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Quality of Service for IP-Based Networks Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2001-03 Quality of service for IP-based networks. Sambanis, Konstantinos http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10839 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS QUALITY OF SERVICE FOR IP-BASED NETWORKS by Konstantinos Sambanis March 2001 Thesis Advisors: Gilbert M. Lundy Rex A. Buddenberg Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 20010531 053 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2001 Master's Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Quality of Service for IP-based Networks 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR (S) Sambanis, Konstantinos 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME (S) AND ADDRESS (ES) 8.PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME (S) AND ADDRESS (ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the Hellenic Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) In recent decades, the networking community has been looking for strategies to converge over a single common network infrastructure carrying voice, video and data. The pervasive and ubiquitous packet-based IP network provides the most convenient platform for the desirable convergence, where resources can be managed in an efficient and dynamic manner. The gradual convergence into the IP infrastructure introduces multimedia-rich and interactive applications that are bandwidth- intensive and delay-bound, while more sophisticated data applications are deployed that place new demands onto IP networks. The IP-based network is evolving to satisfy die requirements of traffic differentiation and reliable service. Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms are introduced to meet the traffic expectations and enhance the basic service model of the network in many subtle ways. This thesis provides a comprehensive examination of QoS mechanisms and protocols that have surfaced to optimize the utilization of network resources, to provide differentiated treatment of traffic and enforce the appropriate policies. The study proposes a balanced approach of bandwidth increase and integration of robust QoS techniques into existing IP network infrastructure to arrive at a convergent, multiservice and scalable telecommunications network. Findings from this thesis can be incorporated into the design and implementation of an integrated network within a large organization that will deliver accurate services and defined level of performances. _^ 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF Networking, Convergence, Quality of Service, IP Multiservice Network, Policy-based network, Traffic PAGES nA Management 94 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified ABSTRACT UL Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 11 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited QUALITY OF SERVICE IN IP-BASED NETWORKS Konstantinos Sambanis Lieutenant, Hellenic Navy B.S., Hellenic Naval Academy, 1989 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of Master of Science in Computer Science and Master of Science in Information Technology Management from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2001 Author: Approved by: ~rX/i—^7~ & Gilbert M. Lundy, Thesis Advisor Rex A. Buddenber^-5heSis Advisor Dan Boger, Chairman Information Systems Academic Group 111 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK IV ABSTRACT In recent decades, the networking community has been looking for strategies to converge over a single common network infrastructure carrying voice, video and data. The pervasive and ubiquitous packet-based IP network provides the most convenient platform for the desirable convergence, where resources can be managed in an efficient and dynamic manner. The gradual convergence into the EP infrastructure introduces multimedia-rich and interactive applications that are bandwidth-intensive and delay-bound, while more sophisticated data applications are deployed that place new demands onto IP networks. The IP -based network is evolving to satisfy the requirements of traffic differentiation and reliable service. Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms are introduced to meet the traffic expectations and enhance the basic service model of the network in many subtle ways. This thesis provides a comprehensive examination of QoS mechanisms and protocols that have surfaced to optimize the utilization of network resources, to provide differentiated treatment of traffic and enforce the appropriate policies. The study proposes a balanced approach of bandwidth increase and integration of robust QoS techniques into existing IP network infrastructure to arrive at a convergent, multiservice and scalable telecommunications network. Findings from this thesis can be incorporated into the design and implementation of an integrated network within a large organization that will deliver accurate services and defined level of performances. THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK VI TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. NETWORKS OF THE 1990S 1 B. RECENT ADVANCES IN QUALITY OF SERVICE 2 C. OBJECTIVE 3 D. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 3 E. ORGANIZATION OF THESIS .5 II. CONVERGENCE OF IP-BASED AND VOICE NETWORKS 7 A. NETWORK PERFORMANCE METRICS 7 B. THE NATURE OF IP-BASED DATA NETWORK 8 1. Internet Protocol 9 2. Transport Protocols 10 3. Connectionless and Stateless Nature 11 C. THE NATURE OF VOICE NETWORKS 12 1. General 12 2. Structure 13 3. Observations . 15 D. THE TREND FOR CONVERGENCE IN IP-BASED NETWORK 15 E. APPLICATIONS REQUIREMENTS 18 1. Elastic / Inelastic Applications 19 2. Voice Considerations 20 3. Video Considerations 24 4. Synopsis Of Application Requirements 25 III. QUALITY OF SERVICE PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS 27 A. QUALITY OF SERVICE DEFINITION 27 B. QUALITY OF SERVICE PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION 28 C. QUALITY OF SERVICE VS OVERPROVISIONING 29 D. QUALITY OF SERVICE FUNCTIONS 31 1. Prioritizing Traffic 32 2. Signaling Traffic Requirements 34 3. Congestion Control 37 4. Policing 42 IV. QUALITY OF SERVICE MODELS 49 A. INTEGRATED SERVICES MODEL 49 1. IntServ Strengths 50 2. IntServ Weaknesses 51 B. DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES MODEL 52 1. DiffServ Strengths 54 2. DiffServ Weaknesses 54 C. AN INTEGRATED/DIFFERENTIATED HYBRID MODEL 54 V. FUTURE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE PROPOSITION 57 vn A. UPGRADE OF NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH FIBER OPTICS DEPLOYMENT 59 B. QUALITY OF SERVICE IMPLEMENTATION 60 1. Classification and Prioritization by End Systems 63 2. Functions Performed by Edge Devices 65 3. Incorporation of Bandwidth Brokers 66 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 69 A. CURRENT STATE OF NETWORKS 69 B. RECCOMENDATIONS AND EXPECTATIONS FOR FUTURE NETWORKS 70 C. TOPICS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 71 LIST OF REFERENCES 73 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 75 Vlll LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Requirements of Voice, Video and Data Traffic 8 Figure 2. Data Network Infrastructure 9 Figure 3. Layers of TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10 Figure 4. PSTN Infrastructure 14 Figure 5. Bypassing Long-Haul PSTN Connections Using IP WAN Access 17 Figure 6. End-to-End Converged IP Network 18 Figure 7. Bit Rates, Payload Sizes and Delays Induced By Coding Schemes 21 Figure 8. RTP / RTCP Protocols 22 Figure 9. Application Requirements In Terms of Performance Metrics 26 Figure 10. Bandwidth Mismatches In Military Network. "From Ref. 11" 31 Figure 11. IPv4 Type Of Service(TOS) Byte 33 Figure 12. RSVP Signaling Process 36 Figure 13. Packet Size Optimization And Fragmentation 41 Figure 14. Protocol Header Compression 42 Figure 15. Policy Framework 45 Figure 16. Policy-based Network Environment 47 Figurel7. DiffServ Field ...II....Z.Z52 Figure 18. An Integrated/Differentiated Hybrid Model 55 Figure 19. Proposed Service Levels 64 Figure 20. QoS Mappings For Defined Service Levels 64 Figure 21. Sitara QoS Integrated Solution 66 Figure 22. Bandwidth Brokers Implementation 68 IX THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK LIST OF ACRONYMS ACELP Adaptive Code Excited Linear Prediction ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AF Assured Forwarding ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AWE) Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Data CLI Command Line Interface CODEC Coder-Decoder COPS Common Open Policy Service DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DiffServ Differentiated Services DNS Domain Name Service DSCP DiffServ Code Point DSL Digital Subscriber Loop EF
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