2015 Minerals Yearbook

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior May 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of the By Loyd M. Trimmer III

In 2015, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United In 2015, the value of the UAE’s exported goods decreased by Arab Emirates (UAE)1 increased by 3.8% in real terms about 9.3% to about $333 billion compared with $367 billion compared with 3.1% in 2014; the higher GDP was attributed in 2014. The decline was attributed to the 46% decrease in the to increased rates of growth in the manufacturing sector, as total value of crude exports, which decreased to about well as in the construction, real estate, and business services $52.4 billion from $97.2 billion in 2014. The average price sectors. The UAE was the world’s fourth-ranked producer of the UAE’s exports of Murban crude, the country’s export of aluminum, accounting for 4.2% of the world’s aluminum blend, decreased to $53.87 per barrel in 2015 from $99.45 per smelter output, and was the world’s eighth-ranked producer barrel in 2014. In 2015, the value of total nonpetroleum exports, of crude petroleum and condensate, accounting for 4.0% of including reexports, was reported to be about $104 billion. the world’s production. The country’s proven crude petroleum The value of the country’s exports of nonfuel mineral products reserves, which accounted for 5.8% of the world’s proven crude increased by 0.2% to about $2.2 billion; reexports of mineral petroleum reserves, were estimated to be 97.8 billion barrels. products decreased by 26% to $162 million. The export value The country’s proven natural gas reserves, which accounted of base metals and articles of base metals increased by 6% to for about 3.0% of the world’s proven natural gas reserves, $8.7 billion; reexports of base metals and articles of base metals were estimated to be 6.09 trillion cubic meters. The UAE was decreased by 7% to $2 billion. Major export and reexport also the world’s 10th-ranked sulfur producer, accounting for volumes of metals included 2.37 million metric tons (Mt) of about 3.5% of the world’s output in 2015. The UAE was a aluminum and articles thereof, 3.14 Mt of crude steel, 1.9 Mt major regional producer of industrial minerals, metals, and of iron and steel articles, 270,000 metric tons (t) of copper downstream mineral products, including cement, direct-reduced and copper articles, and 133,600 t of fertilizers (Organization iron (DRI), iron and steel, and nitrogen fertilizers. Other fuel of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2016, p. 17, 86; United and industrial minerals produced included gypsum, lime, and Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, refined petroleum (BP p.l.c., 2016, p. 6, 10, 20; Organization of 2016a, tables 1, 15, 17, 18, 24; 2016b). the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2016, p. 100; United Arab The value of the country’s imports of goods increased by Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, 0.4% in 2015 to about $283 billion. Imports of gemstones, 2016b, tables 3, 16; Apodaca, 2017; Bray, 2017; U.S. Energy pearls, and precious metals and their products, which accounted Information Administration, 2017, p. 5). for about 25% of the country’s imports, decreased in value by 9% to about $45 billion. In 2015, the value of mineral products Minerals in the National Economy imports decreased by 26% to $2.97 billion. The decreased value of mineral products was attributed to the decline in The value of the production of the hydrocarbon sector, global commodity prices. The decreased value and volume of which accounted for about 24% of the country’s GDP in 2015, imports of mineral oils and fuels, which decreased by 33% and decreased by about 37% compared with 34% in 2014 and 37% 22%, respectively, accounted for the majority of the decline. in 2013. The production value of the quarrying sector increased Although the import tonnage of ores, slags, and ash increased by 3.1% in 2015 and accounted for about 0.3% of the GDP. The by 46% to 8.3 Mt in 2015, the value decreased by 2%. In 2015, total nominal value of nonpetroleum mineral sector production the UAE was the world’s ninth-ranked net importer of steel increased by 7.4% in 2015 (United Arab Emirates Federal with net imports of 6.0 Mt. The country imported 9.9 Mt of Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, 2016b, tables 3, 16). articles of aluminum, copper, and steel, as well as crude steel, In 2015, Government revenue from hydrocarbon activity valued at $11.7 billion in 2015 (United Arab Emirates Federal decreased by 52% to $33.32 billion from $68.7 billion in 2014. Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, 2016a, tables 14, 18; The decline in hydrocarbon revenues was responsible for the 2016b; World Steel Association, 2016, p. 27). 30% decrease in the Government’s total revenue to $80.3 billion Although the UAE did not produce mined diamond or gold in from $115.2 billion in 2014. In 2015, revenue from hydrocarbons 2015, the country was a major global trade center of both rough accounted for about 41% of total Government revenue compared and polished diamond and gold. In 2015, the UAE’s imports with about 60% in 2014 and 64% in 2013 (United Arab Emirates of gold decreased by about 75% as exports of gold increased National Bureau of Statistics, 2016a). by about 63% compared with those of 2014. The country imported 744.6 t of unwrought or semimanufactured gold in 1 The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven Emirates: , 2015, including gold in powder form or plated with platinum, , (Dubayy), (Al Fujayrah), , (Ash Shariqah), and Umm al-Quwain (Umm Al Qaywayn). and exported 518.5 t, of which 73.4 t were reexports. In 2014, 2Where necessary, values have been converted from United Arab Emirates the country imported 3,000 t of unwrought or semimanufactured dirham (AED) to U.S. dollars (US$) at the average annual exchange rate of gold, including gold in powder form or plated with platinum, AED3.6725=US$1.00 for 2015 and AED3.6725=US$1.00 for 2014.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 63.1 and exported 318.7 t, of which, 42.6 t were reexports. The that of 2014. Refined petroleum production increased owing country’s imports of rough diamond decreased by 9% to to the completed expansion of the refinery. Production 62.029 million carats in 2015 from 68.159 million carats in of dry natural gas increased by 11% (table 1; Oxford Business 2014; exports of rough diamond decreased by about 5% to Group, 2017; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017, 63.58 million carats in 2015 from 66.63 million carats in p. 4–5). 2014. The UAE’s diamond trading partners included diamond- producing countries in Africa, diamond-processing centers in Structure of the Mineral Industry China and India, and diamond consuming markets in Europe The Abu Dhabi Emirate made up about 87% of the land area and the United States (Dubai Multi Commodities Centre, 2015, of the UAE and held 94% of the nation’s petroleum reserves 2016; Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2016a, b; and 94% of the nation’s natural gas reserves. The Emirate United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics controlled and managed its petroleum and natural gas resources Authority, 2015, 2016a). through the wholly state-owned Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. As of yearend 2015, the UAE did not have a specific, (ADNOC). ADNOC operations were run through subsidiaries comprehensive Federal law covering the mining industry. that carried out most of the exploration, production, transportation, Article 23 of the UAE Federal Constitution granted each and marketing operations for crude petroleum, liquefied natural Emirate ownership of, as well as the ability to manage and gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), petrochemicals, mine, its mineral resources. The Abu Dhabi Emirate, which is and other petroleum industries in the UAE. The Abu Dhabi the largest of the UAE’s seven Emirates in terms of land area, Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) operated eight controlled 94% of the UAE’s national petroleum and natural major onshore fields (Abu Al Bukhoosh, Arzanah, Asab, Bab, gas reserves; the Dubai Emirate controlled 4% and 1.5% of Bu Hasa, Jarn Yaphour, Sahil, and Shah). The Abu Dhabi the national petroleum and gas reserves, respectively, and Marine Operating Co. (ADMA-OPCO) operated two offshore combined the other five Emirates controlled the remaining 2% fields (Umm Shaif and Zakum). The Zakum Development and 4.5%, respectively. Each Emirate regulated the extraction Co. (ZADCO), which was a consortium of ADNOC (60%), of petroleum and natural gas and set the governing policies for ExxonMobil Oil Co. of the United States (28%), and Japan Oil the mining of petroleum and natural gas. In Abu Dhabi, the Development Co. (JODCO) of Japan (12%), operated three Supreme Petroleum Council regulated and set related policies offshore fields (Satah, Umm Al-Dalkh, and Upper Zakum). for petroleum and gas extraction. In the Dubai Emirate and the Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Ltd. (GASCO) operated three plants Sharjah Emirate, the Dubai Supreme Council of Energy and (Asab, Bu Hasa, and /Bab) for natural gas processing the Sharjah Petroleum Council, respectively, were responsible and NGL extraction as well as the NGL fractionation plant at for regulating and developing the petroleum and natural gas Ruwais. The company also operated a pipeline distribution industries (DLA Piper, 2012, p. 85–86; Phakey and Renouf, network to route natural gas to domestic industrial companies, 2014; Legal Advice, 2017). including Emirates Aluminium Co. Ltd. and the local power In April 2015, the Federal Government issued the Federal stations. Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Co. (TAKREER) operated Commercial Companies Law (law No. 02 of 2015). The law the Ruwais and Umm Al Nar refineries and the National Gas allows companies to offer between 30% and 70% of shares Shipping Co. (NGSCO) processed petroleum. Abu Dhabi Gas upon an initial public offering of stock instead of the previously Liquefaction Co. Ltd. (ADGAS) operated an LNG plant and required 55%. The law requires that 51% of the company be processed natural gas on . ADNOC Linde Industrial owned by The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of Gases Co. (ELIXIER), which operated the Ruwais air separation the Gulf (GCC) member nation nationals. UAE nationals are plant and the Mirfa nitrogen plant, also processed natural gas. required to chair and comprise the majority of every public The chemical and petrochemical manufacturing companies joint-stock company. Under the law, commercial companies are included Abu Dhabi Polymers Co. Ltd. (BOROUGE) and required to maintain a UAE national shareholding of at least Ruwais Fertilizer Industries (FERTIL). Support services were 51%. Companies operating in free zones are exempt. All entities provided for exploration and production through the National are required to be in compliance by the end of June 2016 (PwC Drilling Co. (NDC), which conducted onshore and offshore Legal Middle East, 2015; U.S. Department of State, 2016). drilling; Abu Dhabi Petroleum Ports Operating Co. (IRSHAD), Production which undertook marine operations of the Abu Dhabi petroleum ports; and the Offshore Supply Base (ESNAAD), In 2015, production of metals increased significantly, which provided facilities, services, and supplies (table 2; particularly output of DRI and crude steel, which increased U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017). by 32% and 26%, respectively. Increased output of steel was Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA) was a 50–50 joint venture attributed to increased domestic steel demand for infrastructure between Mubadala Development Co. of Abu Dhabi and the projects. Production of concrete-reinforcing bar (rebar) and hot- Investment Corp. of Dubai, which was wholly owned by the rolled steel long products increased by 8% and 7%, respectively. Government. The company conducted operations through Lime production was estimated to have increased by 7%. In subsidiaries Dubai Aluminium Co. (DUBAL), which operated 2015, sulfur production was estimated to have increased by a 1.0-million-metric-tons-per-year (Mt/yr) aluminum smelter about 61% compared with 2014 owing to the commissioning of at Jebel Ali, and Emirates Aluminium Co. (EMAL), which the Al Hosn gas project in mid-2015. Total production of refined operated a 1.4-Mt/yr aluminum smelter at Taweelah. Other EGA petroleum products increased by 36% in 2015 compared with subsidiaries included Guinea Alumina Corp., which continued

63.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 development of a bauxite mine in the Republic of Guinea, and approved gold refiners issued by the Dubai Multi Commodities Al Taweelah Alumina, which was continuing development Centre (DMCC) resulting from a failure to meet sourcing of an alumina refinery at Taweelah in Abu Dhabi, adjacent standards for conflict-free gold. The company operated the to the smelter. The development of the bauxite mine in the largest gold refinery in the country through the Kaloti Gold Republic of Guinea and the alumina refinery at Taweelah would Factory LLC. The refinery was located in Sharjah Emirate and vertically integrate the company’s supply chain. Emirates Steel had the capacity to produce 450 t/yr of refined gold. In 2015, Industries P.J.S.C. (ESI), which was a subsidiary of SENAAT the company continued the construction of a 1,400-t/yr gold General Holding Corp., was the leading steel producer in the and 600-t/yr silver refinery project at the DMCC location on the UAE. It conducted operations at the integrated steel plant in the outskirts of Dubai. United Engineering Construction LLC was industrial city of Abu Dhabi (table 2; SENAAT General Holding the company contracted to construct the refinery. The project Corp., 2016; Emirates Global Aluminium, 2017). was expected to be completed in the second half of 2016 (table 2; United Engineering Construction LLC, 2014; van der Walt and Commodity Review Carpenter, 2015; Dubai Multi Commodities Centre, 2016). Iron and Steel.—In 2015, domestic demand for steel was Metals driven by the construction sector and the continued development of infrastructure projects. Emirates Steel Industries P.J.S.C. Aluminum.—In 2015, EGA continued the development of (ESI), a wholly owned subsidiary of SENAAT General Holding the Al Taweelah alumina project, a 2-Mt/yr alumina refinery Corp., continued the planning and development for the third in the in Abu Dhabi, adjacent to the phase of ESI’s expansion project at Mussafah in KIZAD. The EGA’s 1.32-Mt/yr aluminum smelter. The alumina refinery third phase of the project was expected to include a new DRI was expected to be built in two phases and have the capacity plant with a capacity of 2.5 Mt/yr, a melt shop with a capacity to produce 4 Mt/yr of alumina from imported bauxite. The of 2.3 Mt/yr, and a continuous rolling mill with a capacity first phase of the refinery was expected to be commissioned of 2.1 Mt/yr. The project was expected to be commissioned in 2018 and have a capacity of 2.0 Mt/yr. By yearend, EGA in 2017. ESI had the only integrated steel plant in the UAE had awarded a contract to Abengoa S.A. of Spain to build a (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 220-megawatt cogeneration power and steam plant adjacent 2015, p. 31; Watts, 2016b). to the planned refinery. In 2014, EGA awarded a development In 2015, Conares Metal Supply Ltd., a privately held and construction contract to a consortium of Petrofac Emirates company, announced plans to expand the capacity of its steel Co. (a subsidiary of Petrofac Ltd. of the United Kingdom) and manufacturing facility at the Jebel Ali Free Zone. The company Bechtel Corp. of the United States to construct the alumina planned to invest about $27.2 million to expand the pipe, refinery. Rio Tinto Alcan Ltd. of the United Kingdom was tube, and rebar factory’s capacity to more than 1 Mt/yr from contracted to provide refinery technology, as well as startup and 750,000 t/yr. About 85% of steel produced by the company was operational assistance. By 2017, EGA was expected to complete consumed domestically. The company sought to export steel a development project at DUBAL’s smelter in Jebel Ali to to Europe and Australia and had plans to invest an additional add 40,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) to the smelter’s existing $54.4 million in capacity expansion by 2020 (Fahy, 2015; capacity of 1 Mt/yr. Owing to increased domestic demand, the Conares Metal Supply Ltd., 2016; Oxford Business Group, 2017). company expected aluminum exports to decrease to 77% of aluminum production from 88% by 2017 (tables 1, 2; Abengoa Industrial Minerals S.A., 2015; Emirates Global Aluminium, 2015, 2017; Saadi, 2015; Oxford Business Group, 2017). Sulfur.—Increased production of sulfur was attributed to the In 2015, Ducab Aluminium Co., a joint venture between commissioning of Al Hosn Gas’s new Shah Gas desulfurization Dubai Cable Co. Ltd. of Dubai (60%) and SENAAT General plant in 2015. The Al Hosn gas project, a joint venture between Holding Corp. of Abu Dhabi (40%), continued the construction ADNOC (60%) and Occidental Petroleum Corp. of the of a $60 billion aluminum mill. The mill, located in the Khalifa United States (40%), is located approximately 175 kilometers Industrial Zone in Abu Dhabi (KIZAD), was expected to have (km) southwest of Abu Dhabi City. The Shah gas plant began a production capacity of 50,000 t/yr of aluminum rods and operating at the end of 2014 and reached full capacity in overhead conductors. The new mill was expected to create July 2015. The gas plant, which comprised four sulfur recovery 120 to 140 jobs and was planned to open during the first quarter units with the capacity to produce about 3.2 Mt/yr of sulfur of 2016 (National, The, 2015; SENAAT General Holding granules, produced 2 Mt in 2015. In 2015, Etihad Rail, the Corp., 2016). country’s national rail network, transported more than 2.4 Mt of In October, Taweelah Aluminium Extrusion Company LLC sulfur by yearend on the 264-km sulfur transportation railway (TALEX), a joint venture between SENAAT General Holding (table 2; Barnard, 2015; Brelsford, 2016; Occidental Petroleum Corp. and Gulf Extrusions Co. LLC of Dubai, completed Corp., 2016, p. 21). the front-end engineering and design study of a $1.5 billion aluminum rolling mill. The company was expected to issue an Mineral Fuels engineering, procurement, and construction contract. The rolling Natural Gas.—The UAE continued to be a net natural mill was expected to be located in the KIZAD (MEED, 2016). gas importer to meet its increasing domestic primary energy Gold and Silver.—In early April, Al Kaloti Jewelers Factory consumption for electricity generation, which increased by Ltd. was removed from the Dubai Good Delivery (DGD) list of

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 63.3 50% to 103.9 Mt of oil equivalent in 2015 compared with Outlook about 99.0 Mt of oil equivalent in 2014. The country’s imports of natural gas increased by 5.0% in 2015 to 27.1 billion cubic The UAE’s economy is expected to grow at a rate of 2.4% and meters from 25.8 billion cubic meters in 2014. Exports of 2.6% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The production capacity natural gas decreased by 2.4% to 13.2 billion cubic meters from of aluminum, cement, and iron and steel is expected to increase 13.52 billion cubic meters in 2014; the majority of the country’s during the next few years owing to increased demand owing natural gas was exported as LNG to Japan. The country to investment in construction and infrastructure projects in re-injected approximately 26% of gross natural gas production member countries of the GCC. The development of downstream in 2015 as part of its enhanced oil recovery program (BP p.l.c., petroleum projects, such as the Ruwais refinery expansion, 2016, p. 40; Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, is likely to result in decreased crude petroleum exports in 2016, p. 106, 108; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017). the coming years. Sulfur production is likely to increase In 2015, ADNOC and Occidental commissioned the Al Hosn significantly owing to new sulfur recovery from the Shah gas gas-processing facility. The facility had the capacity to separate plant and increased petroleum refining capacity in the country. 10.2 billion cubic meters of gas annually from the Shah The development of the Upper Zakum petroleum field and the onshore gasfield in Abu Dhabi into condensate, natural gas, Port of Al Fujairah is expected to sustain the UAE’s role in the natural gas liquids (NGLs), and sulfur. In 2015, the plant global hydrocarbon sector. The country faces the challenge of produced 4.75 billion cubic meters of natural gas, as well continued low global crude petroleum prices, which will hamper as 9,100 million barrels (Mbbl) of natural gas liquids and Government revenue, increasing the fiscal deficit and challenging 6,400 Mbbl of condensate. In February 2015, GASCO awarded the capability of the Government to invest in needed infrastructure Técnicas Reunidas S.A. of Spain a $700 million contract to development (International Monetary Fund, 2016, p. 173). construct natural gas processing units, condensate pipelines, References Cited and natural gas pipelines for the third phase of the Integrated Gas Development (IGD) expansion project in Abu Dhabi. The Abengoa S.A., 2015, Abengoa has been issued a letter of award for the project was expected to be completed by mid-2018. The project engineering and construction work of its first cogeneration project in the was part of the country’s plan to add 11.2 million cubic meters United Arab Emirates: Abengoa S.A. press release, November 20, 2 p. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at http://www.abengoa.com/export/sites/abengoa_ per day of production capacity from offshore gasfields to be corp/resources/gestion_noticias/pdf/20151119-NP-Cogeneracion-EAU-en.pdf.) used by local industries (Watts, 2015; Occidental Petroleum Apodaca, L.E., 2017, Sulfur: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Corp., 2016, p. 17, 90). Summaries 2017, p. 162–163. Petroleum.—In November, ADNOC’s Abu Dhabi Barnard, Lucy, 2015, Etihad Rail moves more than two million tons of sulphur to Ruwais: The National [Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates], September 28. Oil Refining Co. (TAKREER) commissioned the full (Accessed March 24, 2017, at https://www.thenational.ae/business/etihad-rail- 417,000-barrel-per-day (bbl/d) capacity of the Ruwais Refinery moves-more-than-two-million-tonnes-of-sulphur-to-ruwais-1.131244.) West Expansion project. The expansion project increased the BP p.l.c., 2016, BP statistical review of world energy—June 2016: Ruwais refinery complex’s capacity to 817,000 bbl/d from London, United Kingdom, BP p.l.c., 44 p. (Accessed March 1, 2017, at https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical- 400,000 bbl/d. By yearend 2015, the UAE had four petroleum review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf.) refining facilities with a total capacity of 1.124 million barrels Bray, E.L., 2017, Aluminum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity per day (Mbbl/d) of refined petroleum products. At yearend Summaries 2017, p. 22–23. 2015, work continued on the petroleum-storage expansion Brelsford, Robert, 2016, ADNOC opens Shah sour gas plant: Oil and Gas Journal News, April 26. (Accessed March 30, 2017, at http://www.ogj.com/ project and the VLCC–1 (Very Large Crude Carrier 1) project articles/2016/04/adnoc-opens-shah-sour-gas-plant.html.) at the Port of Al Fujairah. The storage expansion project was Conares Metal Supply Ltd., 2016, About: Conares Metal Supply Ltd. (Accessed expected to expand storage capacity to about 88 Mbbl of crude March 30, 2017, at http://www.conares.com/about.html.) petroleum and refined petroleum products storage capacity by DLA Piper, 2012, Mining in Africa and the Middle East—A legal overview: DLA Piper, 98 p. (Accessed October 19, 2015, at https://www.dlapiper.com/~/ 2020. The export terminal was also expected to complete the media/Files/Insights/Publications/2012/09/Mining%20in%20Africa%20 country’s first VLCC–1 jetty by 2016. The $177 million jetty and%20the%20Middle%20East%20A%20Legal%20Ove__/Files/ was expected to increase the port’s capacity by 2 Mbbl/d of miningafricamiddleeast/FileAttachment/miningafricamiddleeast.pdf.) crude petroleum. The Port of Al Fujairah, the second largest Dubai Multi Commodities Centre, 2015, Diamonds in numbers: Dubai Multi Commodities Centre. (Accessed March 28, 2017, at http://www.dmcc.ae/ bunkering port in the world, was the country’s only export dubai-diamond-trade-statistics.) facility outside of the Strait of Hormuz (Gulf News, 2015; Elass, Dubai Multi Commodities Centre, 2016, DGD gold members: Dubai Multi 2016; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017, p. 4–5). Commodities Centre, 4 p. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at https://www.dmcc.ae/ By yearend 2015, ZADCO continued the development of application/files/4314/8070/1938/DGD-Gold-Members-02062016.pdf.) Elass, Jareer, 2016, Fujairah seeks to carve out energy niche: The Arab Weekly the Upper Zakum offshore petroleum field. The project was [London, United Kingdom], October 23. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at expected to increase the field’s capacity to 750,000 bbl/d in 2018 http://www.thearabweekly.com/Economy/6831/Fujairah-seeks-to-carve-out- and to 1 Mbbl/d by 2024. The project included construction of energy-niche.) four small islands, which were completed in 2014, to support Emirates Global Aluminium, 2015, Emirates Global Aluminium delivers strong results despite challenging global market conditions: Emirates land-based drilling rigs, and temporary and permanent piping Global Aluminium press release, April 28. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at and processing facilities. Production from the North Island http://www.ega.ae/en/media/newsdetail/?id=2969.) and South Island began in 2015 and 2014, respectively (Exxon Emirates Global Aluminium, 2017, Corporate profile: Emirates Global Mobil Corp., 2016, p. 18; Watts, 2016a). Aluminium. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at http://www.ega.ae/en/who-we-are/ corporate-profile/.)

63.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 Exxon Mobil Corp., 2016, Summary annual report: Irving, Texas, PwC Legal Middle East, 2015, New UAE commercial companies law—Legal Exxon Mobil Corp., February 24, 48 p. (Accessed March 30, 2017, reforms to strengthen the legal and regulatory landscape of doing business in at http://cdn.exxonmobil.com/~/media/global/files/summary-annual- the UAE: PwC Legal Middle East, May, 6 p. (Accessed March 28, 2017, at report/2015_Summary_Annual_Report.pdf.) https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/tax/documents/new-commercial-company-law- Fahy, Michael, 2015, Conares plans $25m expansion of Jebel Ali plant: The in-uae.pdf.) National [Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates], November 23. (Accessed Saadi, Dania, 2015, Emirates Global Aluminum to spend $5 bn boosting March 29, 2017, at http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/ capacity: The National [Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates], May 26. conares-plans-25m-expansion-of-jebel-ali-plant.) (Accessed October 9, 2016, at http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/ Gulf News, 2015, Ruwais refinery expansion project commissioned with emirates-global-aluminium-to-spend-5bn-boosting-capacity.) 100% production capacity: Al Nisr Publishing LLC, November 11. SENAAT General Holding Corp., 2016, Ducab Aluminum Company: SENAAT (Accessed March 29, 2017, at http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/energy/ General Holding Corp. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at http://www.senaat.co/ ruwais-refinery-expansion-project-commissioned-with-100-production- ducab-aluminium-company.) capacity-1.1618219.) United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, 2015, International Monetary Fund, 2016, World economic outlook—Too slow for too Foreign trade 2014: United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and long: International Monetary Fund, April, 208 p. (Accessed June 1, 2016, at Statistics Authority, June 29. (Accessed March 23, 2017, at http://original. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf.) fcsa.gov.ae/EnglishHome/ReportDetailsEnglish/tabid/121/Default.aspx?ItemI Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2016a, Annual global summary—2014 d=2421&PTID=104&MenuId=1.) production, imports, exports, and KPC counts: Kimberley Process United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, Rough Diamond Statistics, June 10, 1 p. (Accessed March 24, 2017, at 2016a, Foreign trade 2015: United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/public_statistics/2014/2014G and Statistics Authority, December 6. (Accessed March 23, 2017, at lobalSummary.pdf.) http://original.fcsa.gov.ae/EnglishHome/ReportDetailsEnglish/tabid/121/ Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2016b, Annual global summary—2015 Default.aspx?ItemId=2495&PTID=104&MenuId=1.) production, imports, exports, and KPC counts: Kimberley Process United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, 2016b, Rough Diamond Statistics, June 10, 1 p. (Accessed March 24, 2017, at National accounts estimates—2001–-2015: United Arab Emirates Federal https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/static/pdfs/public_statistics/2015/2015G Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, March 31. (Accessed March 23, 2017, lobalSummary.pdf.) at http://original.fcsa.gov.ae/EnglishHome/ReportDetailsEnglish/tabid/121/ Legal Advice, 2017, The constitution of the United Arab Emirates: Legal Default.aspx?ItemId=2506&PTID=104&MenuId=1.) Advice. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at https://legaladviceme.com/ United Engineering Construction LLC, 2014, Job#255—Construction of gold legislation/120/uae-constitution-of-united-arab-emirates.) refinery: United Engineering Construction LLC. (Accessed March 29, 2017, MEED, 2016, Concern replaces optimism in industrial sector: MEED, January 13. at http://unec-uae.com/Projects/Ongoing/J-255.) (Accessed January 13, 2017, at https://www.meed.com/sectors/industry/ U.S. Department of State, 2016, 2016 investment climate statements—United concern-replaces-optimism-in-industrial-sector/5001404.article.) Arab Emirates; U.S. Department of State, July 5. (Accessed March 28, 2017, National, The, 2015, Ducab building $60 million aluminium plant in Abu Dhabi at https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016/nea/254467.htm.) as copper loses appeal: The National [Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates], U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017, United Arab Emirates: June 16. (Accessed March 29, 2017, at http://www.thenational.ae/business/ U.S. Energy Information Administration Country Analysis Brief, March 21, economy/ducab-building-60-million-aluminium-plant-in-abu-dhabi-as- 10 p. (Accessed March 23, 2017, at https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/ copper-loses-appeal.) analysis_includes/countries_long/United_Arab_Emirates/uae.pdf.) Occidental Petroleum Corp., 2016, Form 10–K—2015: Occidental Petroleum van der Walt, Eddie, and Carpenter, Claudia, 2015, Dubai’s Kaloti removed Corp., 104 p. (Accessed March 30, 2017, at http://www.oxy.com/investors/ from gold list as new factory near: Bloomberg. 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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 63.5 TABLE 1 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2, 3 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 METALS Aluminum, primary 1,800 1,820 1,864 2,341 2,400 Iron and steel: Direct-reduced iron 2,250 2,720 3,075 2,410 3,190 Steel, crude 2,000 2,408 2,878 2,390 r 3,006 Hot-rolled long products 1,950 2,156 2,549 2,765 r 2,959 Concrete-reinforcing bars -- 1,586 1,662 1,833 r 1,988 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Cement, hydraulic 15,400 r 15,700 r 16,300 r 16,300 r 16,260 Gypsume 720 680 700 700 700 Lime 340 400 450 430 e 460 e Nitrogen: N content of ammonia 386 330 658 995 r 995 e N content of urea 324 289 618 1,015 r 1,095 Sulfur4 1,885 1,900 2,000 3,300 r 5,300 e MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Gas, natural: Gross million cubic meters 82,460 r 82,500 r 83,796 83,706 90,011 Dry do. 52,308 r 54,300 r 54,600 54,245 r 60,181 Natural gas plant liquids thousand 42-gallon barrels 146,000 146,000 136,000 r 255,000 273,000 Petroleum: Crude and condensate do. 1,212,530 1,233,700 1,330,790 1,354,880 1,424,230 Refinery products: Liquefied petroleum gas do. 8,103 6,606 10,928 10,501 14,053 Gasoline do. 20,914 23,834 20,024 18,265 25,000 e Kerosene and jet fuel do. 49,202 53,947 50,042 45,464 62,000 e Distillate fuels do. 36,427 31,317 30,185 24,477 34,000 e Residual fuels do. 6,679 5,767 7,154 5,070 7,000 e Other do. 49,640 50,990 42,997 43,026 58,000 e Total do. 170,965 172,461 161,330 146,803 200,000 e eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. 1Table includes data available through March 15, 2017. 2In addition to the commodities listed, industrial minerals, such as common clay, crushed stone, diabase, gravel, limestone, marble, salt, sand, shale, and silica glass presumably were produced, but output was not reported, and available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. 3The United Arab Emirates also produced refined gold and silver from imported secondary sources. According to Thomson Reuters, refined gold production in 2011 was 28,400 metric tons (t); 2012, 27,500 t; 2013, 37,800 t; 2014, 36,000 t; and 2015, 38,700 t. According to The Silver Institute, refined silver production in 2011 was 45,000 t; 2012, 47,000 t; 2013, 49,000 t; and 2014, 45,000 t. Silver production from imported sources was unavailable for 2015. 4Byproduct of petroleum refining and natural gas processing.

TABLE 2 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies Annual Commodity and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Aluminum Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA) (Mubadala Development Smelter at Jebel Ali in Dubai 1,000 Co. of Abu Dhabi, 50%, and Investment Corp. of Dubai, 50%) Do. do. Smelter at Taweelah, Khalifa 1,320 Industrial Zone (Kizad), Abu Dhabi Copper, metal Fujairah Gold FZC (Vedanta ltd., 100%) Copper rod plant at Furairah Free 99 Cement: Portland Aditya Birla Star Cement (Aditya Birla, 80%, and Grinding plant at Abu Dhabi 1,200 private investors, 20% ) Do. do. Grinding plant at Ajman 900 Do. do. Ras Al Khaimah 2,400 Do. Cement Factory (SENAAT General Holding Corp.) Al-Ain 3,400 Do. Arabian Gulf Cement Company LLC Ajman 1,100 See footnotes at end of table.

63.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 2—Continued UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies Annual Commodity and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Cement:—Continued Portland Arkan Building Materials Co. (ARKAN) P.J.S.C. Emirates cement plant at Al-Ain 1,200 (SENAAT General Holding Corp., 51%) Do. do. Al-Ain cement plant 4,500 Do. Binani Cement Factory LLC Grinding plant at Jabal Ali 2,000 Do. Bin Hamel Nael Cement Co. Grinding plant at Al-Ain 500 Do. Cemex Falcon LLC Grinding plant at Dubai 1,600 Do. Emirates Cement Factory (SENAAT General Holding Corp.) Abu Dhabi 2,300 Do. Fujairah Cement Industries P.S.C. Dibba, Fujairah 2,300 Do. Gulf Cement Co. (National Investment Co., 35.75%; Khor Khuwair, Ras Al Khaimah 2,700 Ras Al Khaimah government, 7.67%; individual investors, 56.58%) Do. Hamriyah Cement Co. FZC (Bin Kamil Investment Group) Grinding plant at Sharjah 1,000 Do. Jebel Ali Cement Co. (Sharaf Industries, 100%) Jebel Ali, Dubai 840 Do. KCC Co. LLC Grinding plant at Sharjah 500 Do. Lafarge Emirates Cement L.L.C. (LafargeHolcim S.A., 50%, Fujairah 3,200 and private investors, 50%) Do. Nael Cement Co. Grinding plant at Al-Ain 700 Do. National Cement Company P.S.C. (LafargeHolcim S.A.) Dubai 1,500 Do. National Cement Co. [LafargeHolcim S.A., 44%, and Emirates Grinding plant in Abu Dhabi 2,000 International Investment Co. (EIIC), 56%] Do. Pioneer Cement Industries LLC (Raysut) Ras Al Khaimah 1,700 Do. Ras Al Khaimah Cement Co. P.S.C. Khor Khuwair, Ras Al Khaimah 1,000 Do. Sharjah Cement and Industrial Development Co. (private Sharjah 2,000 investors, 70%, and government of Sharjah, 30%) Do. Teba Cement Co. Grinding plant at Abu Dhabi 1,200 Do. Umm al-Qaywayn Cement Industries Co. P.S.C. Umm al-Quwain 1,600 Do. Union Cement Co. P.S.C. (Ras Al Khaimah government, 41%, Khor Khuwair, Ras Al Khaimah 4,800 and Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, 20%) White Ras Al Khaimah Company for White Cement and Ras Al Khaimah 610 Construction Materials Gold, refined metric tons Al Etihad Gold L.L.C. Al Quoz, Dubai 200 Do. do. Al Etihad Gold Refinery DMCC Dubai 200 Do. do. Al Ghaith Gold (private, 100%) do. 100 Do. do. Al Ghurair Giga Gold (private, 100%) do. 100 Do. do. ARY Aurum Plus (private, 100%) Sharjah 25 Do. do. Emirates Gold (private, 100%) Dubai 200 Do. do. Fujairah Gold FZC (Vedanta ltd., 100%) Furairah Free Zone 2 20 Do. do. Kaloti Precious Metals Sharjah 450 Iron and steel: Iron, direct-reduced Emirates Steel Industries P.J.S.C. (SENAAT General Holding Abu Dhabi 3,500 Corp., 100%) Do. Al Nasser Industrial Enterprises LLC do. 250 Steel: Billet Emirates Steel Industries P.J.S.C. (SENAAT General Holding do. 3,500 Corp., 100%) Do. Al Nasser Industrial Enterprises LLC do. 220 Wire rod Emirates Steel Industries P.J.S.C. (SENAAT General Holding Abu Dhabi 600 Corp., 100%) Rebar Alam Steel Dubai 500 Do. Al Nasser Industrial Enterprises LLC Abu Dhabi 90 Do. Emirates Steel Industries P.J.S.C. (SENAAT General Holding do. 1,900 Corp., 100%) Do. Essar Steel Middle East PZE Dubai 1,000 Do. Hamriyah Steel FZC (Metalloinvest, 80%, and Sheikh do. 1,000 Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, 20%) Do. Conares Metal Supply Ltd. do. 750 Do. Union Iron & Steel Company LLC Abu Dhabi 500 Do. Star Steel International LLC Jebel Ali and Hamriyah Free Zone 360 See footnotes at end of table.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 63.7 TABLE 2—Continued UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies Annual Commodity and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Iron and steel:—Continued Steel:—Continued Rebar Al Ghurair Iron and Steel Co. Abu Dhabi 350 Lime Emirates Lime factory (Al Jazeera Industrial Group) do. 350 Do. Ras Al Khaimah Lime Co. (Ras Al Khaimah Co. for Ras Al Khaimah 365 White Cement and Construction Materials PSC) Natural gas: Liquids (NGL) Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Ltd. (GASCO) (Abu Dhabi Plants at Asab, Bu Hasa, and 10,220 National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 68%; Royal Dutch Habshan/Bab Shell Group, 15%; Total S.A., 15%; Partex Oil and Gas Group, 2%) Liquefied (LNG) Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Co. Ltd. (ADGAS) Das Island 8,000 [Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 70%; Mitsu Co. Ltd., 15%; BP p.l.c., 10%; Total S.A., 5%] Nitrogen: Ammonia Ruwais Fertilizer Industries (FERTIL) (Abu Dhabi National Ruwais, Abu Dhabi 1,200 Oil Co. (ADNOC), 66.66%, and Total S.A., 33.33%) Urea do. do. 2,100 Petroleum: Crude thousand Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) Onshore Abu Dhabi oilfields, including 1,500 42-gallon [Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 60%; BP p.l.c., 9.5%; the Abu Al Bukhoosh, the Arzanah, barrels per day Exxon Mobil Corp., 9.5%; Royal Dutch Shell Group, 9.5%; the Asab, the Bab, the Bu Hasa, Total S.A., 9.5%; Participations and Explorations Corp., 2%] the Jarn Yaphour, the Sahil, and the Shah fields Do. do. Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Co. (ADMA–OPCO) [Abu Offshore Abu Dhabi oilfields, including 600 Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 60%; BP p.l.c., 14.67%; the Umm Shaif and the Zakum fields Total S.A., 13.33%; Japan Oil Development Corp., 12%] Do. do. Zakum Development Co. (ZADCO) [Abu Dhabi National Oil Offshore Abu Dhabi oilfields, including 518 Co. (ADNOC), 60%; ExxonMobil Oil Co., 28%; Japan Oil the Satah, the Umm Al-Dalkh, and Development Co. (JODCO), 12%] the Upper Zakum fields Do. do. Dubai Petroleum Establishment (Government of Dubai, 100%) Dubai oilfields, including the Margham, 100 the Falah, the Fateh, the Rashid, and the S.W. Fateh fields Do. do. BP p.l.c. and Crescent Petroleum Company Inc. Sharjah oilfields, including the Kahaif, 50 the Saja, the Moveyid, and the Mubarek fields Refinery products do. Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Co. (TAKREER) [Abu Dhabi Ruwais refinery, Ruwais, Abu Dhabi 817 National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 100%] Do. do. do. Umm Al Nar refinery, Abu Dhabi 85

Do. do. ENOC Processing Company LCC (EPCL) [Investment Corp. Jebel Ali refinery, Jebel Ali, Dubai 140 of Dubai (Government of Dubai, 100%) 100%] Do. do. Metro Oil Corp. Fujairah 82 Salt Alghaith Industries (Al Ghaith Holding PJSC) Mussafah, Abu Dhabi 110 Sand Fujairah Natural Resources Corp. (FNRC) Fujairah 20,000 Silica, glass Emirates Float Glass LLC (Dubai Investment PJSC, 100%) Industrial City 1 and 2, Abu Dhabi 440 Do. Guardian Zoujaj International Float Glass Co. LLC Ras Al Khaimah 255 (Guardian RAK) Silver, refined metric tons Emirates Gold (private, 100%) Dubai 100 Do. do. Kaloti Precious Metals Sharjah 450 Do. do. Fujairah Gold FZC (Vedanta ltd., 100%) Furairah Free Zone 2 105 Sulfur Abu Dhabi Gas Development Company Ltd. (Al Hosn Shah plant 3,175 Gas) [Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 60%, and Occidental Petroleum Corp., 40%] Do. Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC) Abu Dhabi 2,000 Do. Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Ltd. (GASCO) (Abu Dhabi Plants at Asab, Bu Hasa, and 2,370 National Oil Co. (ADNOC), 68%; Royal Dutch Habshan/Bab Shell Group, 15%; Total S.A., 15%; Partex Oil and Gas Group, 2%) Do., do. Ditto.

63.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015