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Conservation and Restoration of Metals

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Conservation and Restoration of Metals Conservation and restoration of metals For silver objects, see conservation and restoration of sil- It is very important that a conservator of metals has ver objects. For iron and steel objects, see Conservation knowledge of basic metalworking techniques, history of and restoration of iron and steel objects. For copper- metalwork, history of art, archaeology, corrosion of met- based objects, see Conservation and restoration of als, scientific research methods, theory and ethics of copper-based objects. For outdoor bronze objects, see conservation-restoration. Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects. Conservation and restoration of metals is the activ- 1 Metals and alloys commonly used for cultural heritage objects The bronze apoxyomenos, dated to between the 1st and 2nd cen- tury BC, found and recovered from Adriatic sea near the small island Vele Oryule, near island Loshiny, Croatia; example of ar- chaeological metals conservation. • Gold • Silver Derveni krater, bronze, 350 BC, height: 90.5 cm (35 ½ in.), Inv. • Copper B1, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, after cleaning and conservation. • Bronze • ity devoted to the protection and preservation of histor- Brass ical (religious, artistic, technical and ethnographic) and • Nickel archaeological objects made partly or entirely of metal. In it are included all activities aimed at preventing or • Nickel silver slowing deterioration of items, as well as improving ac- cessibility and readability of them as objects of cultural • Monel heritage. Despite the fact that metals are generally consid- • Chromium ered as the relatively permanent and stable materials, in contact with the environment they deteriorate gradually, • Iron and Steel some faster and some much slower. This applies espe- cially to archaeological finds. • Weathering steel (Corten) 1 2 3 METALWORKING TECHNIQUES • Stainless steel 3.2 Joining techniques • Titanium • Soldering • Tin and Pewter • Welding • Lead • Mechanical joining • Zinc • Gluing/cementing • Aluminium 2 Metals and alloys less commonly 3.3 Some supplementary techniques used for cultural heritage objects • Repousse • Chasing • Antimony • Magnesium • Raising (metalwork) • Niobium • Metal spinning • Palladium • Annealing (metallurgy) • Platinum • Rhodium 3.4 Surface decoration techniques • Mercury • Enamelling • Electrum • Niello • Tumbaga • Engraving • Shakudo • • Shibuichi Etching • Bidri • Granulation • Hepatizon • Filigree • Inlay (Damascening) 3 Metalworking techniques • Mokume gane 3.1 Basic techniques • Pattern welding • Casting • Plating • Forging • Chemical coloring of metals (Patination) • Folding • Heat coloring • Sawing • Combining metals and other materials • Cutting • Bending 3.5 Some contemporary techniques • Drilling • Electroforming • Filing (metalworking) • Reticulation • Piercing • Sanding • Anodizing • Polishing • Photoetching 5.1 Organic materials 3 croscopic and macroscopic living organisms. 5.1 Organic materials • Leather • Wood • Paper • Fur • Feathers • Textile • Bone • Horn • Tortoiseshell • Amber • Plant fiber • Shell • Pearls Perseus with the Head of Medusa in the Loggia dei Lanzi gallery on the edge of the Piazza della Signoria in Florence; picture taken • Ivory after the statue’s cleaning and restoration. • Coral 4 Deterioration of metals • Jet (lignite) An essential cause of deterioration is corrosion of metal 5.2 Inorganic materials objects or object deterioration by interaction with the en- vironment. As the most influential factors of deteriora- • Precious and semiprecious stones (Gemstone) tion of historical objects should be pointed out as the rel- • ative humidity and air pollution while in archaeological Glass objects a crucial role has composition, depth, humidity • Enamel and amount of gasses in the soil. In cases of marine or fresh water finds the most important factors of decay are • Niello the amount and composition of soluble salts, water depth, • Ceramics amount of dissolved gases, the direction of water currents and the role of both microscopic and macroscopic living • Porcelain organisms.[2] • Plastics 5 Deterioration of materials asso- 6 Metals conservation planning ciated with metals 6.1 Basics Associated materials deteriorate depending on the origin whether they are organic or inorganic materials. Organic As with the conservation and restoration works on any materials usually fail in a relatively short period of time, other material, here are the basic tenets of conservation- primarily due to biodegradation. With inorganic mate- restoration based on the quality of execution and the best rials are these processes considerably longer and more possible preservation of cultural, historical and techno- complex. Amount of gases, humidity, depth and com- logical identity and integrity of objects. Minimal inter- position of soil are very important. In case of salty and vention, reversibility and repeatability of preferred treat- sweet water finds essential are amount of gases dissolved ment are essential, as well as the possibility of easy identi- in water, depth of water, direction of currents, and mi- fication of restored parts.[3] Recently non-toxic nature of 4 7 CONSERVATION used materials and procedures becomes important too, 6.4 Documentation both in relation to objects and conservator-restorer as a performer, but also in relation to the environment. Systematic and well-managed documentation is today an essential prerequisite for quality executed conservation and restoration treatments, including documentation of 6.2 Research the state of objects before, during and after treatment. Identification of materials and procedures used to pro- Nowadays scientific research is an integral part of the duce object and the results of any scientific research must metals conservation treatment, at least in highly devel- be part of documentation too. Last but not least- an in- oped countries. tegral part of the documentation must be a recommenda- tion for further care of object. 6.2.1 Identification of metals and alloys 6.5 Ethics and ethical problems in metals • Simple methods - visual examination, spot tests, specific gravity conservation • Scientific methods - X-ray fluorescence, XRD, The ethical concept of conservation of metal objects Particle-induced X-ray emission, LIBS, SEM, elec- in principle is the same as those in other fields of trochemical techniques, metallography conservation-restoration of cultural heritage. But there are several specific problems that can only be found in the conservation of metals - problem of heat 6.2.2 Identification of corrosion processes and treatment of archaeological objects, and the problem of products radical restoration of historic, mostly technical, but also architectonic objects too. • Simple method - visual examination, spot tests While in the first case problem is primarily in the destruc- • The Oddy test - for copper, silver, and lead tion of valuable scientific data, in case of the technical, the architectural, and somewhat less often, historical ob- • Scientific methods - xrd, SEM, metallography jects problem is that a radically restored items just simu- late the original appearance of the object, and so in some 6.2.3 Identification of materials associated with ways that objects can be considered even as, more or less metals successful fakes, which only superficially simulate long- lost or never existing state of object. • Simple methods - visual examination, spot tests, According to the above-mentioned, whenever it is pos- specific gravity sible real historical substance must be preserved. Thor- oughly documented and technically professionally exe- • Scientific methods - xrf, chromatography, cuted restoration of objects, must be avoided because such objects must be seen only as freshly painted surro- Raman spectroscopy gates of authentic historic substance. Ethical problems connected with conservation of sacred 6.2.4 Identification of technology used to produce metallic heritage objects can be included too.[4] objects • Simple methods - visual examination 7 Conservation • Scientific mehods - metallography, x-ray radiogra- phy, x-ray computed tomography 7.1 Preventive conservation Main article: Collections care 6.3 Decision making In preparing the strategy of the metals conservation Metallic heritage objects are sensitive to environmental project interdisciplinary approach to the same is essen- conditions such as temperature, humidity, air pollution tial. It implies the participation of as many experts as and exposure to light and ultraviolet light. They must be is possible, as a minimum, we can take curator (archae- protected in a controlled environment where such vari- ologist, historian, art historian), scientists specialized for ables are maintained within a range of damage-limiting corrosion of metallic objects of cultural heritage and the levels. conservator - restorer. Preventive conservation, also known as collections care, 7.2 Interventive conservation 5 is an important element of museum policy. It is an essen- 7.2.3 Reconstruction of missing parts or surface tial responsibility of members of the museum profession decoration to create and maintain a protective environment for the collections in their care, whether in store, on display, or In certain cases, metals conservator must re-create the in transit. A museum should carefully monitor the condi- lost parts of objects or restore original surface decoration. tion of collections to determine when an artifact requires This approach is accurate only if we have an exact doc- conservation work and the services of a
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