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Новый Плезиозавр Семейства Aristonectidae Из Раннего Мела Центра Русской Платформы © 2011 Г

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Новый Плезиозавр Семейства Aristonectidae Из Раннего Мела Центра Русской Платформы © 2011 Г ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ, 2011, № 6, с. 51–61 УДК 568.163.1 НОВЫЙ ПЛЕЗИОЗАВР СЕМЕЙСТВА ARISTONECTIDAE ИЗ РАННЕГО МЕЛА ЦЕНТРА РУССКОЙ ПЛАТФОРМЫ © 2011 г. А. Ю. Березин Чувашское естественноисторическое общество “Terra incognita”, Чебоксары email: [email protected] Поступила в редакцию 18.04.2010 г. Принята к печати 01.06.2011 г. По посткраниальному скелету описан новый таксон плезиозавров Abyssosaurus nataliae gen. et. sp. nov. из отложений верхнего подъяруса готеривского яруса (нижний мел) Чувашии. Новый таксон включен в состав семейства Aristonectidae и занимает промежуточное положение между позднеюрскими (Tatenectes, Kimmerosaurus) и позднемеловыми (Aristonectes, Kaiwhekea) плезиозаврами. Это первая достоверная находка представителя семейства на территории России. В настоящее время с территории России извест по систематике Plesiosauria. Некоторые авторы счи но три валидных вида Plesiosauria (Архангельский, тают, что молодая особь Aristonectes является ти Сенников, 2008). Новый плезиозавр был обнаружен пичным Elasmosauridae (Gasparini et al., 2003). Дру в 1992 г. на берегу р. Меня у с. Мишуково Порецкого гие доказывают, что Policotylidae принадлежат к фи района Чувашии палеонтологом В.В. Митта (Мит логенетической ветви Pliosauroidea и должны та, Стародубцева, 2000). Собранные им 20 шейных помещаться рядом с Leptocleididae (Smith, 2007; позвонков были переданы в музей Московской го Smith, Dyke, 2008; Druckenmiller, Russell, 2008). родской станции натуралистов. На этом же месте в Мы используем семейственное название Aris 1998 г. экспедицией Чувашского естественноисто tonectidae, но считаем, что вопрос систематики этой рического общества “Terra incognita” были обнару группы плезиозавров окончательно не решен. К жены и раскопаны остальные части скелета плезио Aristonectidae относятся представители как Север завра. Зубы и кости черепа не найдены. Позже Мит ного, так и Южного полушарий (рис. 1). Из Север та любезно передал нам собранные им позвонки. ного полушария известны только позднеюрские Характерное строение шейных позвонков плезио плезиозавры: Tatenectes laramiensis (Knight, 1900) из завра позволило отнести его к плохо изученному се оксфорда Северной Америки и Kimmerosaurus lang мейству Cimoliasauridae (Березин, 2010). hami Brown, 1981 из кимериджа Англии. Из Южно В середине XIX в. американским исследователем го полушария к Aristonectidae относят находки толь Дж. Лейди из верхнемеловых зеленых песков Нью ко из верхнего мела: Aristonectes parvidens Cabrera, Джерси был описан Cimoliasaurus magnus Leidy, 1941 из маастрихта Аргентины и Антарктики, и Kai 1851. Позже из разных частей света были описаны whekea katiki Cruickshank et Fordyce, 2002 из ма многочисленные представители этого и близких астрихта Новой Зеландии (O’Keefe, Wahl, 2003). Ci родов, выделенных в отдельное семейство Cimolia moliasaurus magnus из Северной Америки, С. mac sauridae (Delair, 1959), которое к концу XX в. стало coyi Etheridge, 1904 из альба Австралии, Scanisaurus считаться сборным. В начале XXI в. были сделаны nazarowi Bogolubov, 1911 из России и Швеции и новые находки плезиозавров с шейными позвонка многие другие считаются nomen dubium. В настоя ми, подобными таковым у Cimoliasaurus, что позво щей работе принята эволюционная схема, опубли лило отнести их к семейству Cimoliasauridae, а со кованная O'Киф (O’Keefe, 2001) и дополненная хранившиеся черепа позволили выделить кранио O'Киф и Стрит (O’Keefe, Street, 2009). логические признаки для этой группы (O’Keefe, 2001). С новыми находками и переописанием севе ОТРЯД SAUROPTERYGIA роамериканского Cimoliasaurus laramiensis Knight, 1900 Р. O’Киф и Х. Стрит пересмотрели системати ПОДОТРЯД PLESIOSAURIA ку группы, посчитав, что Cimoliasaurus magnus НАДСЕМЕЙСТВО CRYPTOCLEIDOIDEA Leidy, 1851, скорее всего, принадлежит к группе консервативных Elasmosauridae, а все остальные СЕМЕЙСТВО ARISTONECTIDAE O’KEEFE ET STREET, 2009 рассматриваемые Cimoliasauridae (O’Keefe, 2001) Д и а г н о з. В новом диагнозе рассмотрены отнесли к новому семейству Aristonectidae, близко только посткраниальные признаки взрослых пле му к Policotylidae (O’Keefe, Street, 2009). В настоя зиозавров. Число шейных позвонков больше 32 и щее время имеются принципиальные разногласия может достигать 51. Ширина шейных позвонков 51 4* 52 БЕРЕЗИН Таксоны Век Эпоха Возраст Ms 65.5 70.6 Cp 83.5 St 85.8 Cn 89.3 Tr 93.5 Cm 99.6 Kaiwhekea katiki Alb 112 Apt Aristonectes parvidens 125 Brm 130 Abyssosaurus nataliae Ht 136.4 Ранняя Vl 140.2 Cimoliasaurus magnus n.d. Br 145.5 Tt 150.8 Kimmerosaurus langhami Km 155.7 Tatenectes laramiensis Oxf Поздняя 161.2 Tricleidus seeleyi Cl 164.7 Юрский Меловой Период Bt 167.7 Aristonectidae Bj 171.6 Средняя Поздняя Al 175.6 Северное полушарие Южное полушарие Рис. 1. Стратиграфическое и филогенетическое положение Abyssosaurus nataliае gen. et sp. nov. в семействе Aristonectidae. превосходит их длину, их foramina большие и широ зами и расширенными дистальными эпифизами, ко расставлены. Форма позвонков может варьиро сочленовные поверхности для эпиподиальных ко вать и даже у одной особи позвонки могут иметь би стей одинаковой длины. Передние конечности нокулярную форму с дорсовентральным сжатием имеют дополнительные косточки в эпиподиальном по медиальной линии и (или) трапециевидно ряду. Наблюдается перихондральное окостенение в округлую форму с дорсолатеральным сжатием и передней части ласта всех конечностей. овальными суставными поверхностями. Невраль ные дуги и каналы относительно тел позвонков не Род Abyssosaurus Berezin, gen. nov. большие. В шейных позвонках высота остистых от ростков обычно не больше высоты тел, а ребра ко Н а з в а н и е р о д а от abyssos греч. – бездон роткие. В плечевом поясе наблюдается тенденция к ный и saurus лат. – ящерица. разделению симфизов лопаток по средней линии и Ти п о в о й в и д – Abyssosaurus nataliае sp. nov. смещению дорсальной ветви вперед. У ранних Д и а г н о з. Крупный плезиозавр длиной около форм симфизы вентральных ветвей лопаток соеди 7 м. Шея равна половине длины животного. Число няются в более позднем возрасте и не по всей длине шейных позвонков, повидимому, 51 (44+), груд средней линии, а дорсальные ветви почти не изги ных – 3, туловищных – 21, крестцовых – 3, хвосто баются назад. У поздних форм симфизы вентраль вых – около 20 (5+). Тела шейных позвонков трапе ных ветвей лопаток не соприкасаются по средней циевидноовальной формы, без сжатия в медиаль линии и могут быть расставлены широко, а дор ной части, их длина равна высоте и значительно сальные ветви смещаются вперед. Аксиальный ске короче ширины. Суставные поверхности слабово лет, плечевой и тазовый пояса расширенные. Сред гнутые, их края четкие и резкие. Невральная дуга и ние части брюшных ребер массивные. Передние канал относительно диаметра тела позвонка не конечности значительно больше задних. Проподи большие. Пре и постзигапофизы шейных позвон альные кости удлиненные с утолщенными диафи ков срослись и сочленяются с соседними позвонка ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ № 6 2011 НОВЫЙ ПЛЕЗИОЗАВР СЕМЕЙСТВА ARISTONECTIDAE 53 ми наподобие втульчатого соединения. Шейные axc atc ребра сжаты дорсовентрально, укорочены, с закруг ленными концами. Туловищные позвонки быстро уменьшаются в размерах по направлению к крест цовому отделу. На туловищных позвонках невраль ные дуги высокие, отверстия спинномозгового ка 1а 1б 1в нала большие, пре и постзигапофизы также срос лись вместе, поперечные отростки расположены hpr высоко. Межключица утолщена и сращена с клю чицами, последние развернуты в вертикальной плоскости, по форме напоминают ребра. Лопатки широко расставлены и по средней линии не сопри 1г касаются. Дорсальная ветвь лопатки оттянута впе prz ред с отогнутым вниз передним краем. Коракоид широкий и, вероятно, без выреза в медиальном крае. Лобковая кость больше в ширину, чем в длину. Центральные части брюшных ребер толстые и ши рокие. Проподиальные кости массивные, но вытя poz нутые, сочленовные поверхности для эпиподиаль ных костей равной длины. Передние конечности заметно больше задних, и имеют дополнительные косточки и перихондральное окостенение. Ви д о в о й с о с т а в. Типовой вид. С р а в н е н и е. Число позвонков в шейном от 2а 2б деле Aristonectidae известно лишь у позднеюрского prz Kimmerosaurus (= Colymbosaurus Seeley, 1874) – 42 и у позднемелового Kaiwhekea – 43. У Tatenectes и Ari stonectes число позвонков неизвестно. Таким обра зом, Abyssosaurus имеет самую длинную шею среди rf Aristonectidae, предположительно, из 51 позвонка. Форма и пропорции шейных позвонков похожи на 5 см таковые крупных позвонков Cimoliasaurus, имею щих трапециевидноокруглое сечение с ровным нижним краем (Leidy, 1864, табл. V, VI) и отличают ся от позвонков Tatenectes, Kimmerosaurus, Kai whekea и Aristonectes, имеющих бинокулярную форму. Строение плечевого пояса напоминает тако 3 вое у экземпляра UW 15943, неотипа Tatenectes laramiensis (O’Keefe, Wahl, 2003). Широкие средние части брюшных ребер сходны с таковыми Tatenectes (Street, O’Keefe, 2010), но более массивны. По двум Рис. 2. Abyssosaurus nataliае gen. et sp. nov., голотип последним признакам Abyssosaurus сближается с МЧЕИО ПМ/1: 1 – атлантэпистрофей: 1а – с задней стороны, 1б – с латеральной стороны, 1в – с передней Tatenectes, но отличается от других представителей стороны, 1г – с вентральной стороны; 2 – C24: 2а – с Cryptocleidoidea. передней стороны, 2б – с латеральной стороны; 3 – D4 с передней стороны. Обозначения: atc – тело атланта, axc – тело эпистрофея, hpr – гипапофиз, poz – постзи Abyssosaurus nataliae Berezin, sp. nov. гопофиз, prz – презигопофиз, rf – фасетка ребра. Табл. XI,
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