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Research Gaps and Challenges in the Conservation and Use of North American Wild Lettuce Germplasm

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Research Gaps and Challenges in the Conservation and Use of North American Wild Lettuce Germplasm Horticulture Publications Horticulture 2019 Research gaps and challenges in the conservation and use of North American wild lettuce germplasm Aleš Lebeda Palacký University Eva Křístková Palacký University Miloslav Kitner Palacký University Ľuboš Majeský Palacký University Ivana Doležalová Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/hort_pubs Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Horticulture Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ hort_pubs/37. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Horticulture at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Horticulture Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Research gaps and challenges in the conservation and use of North American wild lettuce germplasm Abstract The North American crop wild relatives (CWR) of lettuce (Lactuca L.) represent an underexplored pool of genetic diversity of potential value to breeding programs. The 10 species belong to three different groups: a native clade including at least six allotetraploid species [L. biennis (Moench) Fernald, L. canadensis L., L. floridana (L.) Gaertn., L. graminifolia Michx., L. hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt., and L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell], a diploid clade with one species [L. tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey. subsp. pulchella (Pursh) Stebbins], and a clade related to the cultivated taxon (L. sativa L.) with three non‐native species (L. saligna L., L. serriola L., and L. virosa L.). In this review, we examine the role of herbarium and genebank holdings in taxonomic and other foundational studies, as well as for germplasm exploration and use. We compile the state of knowledge on the ranges of lettuce CWR in North America, modeling the potential distributions of the species and assessing their ex situ and (for native species) in situ conservation status. We categorize seven of the species as high priority for further conservation and three as medium priority, with none currently considered low priority or sufficiently conserved. Further, we review morphological, phenological, genetic diversity, and pest and disease information with regard to North American species. We conclude by outlining the critical gaps and describing a way forward for addressing challenges in the conservation and use of North American wild lettuce germplasm. Disciplines Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | Horticulture | Natural Resources and Conservation | Plant Breeding and Genetics Comments This article is published as Lebeda, Aleš, Eva Křístková, Miloslav Kitner, Ľuboš Majeský, Ivana Doležalová, Colin K. Khoury, Mark P. Widrlechner et al. "Research gaps and challenges in the conservation and use of North American wild lettuce germplasm." Crop Science 59, no. 6 (2019): 2337-2356. doi: 10.2135/ cropsci2019.05.0350. Authors Aleš Lebeda, Eva Křístková, Miloslav Kitner, Ľuboš Majeský, Ivana Doležalová, Colin K. Khoury, Mark P. Widrlechner, Jinguo Hu, Daniel Carver, Harold A. Achicanoy, and Chrystian C. Sosa This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/hort_pubs/37 REVIEW & INTERPRETATION Research Gaps and Challenges in the Conservation and Use of North American Wild Lettuce Germplasm Aleš Lebeda,* Eva Křístková, Miloslav Kitner, Ľuboš Majeský, Ivana Doležalová, Colin K. Khoury, Mark P. Widrlechner, Jinguo Hu, Daniel Carver, Harold A. Achicanoy, and Chrystian C. Sosa A. Lebeda*, E. Křístková, M. Kitner, and Ľ. Majeský, Dep. of Botany, Faculty ABSTRACT of Science, Palacký Univ. in Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; The North American crop wild relatives (CWR) I. Doležalová, Crop Research Institute, Centre of the Region Hana for of lettuce (Lactuca L.) represent an underex- Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, plored pool of genetic diversity of potential Czech Republic; C.K. Khoury and D. Carver, USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason St., Fort Collins, CO, value to breeding programs. The 10 species 80521, USA; C.K. Khoury, H.A. Achicanoy, and C.C. Sosa, International Center belong to three different groups: a native clade for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Apartado Aéreo including at least six allotetraploid species [L. 6713, 763537 Cali, Colombia; M.P. Widrlechner, Departments of Horticulture biennis (Moench) Fernald, L. canadensis L., L. and of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, floridana (L.) Gaertn., L. graminifolia Michx., L. IA 50011, USA; J. Hu, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt., and L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) WA 99164-6402, USA; D. Carver, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Riddell], a diploid clade with one species [L. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80524-1499, USA; C.C. Sosa, Grupo tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey. subsp. pulchella (Pursh) de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación EECO, Programa de Stebbins], and a clade related to the cultivated Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnologías, Universidad del Quindío, taxon (L. sativa L.) with three non-native species Armenia, Colombia. Received 31 May 2019. Accepted 4 Oct. 2019. Assigned (L. saligna L., L. serriola L., and L. virosa L.). In to Associate Editor Jorge da Silva.*Corresponding author ([email protected]). this review, we examine the role of herbarium Abbreviations: AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; CA50, and genebank holdings in taxonomic and other circular area of 50-km radius; CGN, Centre for Genetic Resources, the foundational studies, as well as for germplasm Netherlands; CWR, crop wild relatives; ERSex, ecological representativeness exploration and use. We compile the state of score ex situ; ERSin, ecological representativeness score in situ; FCSc-mean, knowledge on the ranges of lettuce CWR in final combined conservation score (mean); FCSex, final conservation score North America, modeling the potential distri- ex situ; FCSin, final conservation score in situ; GBIF, Global Biodiversity Information Facility; GISH, genomic in situ hybridization; GRIN, Germplasm butions of the species and assessing their ex Resources Information Network; GRSex, geographical representativeness score situ and (for native species) in situ conservation ex situ; GRSin, geographical representativeness score in situ; IPK, Leibniz status. We categorize seven of the species as Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; ITS, internal transcribed high priority for further conservation and three spacer; LGCS, USDA Lactuca Germplasm Collection—Salinas; LGRCD, Lactuca as medium priority, with none currently consid- Genetic Resources Collection, University of California, Davis; NPGS, US ered low priority or sufficiently conserved. National Plant Germplasm System; PGRC, Plant Gene Resources of Canada; Further, we review morphological, phenological, SRS, sampling representativeness score; SSR, simple sequence repeat; WIEWS, genetic diversity, and pest and disease infor- World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources for mation with regard to North American species. Food and Agriculture; WRPIS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station. We conclude by outlining the critical gaps and describing a way forward for addressing chal- rop wild relatives (CWR) represent a large pool of lenges in the conservation and use of North Cgenetic diversity from which to draw new allelic variation American wild lettuce germplasm. required in breeding programs (Maxted et al., 2006). Crop wild relatives have been extremely valuable in adapting crop varieties Published in Crop Sci. 59:2337–2356 (2019). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2019.05.0350 © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). CROP SCIENCE, VOL. 59, NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2019 to changing pest and disease pressures, farming practices, and seed size (Lebeda et al. 2007; Simko et al., 2014a, market demands, and climatic conditions (Dempewolf et 2014b). All these forms except for two (stem and oilseed) al., 2017). Unfortunately, CWR are a threatened resource are typically consumed raw (Lebeda et al., 2019). (Kell et al., 2012) and measures need to be taken to protect As one of the earliest domesticated vegetables (up to them, both in the wild and in genebanks (Castañeda- 10,800 yr ago), lettuce belongs to a core group of ancient Álvarez et al., 2016; Khoury et al., 2019b; Vincent et al., crops (Hancock, 2012; Zhang et al., 2017). Lettuce is 2019). Limited resources for conservation management considered to be of polyphyletic origin and most likely demand careful planning to prioritize those taxa in most was selected from the genepool of L. serriola (Lebeda et urgent need of conservation (Kell et al., 2017; Magos al., 2007; Kuang et al., 2008) [most probably L. serriola f. Brehm et al., 2017). In this paper, we review how wild integrifolia (Gray) S.D. Prince & R.N. Carter], followed North American
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