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Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. Acidere Formation 205 Catalina-Rincon Mountains Permo-Triassic evolution 36 Acigo¨l Fault 199 (Arizona, USA) 4 magmatism 39–44 acoustic fluidization 17 Central Anatolide Crystalline Complex metamorphism 36–39 Aegean extensional province 198 sedimentary basins and tectonic map 198 Central Finland Granitoid Complex 229 volcanics 44–47 tectonic setting 197–198, 200 crust detail 242, 245, 246 map 35 Aegean Sea structure interpretation 237, 238 numerical analysis of geological geodynamics 181–183 Central Volcanic Region (New Zealand) evolution geological map 140 74, 79, 81–83 model set-up 47–49 tectonic map 170, 181 chlorite, and fault strength 15 thermomechanics 50–52 Agridi Fault 126, 127, 129, 130, 131 clays, reactions and fault strength 15 numerical and natural data compared Akrata Fault 129 Coastal Fault System 141, 144, 145 52–53 Alasehir detachment 199, 205 collisional modelling 225–226 magmatism 58–64 Alasehir graben 215, 217 continental back-arc systems 73 metamorphism 53–58 Alasehir granitoid 199, 202 conceptual model 74 sedimentary basins and Alpine orogeny 34–36 studies in New Zealand, extension in volcanics 64 Amonton’s Law 11–12, 17 relation to local variables Evciler granitoid 199 Amorgos detachment crustal structure 78–81 Evia 140, 141 geological setting 171–173 extension and arc migration 78 exhumation, factors affecting 179 map 170 extension–rotation relations 78 extension timing of detachment geodetic strain estimates 76–77 and isostasy 4 methods of analysis 173 GPS strain estimates 77–78 relation to rotation 78 fission track analysis 173, 175 heat output 81–83 relation to volcanic arc migration 78 results 174 palaeomagnetic rotations 78 extension fault, defined 169 results discussed 175 summary of observations 83–85 extension rate, effect of 226 significance of results 175–176 tectonic setting 73–74 extensional collapse 225–226 amphibolite facies, Svecofennian 226, volcanic arc migration 74–76 External Hellenides 170 229, 245 cooling, and crustal thinning 4 extrusion wedge, defined 169 Anatolia core complexes 4 Eybek granitoid 199 cross-section 216, 217 and tectonites 5 geological setting 200–201 Corinth Rift 119, 120 fault breccia 11 map 199 cratonization 226 fault core, defined 11 Anatolide Block 197, 198, 199, 200 Cretan detachment 169, 170 fault gouge 11 andesites, origins of low/high K 74–76 crust feldspar, reactions and fault strength 15 Andre´ fault 141, 144, 145, 154 structure in New Zealand 78–81 Feneos Basin 127, 128 apatite FTA see fission track analysis thinning and cooling 4 fission track analysis (FTA), apatite and apatite (U–Th)/He dating Cyclades, regional geology 141 zircon studies on Ios Cycladic Basal and Upper Units 140, 141 Amorgos detachment study method 150–151 Cycladic Blueschist Unit 140, 141, 170 methods 173, 175 results 154 results 174, 175–176 significance of results 158–162 Dara Basin 127, 129, 130 Naxos study Appalachians orogen 2 Datc¸a–Kale Fault 198, 199, 217 methods 184 apparent friction 12 decollements, seismic character 233 results 184, 189 40Ar/39Ar dating 114, 202–203 detachment era, defined 1 granodiorite 184, 185, 187 asperities and flash heating 16 detachment horizons 10 metamorphic rocks 184, Attic–Cycladic Massif 180, 181 detachment zones 185, 187 Austroalpine nappe system 34 seismic character 233 sediments 184, 186, 188 magmatism 40, 41, 42 Svecofennian orogen 241, 242, 244 results discussed metamorphism 36, 37, 38 Dixie Valley (Nevada, USA) 10 granodiorite 192–193 Drossopigi Fault 125 metamorphic rocks 189–192 Baklan granitoid 199, 211, 212, 213 dynamic failure 14 sediments 193 Basal Conglomerate Unit 171, 172, 173 dynamic fragmentation 19–22 fixism and fixist concept, rise and fall Basin and Range Province 2, 3, 4 of 1–3 low-angle normal faults 9 earthquakes, and low-angle normal faults 9 flash heating 16 Bergslagen plate 227 East Anatolian Fault Zone 198 fluids, effect of Biga Peninsula 200 East Greenland, Caledonides 2 at faults 12 Bothnian Belt 229 Ecemis Fault 198 high pore pressure 13–14 boudins see Varvara boudin Egrigo¨z granitoid 199, 201–202, 211, 212, Flysch Unit 172 brittle/ductile behaviour 11 213, 214 folds, upright v. flat-lying 226 Burdur Fault 198, 199 Eliki Fault 129, 132, 133, 134, 135 friction, coefficient of, for low-angle Bu¨yu¨k Menderes graben 215, 217 Eromonsia Formation 186, 188, 189, 193 normal faults 9 Byerlee friction 9 Erzurum-Kars Plateau 198 friction in LANF, mechanics of 11–12 Eu anomaly 214 evaluation of mechanisms, granular carbon dioxide, role in faulting 11 European Alps 33 friction 17–19 cataclasite 11 geology dynamic rock fragmentation 19–22 Cataldag granitoid 199, 217 Alpine evolution 34–36 mechanical process 16–17 254 INDEX friction in LANF, mechanics of geodesy, strain measurement in New isostasy, and extension 4 (Continued) Zealand 76–77 isotherms, relation to detachment 179–180 requirement for reduction 12 Go¨ynu¨kbelen granitoid 199 Izmir–Ankara suture zone 198, 199, requirements for low strength 12–13 Gondwanaland, break-up 89 200, 217 heating 15–16 GPS, strain measurement in New Zealand high pore fluid pressure 13–14 77–78 Japan Sea, Miocene rotations 74 weak faults materials 14–15 granular friction 17–19 summary and discussion 22–25 granulite facies, Svecofennian 226, 229, Kamenitsa Fault 126, 129, 133 245 Kandila Basin 127, 129, 130, 132 Gardiki Fault 128, 132, 133 graphite, reactions and fault strength 15 Kapidag granitoid 215 geochemistry gravitational collapse 225–226 Karabiga granitoid 199 Menderes massif study 203, 206 Svecofennian Orogen 244 Karelia plate 227 methods of analysis 206 gravitational potential energy, of Karliova triple junction 198 results 206–209 thickened crust 225–226, 244 Katrandag granitoid 199 Zealandia studies Greece see Amorgos detachment; Ios; Kazdag core complex 200, 201, 215, 217 Eastern Province Naxos; Peloponnesus, Northern Kazdag mertamorphic massif 199, 200 Eweburn Tuff 101–102, 105, Gu¨ney detachment 199 Kefalonia Fault 198 106, 107 Gu¨rgenyayla granitoid 199, 215 Keitele microplate 227 Houhora Complex 102–103, Kestanbol granitoid 199 105, 106, 107 Headland Shear Zone 144–146, 158 Khelmos Fault 124, 126, 132, 133, 134 Motu Tuff 103, 104, 105, heat, effect on fault strength 15–16 Koyunoba granitoid 199, 201–202 106, 107 heat output, convective discharge in Kozak granitoid 199 Shag Valley Ignimbrite New Zealand 81–83 Krathis Fault 124, 126, 128 101–102, 104, 105, Hellenic trench 197 Ku¨c¸u¨k Menderes graben 215, 217 106, 107 Helvetic Domain 36, 40, 46 Kusc¸ayiri granitoid 199 Western Province hydrothermal fluid, role in faulting 11 Canavans Quartz Monzonites Laramide Ranges 2 102, 105, 107 Ilica granitoid 199, 217 Levidi Basin 127, 130, 132 DSDP rhyolite 103, 104, illite, and fault strength 15 Levidi Fault 126, 127, 129, 133 107 Indonesian archipeligo 226 listric faults 10 Stitts Tuff 103, 104, 105, infrastructure-superstructure concept 1–2, lithosphere, growth and classification 225 106, 107 226 Lord Howe Rise see Zealandia Whataroa Granite 103, applied to Svecofennian 244–246 low-angle normal faults (LANF) 106, 107 Inner Tauride suture 198 angle of plane 9 geochronology Intra-Pontide suture zone 198, 199 defined 10 studies on Ios Ios Detachment Fault 141, 144, 146 initiation 11 Rb/Sr geochronology Ios metamorphic core complex relation to friction coefficient 9 introduction 148–149 experimental studies relation to relief 9 methods 149 Rb/Sr geochronology tectonic settings 11 results 149–150 introduction 148–149 Lycian ophiolite nappes 140, 199, 200, thermochronology methods 149 201, 216, 217 apatite (U–Th)/He dating results 149–150 Lykouria Fault 127, 129, 132, 133 method 150–151 thermochronology results 154 apatite (U–Th)/He dating magmatism fission track analysis method 150–151 European Alps methods 151, 153 results 154 geology 39–44 results 152, 153 fission track analysis numerical modelling 47–49, results discussed methods 151, 153 50–52 age-slip relations results 152, 153 numerical modelling and geology 155–158 results discussed compared 58–64 cooling history 154–155 age-slip relations mantle degassing, role in faulting 11 temperature–time 155–158 mantle fluid, role in faulting 11 relations cooling history 154–155 Maras triple junction 198 158–159 temperature–time Marble Unit 171, 172, 173 studies in Menderes granitoids relations Marmara granitoids 199, 200–201 202–203 158–159 Median Batholith (Zealandia) 89, 90 studies in Zealandia extensional setting 139–140 melting, and fault strength 16 Eweburn Tuff 96, 97, 98, 99, geological setting 141, 142 Menderes metamorphic massif 198, 100, 101 deformation history 199, 201 Houhora Complex 92, 93, D1 143 granitoids 201 95–96, 99 D2 142–144 field relations 201–202 Motu Tuff 100 D3-5 144 geochemistry 203, 206 Shag Valley Ignimbrite 96, metamorphic history methods of analysis 206 99, 100, 101 M1 141–142 results 206–209 Western Province M2 142–143 geochronology 202–203 Canavans Quartz Monzonite petrographic analysis 147 geodynamic interpretation 93, 95, 96, 100 P–T calculation 147–148 215–216 DSDP rhyolite 93, 95, 96, 99, structural analysis 144–146 petrogenetic history 100 timing of events fractional crystallization Stitts Tuff 93, 95, 96, 100 geometry variations 159–161 214–215 Whataroa Granite 93, 95, 96, tectonic implications 161–162 melt source and evolution 99, 100, 101 temperature variations 158 212–213 INDEX 255 previous research 209–211 North Mainalon Fault Zone 127, 131, 132, magmatism 40, 41, 42, 43 Sr–Nd isotopes 213–214 133, 134, 135 metamorphism 36, 38,39 map