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İşletim Sistemleri (Operating Systems)

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İşletim Sistemleri (Operating Systems) İşletim Sistemleri (Operating Systems) (Son Güncelleme: 03.11.2016) Bu sunumda Yrd. Doç. Dr. Andaç Mesut’un ders notlarından faydalanılmıştır. İşletim Sistemi (Operating System) • Bilgisayar donanımının doğrudan • Operating system is a software denetimi ve yönetiminden, temel which is responsible for sistem işlemlerinden ve controlling and management of uygulama yazılımlarını computer hardware, basic operations of system, running of çalıştırmaktan sorumlu olan application software. sistem yazılımıdır. • Operating system provides all • Bütün diğer yazılımların belleğe, other software to access into girdi/çıktı aygıtlarına ve kütük memory, input /output devices sistemine erişimini sağlar. and the file system. • In case more than one software • Birden çok yazılım aynı anda runs at the same time, operating çalışıyorsa, her yazılıma yeterli system is responsible being sistem kaynağını ayırmaktan ve separate enough system birbirleri ile çakışmamalarını resources to each software and sağlamaktan da sorumludur. ensuring that they don’t interfere with each other. İşletim Sisteminin Katmanları Uygulama Katmanı (Application Layer) Kabuk (Shell) Katmanı (Shell Layer) Çekirdek (Kernel) Katmanı (Kernel Layer) Donanım Katmanı (Hardware Layer) Çekirdek (Kernel) • İşletim sisteminin ana bileşeni olan • Kernel which is the main çekirdek, uygulama programları ile component of the operating system, acts as a bridge donanım bileşenleri arasında köprü among hardware vazifesi görür. components with application programs. • İşlemcide çalışan proseslerin • The management of yönetimi, bellek yönetimi ve processes running on the Giriş/Çıkış cihazlarının yönetimi gibi processor such as memory management and input / birçok temel işlev çekirdek tarafından output devices management gerçekleştirilir. is performed by kernel. Kabuk (Shell) • Çekirdeğin sağladığı • Shell is intermediary a layer servislere erişim sağlayan bir that provides access to ara katmandır. services provided by the • İki farklı kabuk çeşidi vardır: kernel. – Komut istemi (CLI: • There are two different kinds of command-line interface) Shell: kullanan kabuk işlemlerin _Command system (CLI: daha hızlı yapılmasını sağlar. (DOS) (Close to the command-line interface) system) It allows the shell processes – Grafiksel arayüz (GUI: done faster using the graphical user interface) command prompt. kullanan kabuk ise kullanıcının yapmak istediği - Graphical user interface işlemleri daha hızlı tarif shell allows the user to be edebilmesini sağlar. able to describe the (Windows) (Close to the user) operations that the user wants, more quickly. Proses (Process) • Bir işletim sisteminde anahtar • Process as one of the key kavramlardan biri olan Proses concepts in an operating temel olarak “çalıştırılmakta system is a program that is olan bir program” dır. being run. • Bir kaynak program durgun bir komutlar dizisi şeklinde • A source program is a bulunurken, proses bu series of passive komutlar dizisinin işletilmesi commands, while process anındaki durumuna verilen is defined as an instance of isimdir. operation of this • Çok görevlilik (Multitasking) commands. özelliğine sahip olan işletim • The operating systems, sistemleri, aynı anda birçok which have Multi-tasking prosesin çalıştırılmasına izin function, allows to run many verir. Tek çekirdekli işlemciye sahip olan bilgisayarlarda bu iş process at the same time. zaman paylaşımı esasına göre On computers with a single- yapılır (time sharing) core processor, this work is done on the basis of time- sharing. Toplu İşleme (Batch Processing) • A set of tasks, that users • Kullanıcıların, bilgisayar sisteminde demand, should be done bağımsız bir bütün olarak ve belli bir independently and as a whole in a definite sıra dahilinde işlenmesini istedikleri sequence is called Batch hizmetler kümesine toplu iş (batch Job. job) denir. • Bilgisayar sistemlerine gönderilen • Jobs sent to the computer işler, bir veya birden fazla programın system may consist of one ayrı ayrı işletileceği alt adımlardan or more sub-steps the oluşabilir. İşler genellikle adımların art program will be operated separately. Jobs are usually arda uygulanacağı biçimde düzenlenir. arranged to implement the Her adım, bir öncekinin sonuçlanması steps repeatedly. Each step üzerine işletime girer. will be executed after the • Örneğin DOS işletim sisteminde bat conclusion of the previous uzantılı dosyalarda toplu iş adımları one. yer alır. • For example, steps in the batch file is located in the BAT extension of the DOS operating system. Dosya (File) & Dizin/Klasör (Directory/Folder) • Dosya, birbiriyle ilişkili veriler topluluğunu • The file is a structure of (bir bilgisayar programının kaynak kodu, a storage unit used to programın derlenmiş olan çalıştırılabilir store a group of data that hali, metin-ses-görüntü verileri, vs.) bir related with each other. saklama ünitesinde saklamak amacıyla • Directory (folder) is a structure that allows the kullanılan yapıdır. file to be grouped into a • Dizin (Klasör) ise birbiriyle ilişkili hierarchical structure of dosyaların saklama birimlerinde the storage unit related hiyerarşik bir yapıda gruplanmasına with each other. olanak sağlayan yapıdır. • Each operating system includes commands • Her işletim sistemi dosya/dizin yaratmak (system calls) to create, ve yok etmek, dosyadan veri okumak ve delete files /folders, read yazmak için komutlar (sistem çağrıları) and write the data from içerir. the files. Ağaç Yapısı Dosya Uzantıları, Dosya türleri UNIX • The pre-history of Unix dates • Kökleri 1965 yılında MIT, AT&T Bell back to mid 1960s. In 1965, Labs ve GE'nin birlikte geliştirdikleri MIT developed a project, MULTICS (Multiplexed Operating and called MULTICS, with AT & T Computing System) projesiyle atılmıştır. Bell Labs, and GE together. • The main objective of the • MULTICS projesinin temel hedefi birden MULTICS project was to share çok kullanıcının eşzamanlı veri the datas by multi users at the paylaşımını sağlamaktı. same time. • 1969 yılında proje karmaşık bir hal • In 1969 the project began to almaya başlamış ve AT&T Bell Labs be complicated and AT & T projeden çekilmiştir. Ancak aynı yıl Bell Labs withdrew from the project. In the same year first içinde, Bell'de araştırmacı olarak çalışan version of Unix came out with Ken Thompson'ın MULTICS programını encoding of a system of files simüle eden bir dosya sistemini which simulates MULTICS kodlamasıyla Unix'in ilk sürümü ortaya program by Ken Thompson çıkmıştır. who was working as a researcher at Bell. UNIX • 1971 yılında Bell laboratuarlarında • The first version of UNIX , which was managed to be capable to çalışır hale getirilen ilk UNIX sürümü operate first in 1971, had been assembler ile yazılmıştı. written in assembler. • 1973 yılında Ken Thompson, C • In 1973, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie,who is creator of C derleyicisinin yaratıcısı Dennis Ritchie compiler, coded the core with C ile birlikte çekirdeği C ile tekrar again. kodladı. • Thus Unix was turned intoa portable operating system which • Böylece Unix, çeşitli hedef can be compiled according to donanımlara uygun olarak tekrar various target hardwares. derlenebilen kodlardan oluşan • The year 1978 was an important year for Unix. With its seventh taşınabilir bir işletim sistemine version, Unix Operating System dönüşmüş oldu. would perform its development in • 1978 yılı Unix için çok önemli bir yıldı. two different branch:BSD Unix İşletim Sistemi 7. sürümüyle (Berkeley Software Distribution) birlikte gelişimini artık iki farklı and System V. çizgide gerçekleştirecekti: BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) ve System V. • Thompson and student UNIX BSD Bill Joy with Chuck Haley encoded Berkeley versions of Unix at • Berkeley Üniversitesinde Thompson ve Berkeley University. öğrenci Bill Joy ile Chuck Haley Unix'in • This version was Berkeley sürümünü kodladı. distributed to other • Bu sürüm, kaynak kod üzerinde çalışan students working on the diğer öğrencilere de dağıtıldı ve orijinal source code and 90% of the original Unix source Unix kaynak kodunun %90'ı değiştirildi. code was changed. • Sanal bellek (virtual memory), Sendmail, • Virtual memory (virtual TCP/IP desteği, vi ve C shell gibi metin memory), Sendmail, TCP / düzenleme programları ilk olarak BSD IP support, text editing sürümünde yer almıştır. programs like vi and C shell were in the first BSD. • Linux, Mac OS X, NextStep, (NeXT), Sun • Linux was derived from OS 4.x ve ULTRIX (DEC) gibi işletim BSD systems like Mac sistemleri BSD üzerinden türemiştir. OS X, NeXTSTEP (NeXT), SunOS 4.x and Ultrix (DEC). UNIX System V • Bell thought that Unix would be a viable • Bell, Unix'in ticari olarak varlığını sürdürebilir commercial product and bir ürün olacağını düşündü ve ürünü lisansladı. licensed the products. • System V işletim sistemi, konsorsiyum • The operating system, tarafından ortak bir standartta geliştirildi ve system V was developed yeni özellikleriyle daha güçlü, güvenilir ve by a consortium in a güvenli bir sistem oldu. common standard and • O yıllarda System V ticari olarak en çok with new features desteklenen ürün oldu. became a more powerful, reliable and safe system. • Bell'de gerçekleştirilen Tüm System V • In those years, System V ürünlerinin lisans hakkı Unix System was the most Laboratories'e aitti. commercially supported • Bunlara örnek olarak AIX (IBM), Digital Unix products. (DEC), HP-UX (HP), IRIX (SGI), SCO UNIXware ve • All licene rights of product Sun OS 5.x/Solaris (SUN) verilebilir. that developed in Bell were belonged to Unix System Labrotories. Günümüzde
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