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Getting Started withUbuntu 16.04 Copyright © 2010–2016 by The Ubuntu Manual Team. Some rights reserved. c b a This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, see Appendix A, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/, or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04 can be downloaded for free from http:// ubuntu-manual.org/ or purchased from http://ubuntu-manual.org/buy/ gswu1604/en_US. A printed copy of this book can be ordered for the price of printing and delivery. We permit and even encourage you to distribute a copy of this book to colleagues, friends, family, and anyone else who might be interested. http://ubuntu-manual.org Revision number: 125 Revision date: 2016-05-03 22:38:45 +0200 Contents Prologue 5 Welcome 5 Ubuntu Philosophy 5 A brief history of Ubuntu 6 Is Ubuntu right for you? 7 Contact details 8 About the team 8 Conventions used in this book 8 1 Installation 9 Getting Ubuntu 9 Trying out Ubuntu 10 Installing Ubuntu—Getting started 11 Finishing Installation 16 2 The Ubuntu Desktop 19 Understanding the Ubuntu desktop 19 Unity 19 The Launcher 21 The Dash 21 Workspaces 24 Managing windows 24 Unity’s keyboard shortcuts 26 Browsing files on your computer 26 Files file manager 27 Searching for files and folders on your computer 29 Customizing your desktop 30 Accessibility 32 Session options 33 Getting help 34 3 Working with Ubuntu 37 All the applications you need 37 Getting online 39 Browsing the web 46 Reading and composing email 55 Using instant messaging 59 Microblogging 64 Viewing and editing photos 65 Watching videos and movies 68 Listening to audio and music 69 Burning cds and dvds 73 Working with documents, spreadsheets, and presentations 77 4 Hardware 79 Using your devices 79 Hardware identification 79 Displays 79 4 getting started with ubuntu 16.04 Connecting and using your printer 81 Sound 82 Using a webcam 83 Scanning text and images 84 Keyboard and mouse 84 Other devices 85 5 Software Management 87 Software management in Ubuntu 87 Using Software Center 88 Managing additional software 91 Manual software installation 94 Updates and upgrades 94 6 Advanced Topics 97 Ubuntu for advanced users 97 Introduction to the terminal 97 Ubuntu file system structure 99 Securing Ubuntu 100 Why Ubuntu is safe 100 Basic security concepts 101 Users and groups 101 System updates 104 Firewall 104 Encryption 105 Running Windows Programs on Ubuntu 106 7 Troubleshooting 111 Resolving problems 111 Troubleshooting guide 111 Getting more help 116 8 Learning More 117 What else can I do with Ubuntu? 117 Open source software 117 Distribution families 117 Choosing amongst Ubuntu and its derivatives 118 Finding additional help and support 120 The Ubuntu community 121 Contributing 122 A License 123 Creative Commons Attribution–ShareAlike 3.0 Legal Code 123 Creative Commons Notice 129 Glossary 131 Credits 135 Index 137 Prologue Welcome Welcome to Getting Started with Ubuntu, an introductory guide written to help new users get started with Ubuntu. Our goal is to cover the basics of Ubuntu (such as installation and work- ing with the desktop) as well as hardware and software management, work- ing with the command line, and security. We designed this guide to be simple to follow, with step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots, allowing you to discover the potential of your new Ubuntu system. Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months; every fourth release is a so-called long-term support (lts) version. Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release, and an alliterative code name using an adjective and an an- imal. Code names are in consecutive alphabetic order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. Ubuntu 16.04 (code-named Xenial Xerus) is considered a so-called lts version and is supported by Canon- ical with patches and upgrades for five years. The previous lts version is Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty Tahr), and has support for five years (until April 2019). Whenever a new LTS version of Ubuntu is released, we will incorpo- rate updates and changes into our guide, and make a new version available at http://www.ubuntu-manual.org. Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04 is not intended to be a comprehensive Ubuntu instruction manual. It is a quick-start guide that will get you do- ing the things you need to do with your computer easily, without getting bogged down with technical details. With the help of this guide, it should not take long before new users get used to the Unity desktop environment. Unity includes the Launcher, the Dash, the hud, indicators, and an on- screen display notification system (osd). All these features will be explained in this guide. For more detailed information on any aspect of the Ubuntu desktop, see the “Ubuntu Desktop Guide,” which can be obtained in any of the following ways: ‣ in the Dash, type help. ‣ in the indicator area, click Session indicator ‣ Ubuntu Help. ‣ go to https://help.ubuntu.com, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ‣ Desktop HTML. There are also many excellent resources available on the Internet. For example, on https://help.ubuntu.com you will find documentation on in- stalling and using Ubuntu. At the Ubuntu Forums (http://ubuntuforums.org) and Ask Ubuntu (http://askubuntu.com), you will find answers to many Ubuntu-related questions. You can find more information about Ubuntu’s If something isn’t covered in this manual, chances are you will find the online and system documentation in Chapter 8: Learning More. information you are looking for in one of those locations. We will try our best to include links to more detailed help wherever we can. Ubuntu Philosophy People sometimes wonder how to pronounce The term “Ubuntu” is a traditional African concept originating fromthe Ubuntu. Each u is pronounced the same as in the word put except for the last u which is Bantu languages of southern Africa. It can be described as a way of con- pronounced the same as in the word due. 6 getting started with ubuntu 16.04 necting with others—living in a global community where your actions affect all of humanity. Ubuntu is more than just an operating system: itis a community of people coming together voluntarily to collaborate on an international software project that aims to deliver the best possible user experience. The Ubuntu Promise ‣ Ubuntu will always be free of charge, along with its regular enterprise releases and security updates. ‣ Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from Canonical and hun- dreds of companies from across the world. ‣ Ubuntu provides the best translations and accessibility features that the free software community has to offer. ‣ Ubuntu’s core applications are all free and open source. We want you to use free and open source software, improve it, and pass it on. A brief history of Ubuntu Ubuntu was conceived in 2004 by Mark Shuttleworth, a successful South African entrepreneur, and his company Canonical. Shuttleworth recognized To learn more about Canonical, go to http:// the power of Linux and open source, but was also aware of weaknesses that www.canonical.com. prevented mainstream use. Shuttleworth set out with clear intentions to address these weaknesses and create a system that was easy to use, completely free (see Chapter 8: Learning More for the complete definition of “free”), and could compete with other mainstream operating systems. With the Debian system as a base, Shuttleworth began to build Ubuntu. Using his own funds atfirst, Debian is the Linux operating system that installation cds were pressed and shipped worldwide at no cost to the Ubuntu is based upon. For more information visit http://www.debian.org/. recipients. Ubuntu spread quickly, its community grew rapidly, and soon Ubuntu became the most popular Linux distribution available. With more people working on the project than ever before, its core features and hardware support continue to improve, and Ubuntu has gained the attention of large organizations worldwide. While large organizations often find it useful to pay for support services, For information on Ubuntu Server Edition, Shuttleworth has promised that the Ubuntu desktop operating system and how you can use it in your company, visit http://www.ubuntu.com/server. will always be free. Ubuntu is installed on an estimated 2% of the world’s computers. This equates to tens of millions of users worldwide, andis growing each year. As there is no compulsory registration, the percentage of Ubuntu users should be treated as an estimate. What is Linux? Ubuntu is built on the foundation of Linux, which is a member of the Unix family. Unix is one of the oldest types of operating systems, and together with Linux has provided reliability and security for professional applica- tions for almost half a century. Many servers around the world that store data for popular websites (such as YouTube and Google) run some variant of Linux or Unix. The popular Android system for smartphones is a Linux variant; modern in-car computers usually run on Linux. Even OS X is based on Unix. The Linux kernel is best described as the core—almost the brain —of the Ubuntu operating system. The Linux kernel is the controller of the operating system; it is responsi- prologue 7 ble for allocating memory and processor time. It can also be thought of as the program which manages any and all applications on the computer itself.
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    Excerpts of Chapters from A Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linux® FOURTH EDITION Mark G. Sobell ISBN-13: 978-0-13-392731-3 CopyrightExcerpt © 2015 Mark G. Sobell Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Blank Excerpt 3 Step-by-Step Installation 3Chapter3 In This Chapter Objectives Booting Ubuntu and Running a After reading this chapter you should be able to: Live Session. 56 Run a live session and use gnome-disks to view and Automatic Boot Sequence . 56 change disk partitioning Running a Live Session. 59 Install Ubuntu from a live session Installing from a Live Session . 60 Install Ubuntu using the Server Image Installing from the Desktop Modify system behavior using boot parameters Boot Menu . 61Excerpt Modify partitions during installation The ubiquity Graphical Installer. 61 The ubiquity Advanced Partitioning List the requirement and considerations for a dual- Screen. 67 boot configuration Advanced Installation. 71 Modifying Boot Parameters (Options) . 75 debian-installer: The Ubuntu Textual Installer . 78 gnome-disks: The GNOME Disk Utility . 88 Setting Up a Dual-Boot System . 91 5555 56 Chapter 3 Step-by-Step Installation Chapter 2 covered planning the installation of Ubuntu: determining the requirements; planning the layout of the hard disk; obtaining the files you need for the installation, including how to download and burn or write Desktop and Server Images to installa- tion media; and collecting information about the system. This chapter focuses on installing Ubuntu. Frequently the installation is quite simple, especially if you have done a good job of planning.