond, H 2013, ''Dating the Death of Jesus': Memory and the Religious Imagination', New Testament Studies, vol. 59, no. 04, pp. 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688513000131 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1017/S0028688513000131 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: New Testament Studies Publisher Rights Statement: © Helen Bond, 2013. Bond, H. (2013). 'Dating the Death of Jesus': Memory and the Religious Imagination. New Testament Studies, 59(04), 461-475doi: 10.1017/S0028688513000131 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Dating the Death of Jesus: Memory and the Religious Imagination Helen K. Bond School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh, Mound Place, Edinburgh, EH1 2LX [email protected] After discussing the scholarly preference for dating Jesus’ crucifixion to 7th April 30 CE, this article argues that the precise date can no longer be recovered. All we can claim with any degree of historical certainty is that Jesus died some time around Passover (perhaps a week or so before the feast) between 29 and 34 CE. -
Solovyov's Metaphysics Between Gnosis and Theurgy
religions Article Solovyov’s Metaphysics between Gnosis and Theurgy Aleksandr Gaisin The Graduate School for Social Research, IFiS PAN, 00-330 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected]; Tel.: +7953-154-6247 Received: 29 September 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 13 November 2018 Abstract: This article provides a reading of Vladimir Solovyov’s philosophy as expressed in his ‘Lectures on Divine Humanity’ and ‘The Meaning of Love’. It seeks to unpack his eclectic thought in order to answer the question of whether there is a Jewish Kabbalistic influence on the Russian thinker amidst his usual platonic, gnostic, and Schellengian tropes. Interested as a young man in Jewish Mysticism, Solovyov fluctuates in his ‘Lectures on Divine Humanity’ between a platonic reading of Schellengian Gnosticism and some elements of Kabbalistic origin. In ‘The Meaning of Love’, he develops a notion of love that puts him very close to what Moshe Idel calls ‘theosophic-theurgical Kabbalah’. Showing how ‘The Meaning of Love’ completes the narrative of ‘Lectures’, we can affirm that there is a certain Christian Kabbalistic line in Solovyov’s thought that culminates in his theurgical understanding of love. In this sense, Solovyov might be called a philosophical Marrano as he is certainly a heterodox theosopher that fluctuates between Christian Gnosis and Christian Kabbalah, never assuming a solid identity. Keywords: philosophical theology; heterodoxy; Judeo-Christianity; Russian religious renaissance; Christian Kabbalah; Vladimir Solovyov The enigmatic and eclectic nature of Solovyov’s thought is unveiled if we simply look at the early readings of his philosophy. Already, the Silver Age’s thinker and poet Dmitry Merezhkovsky deemed Solovyov as a Gnostic writer, immersed in Christian heresy (Merezhkovsky 1991, p. -
New Testament Mythmaking David Paul Boaz
New Testament Mythmaking David Paul Boaz That which is called the Christian religion existed among the Ancients, and never did not exist . -St. Augustine The New Testament is an extremely limited selection of texts produced from a large body of teaching that evolved among various Christian/Jewish communities during the first two hundred years following the death of Jesus of Nazareth. The discovery of authentic Gospels, Acts and Letters at Nag Hammadi in 1945, the Essene Scriptures at Qumran in 1948, and the deconstruction of the canonical New Testament by postmodern Bible and religious historical scholarship reveals a picture of the formation, evolution and content of the teaching of Jesus that is quite different from the current Christian view. According to the conventional view of Christianity, the authors of the New Testament were all present, and directly witnessed the divine intervention of Jesus the Christ, the “only begotten son of God” into the world. Further, these writings were all for the sole purpose of implementing Jesus intention to establish the Orthodox Christian Church. The conventional idea that the New Testament is “a singular collection of apostolic documents, all of which bear ‘witness’ to a single set of inaugural events, is misleading" (Mack 1995). Scholars and religious historians know that the canonical New Testament record is the evolutionary product of two centuries of Christian myth-making, brilliantly constructed by the Orthodox Church leadership to establish its singular view of God's plan for his earthly kingdom and the church’s absolute authority over it. Over the centuries the image of Jesus has been molded to fit some earthly view or another. -
In the Spring of 1843, the Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer Published Two Articles On
Krisis 2018, Issue 2 91 Marx from the Margins: A Collective Project, from A to Z www.krisis.eu References Judenfrage Ido de Haan Dean, Jodi. 2016. Crowds and Party. London/New York: Verso. Furet, François. 1991. Interpreting the French Revolution Translated by Deborah Furet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Guilhaumou, Jacques. 2002. “Jacobinisme et Marxisme: Le libéralisme politique en débat.” Actuel Marx 32 (2): 109-124. Hallward, Peter. 2009. “The Will of the People: Notes Towards a Dialectical Voluntarism.” Radical Philosophy 155: 17–29. Higonnet, Patrice. 2006. “Terror, Trauma and the ‘Young Marx’ Explanation of Jacobin Politics.” Past & Present 191 (1): 121–64. Kaplan, Steven Laurence. 1995. Farewell, Revolution: The Historians' Feud, France, 1789/1989. Ith- aca: Cornell University Press, In the Spring of 1843, the Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer published two articles on Löwy, Michael. 2005. The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx. Chicago: Haymarket. “Die Judenfrage”, which were an intervention in a then current debate on the promise and limits of Jewish emancipation, as well as a step in the critique of Marx, Karl. 1990. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Translated by C.P. Dutt. New York: Hegel’s ideas on the state, religion and civil society (Bauer 1843a; 1843b). Re- International. sponding to Hegel’s idea that the state had replaced organized religion as the em- Talmon, Jacob. 1952. The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. London: Secker & Warburg. bodiment of ethical life, the Young Hegelians tried to overcome the Hegelian lim- itation of a sacralized state without an ethically organized civil society. Bauer and Losurdo, Domenico. -
What Are They Saying About the Historical Jesus?
What are They Saying about the Historical Jesus? Craig A. Evans Acadia Divinity College INTRODUCTION These are exciting times for those who have learned interest in the Jesus of history. The publication of a significant number of Dead Sea Scrolls just over a decade ago, the publication in the last two decades or so of a host of related writings from or just before the New Testament period, and ongoing archaeological work in Israel, especially in and around Jerusalem and in Galilee, have called into question old conclusions and assumptions and opened the doors to new lines of investigation. It is not surprising that several academic and semi-academic books, published by leading presses, have enjoyed unprecedented sales and attention. Even major network television has produced documentaries and news programs, some of whom were viewed by record-setting audiences. A major factor in much of the new interest in Jesus has been the controversy generated by the Jesus Seminar, based in California and led by maverick New Testament scholar Robert Funk. Although it cannot be said that all of the views of Funk and his Seminar are accepted by mainstream scholarship, their provocative conclusions and success at grabbing headlines have caught the attention of the general public to a degree I suspect not many twenty years ago would have thought possible. Of course, scholars and popular writers have been publishing books on Jesus, in great numbers, for centuries. The difference is that now scholars are writing for the general public and the popular authors—at least some of them—are reading the scholars—at least selectively. -
Is There Any Evidence for Jesus Outside the Bible?
Is There Any Evidence for Jesus Outside the Bible? coldcasechristianity.com/2017/is-there-any-evidence-for-jesus-outside-the-bible October 30, 2017 The reliable Gospel eyewitness accounts aren’t the only ancient description of Jesus. There are also non-Christian descriptions of Jesus from the late 1st to 5th Century. What do the non- Biblical accounts say about Jesus and how are we to assess them? It’s been my experience that two people can examine the same event (or even the same historical character) and disagree about what they have seen. Many years ago President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, and the entire event was captured on video tape. There were hundreds of eyewitnesses. The tapes were watched over and over again. Yet, in the midst of such a robust eyewitness record, people still argue to this day about what they saw and what actually happened. Was it a lone shooter or an elaborate conspiracy? Something very similar occurred when the World Trade Center was attacked by terrorists. Most of us either saw the attack live on television or watched the video for months afterward. But the event is still interpreted in a variety of ways. Was this the act of international terrorists or an elaborate governmental conspiracy? Two well documented historical events with a rich set of evidences. In spite of this, both events have been interpreted in a variety of ways. It shouldn’t surprise us then to find the historical records of Jesus Christ might also experience the same type of scrutiny and diverse interpretation. -
JESUS in NON-CHRISTIAN SOURCES Craig A. Evans Interest in Jesus Traditions in Non-Christian Writings Has Had a Curious History O
JESUS IN NON-CHRISTIAN SOURCES Craig A. Evans Interest in Jesus traditions in non-Christian writings has had a curious history of waxing and waning. 1 At the height of the "Old Quest" for the historical Jesus there was much interest in these sources. Appealing to rabbinica, Slavonic Josephus, the Yosippon, and even to the Toledot Yeshu, some scholars claimed to have penetrated behind the accounts of the New Testament Gospels and to have discovered the "Jewish Jesus." These theories did not, however, win a significant or lasting following. Not surprisingly in recent years scholarly interest in these sources has diminished (in marked contrast to the sensationalist claims that have been and are currently being made in the popular media). Nevertheless, a few sources do offer some potentially helpful data that merit serious attention. Non-Christian sources in which reference is made to Jesus fall into three basic categories: (1) dubious sources, (2) sources of minimal value, and (3) important sources. The first category contains second and third-hand traditions that reflect for the most part vague acquaint ance with the Gospel story and controversies with Christians. These sources offer nothing independent. The second category represents sources that may represent partially independent traditions. Only two sources qualify for the third category. DUBIOUS SOURCES Rabbinic Traditions A major problem with the possible Jesuanic traditions in the rabbinic writings is that it is not always clear if Jesus (variously called Yeshua or Yeshu, with or without the further designation ha-Nosri) is in fact the person to whom reference is being made, especially when certain epithets are employed (e.g. -
Casey's Superfluous
Chapter 3 Casey’s Superfluous ‘Scholarship’ Ehrman’s book arguing for what is already the consensus view is so under- whelming that the now late Maurice Casey found it necessary to also weigh in on the debate, with what would be his last book, Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths? Casey added nothing useful to the discussion, but for com- pleteness, the only other book of recent times written by a secular New Testa- ment specialist arguing for the Historical Jesus ought to be considered. With this book published in 2014, Casey acknowledges Ehrman’s “bold attempt”, but alluded to the latter’s “regrettable mistakes”.1 Casey aims to primarily “set out the main arguments for the existence as a historical figure of Jesus”, and secondarily, to refute the claims of the opposing mythicists.2 Regrettably, he completely misrepresents mythicism, mythicists, and mythicist approaches, and, like Ehrman, seems to completely overlook the more defensible agnostic position. Beginning rather poorly, Casey fails to outline his own method, and, like Ehrman, he also relies heavily on hypothetical sources. He defends against the problem of Paul, though somewhat unnecessarily, as he argues for the Gospels’ primacy by employing radically unorthodox dating methods. Casey finally at- tempts to engage with mythicist claims, though he focuses on the more ama- teurish mythicists, with barely a coherent word about Earl Doherty, who at the time had presented one of the most convincing cases for mythicism thus far (despite technically being an amateur himself). The tone of Casey’s work is also unprofessional and, at times, quite crude. -
AGAINST the PROTESTANT GNOSTICS This Page Intentionally Left Blank AGAINST the PROTESTANT GNOSTICS
AGAINST THE PROTESTANT GNOSTICS This page intentionally left blank AGAINST THE PROTESTANT GNOSTICS Philip J. Lee OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford To Roberta Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland Madrid and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1987 by Oxford University Press First published in 1987 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4314 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1993. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-m-Publication Data Lee, PhilipJ. Against the Protestant Gnostics. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Gnosticism. 2. Protestantism—20th century. I. Title. BT1390.L35 1986 280'.4 85-48304 ISBN 0-19-504067-8 ISBN 0-19-508436-5 (PBK.) Scripture quotations are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible (Toronto: Canadian Bible Society, 1952, 1971) unless otherwise indicated. Quotations from Irenaeus, Against Heresies, are from the translation edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson in The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, American Edition, Vol. 1: The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, revised and arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1977), except when other translations are indicated. -
The ZEITGEIST Sourcebook Part 1: the Greatest Story Ever Told
The ZEITGEIST Sourcebook Part 1: The Greatest Story Ever Told Peter Joseph and D.M. Murdock Preface As one of the main sources for the religion part of the first ―ZEITGEIST‖ film, which has been viewed evidently over 100 million times worldwide, I have spent the past several years defending this ―Part 1‖ and bringing forth its sources into the light of day. I have written not only a number of articles and ebooks but also a nearly 600-page book, Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection, elucidating upon these sources, highlighting the very profound correspondences between Christianity and the ancient Egyptian religion. I have also done a number of videos and audio recordings on this subject as well. When Peter Joseph asked me to help out on this lengthy project, I readily agreed, even though the material contained herein had already been validated repeatedly in my other efforts. In this day and age, it is obvious that many people are not inclined or available time wise to read large tomes of scholarly writings in order to ―figure it all out.‖ This fact of time-constraint as well as difficulty in subject matter is the major reason ―ZEITGEIST‖ was so successful in the first place, as it provided a short and easily digestible summary of the issue at hand: To wit, the origins of some of our most cherished religious ideas. So, here we have put together a resource that is hopefully more readily available to all who are interested but find it difficult and time- consuming to wade through huge chunks of information. -
The Reply of Drews to His Critics.^
THE REPLY OF DREWS TO HIS CRITICS.^ BY WILLIAM BENJAMIN SMITH. THE Christ Myth of Prof. Arthur Drews, first published in 1910,- has had one of the most remarkable careers in the history of controversial literature. Not even the famous much-debated Babel nnd Bibcl of Friedrich Delitzsch ever roused such wide-spread in- terest and even anxiety, or heated the furnace of discussion to such sevenfold ardor. The title of Delitzsch's work was in itself one of the best of advertisements ; the remarkable alliteration and consonance of the two names dififering only in a single vowel, along with the sharp dissonance in suggestion, could not fail to strike the ear and catch the attention, and the matter of the work was strange enough to the layman, though in the main familiar to the biblical critic or even student. Drews's title was also very skilfully chosen.^ Without the metrical or musical qualities of the other, it could nevertheless not fail to startle, to send a thrill through the frame, certainly a thrill of curiosity and very likely of horror. ^ Arthur Drews, Die Clirisfusmythe. Zweiter Tell. Jena, Diederichs, 1910. English translation : TIic Witnesses to the Historicity of Jesus. Trans- lated by Joseph McCabe. Chicago, Open Court Pub. Co., 1912. ^ Die Christusmythe, Jena, Diederichs, 1910; English translation, Chicago, Open Court Publishing Co. ^ And yet, I fear, less fitly and fortunately. For is there a Christ myth at all? Is the Christ in any proper sense a mythical character? To what class of myths are the Gospel stories to be referred? To myths of nature? or of culture? To myths jetiologic? or theogonic? Surely to none of these.