Higgins Family

Habent sua fata libelli

Early Modern Studies Series General Editor Michael Wolfe Queens College, CUNY Editorial Board of Early Modern Studies Elaine Beilin Mary B. McKinley Framingham State College University of Virginia

Christopher Celenza Raymond A. Mentzer Johns Hopkins University University of Iowa

Barbara B. Diefendorf Robert V. Schnucker Boston University Truman State University, Emeritus

Paula Findlen Nicholas Terpstra Stanford University University of Toronto

Scott H. Hendrix Margo Todd Princeton Theological Seminary University of Pennsylvania

Jane Campbell Hutchison James Tracy University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Minnesota

Merry Wiesner-Hanks University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 2 6/15/17 9:03 AM Early Modern Studies 20 Truman State University Press Kirksville, Missouri

Cover art: A little girl stands in a room working with a needle and thread. Etching by Bou- lard the younger (1852–1927) after Laura Alma Tadema. Wellcome Library, London (ICV No. 39360), Creative Commons License. Cover design: Teresa Wheeler

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Uszkalo, Kirsten C., 1973– author. Title: Being bewitched : a true tale of madness, witchcraft, and property development gone wrong / Kirsten C. Uszkalo. Description: Kirksville, MO : Truman State University Press, 2017. | Series: Early modern studies ; 20 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016048481 (print) | LCCN 2017003685 (ebook) | ISBN 9781612481654 (library binding : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781612481661 Subjects: LCSH: Witchcraft—England—London—History—17th century. | Jennings, Elizabeth, active 1622. Classification: LCC BF1581 .Z7 2017 (print) | LCC BF1581 (ebook) | DDC 133.4/30942109032—ººdc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048481

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher.

The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 4 6/15/17 9:03 AM Soo at this end of that Booke the Dr. questions relating to the nature of this Disease; & how to ease hir; and whither she were bewitched, or only troubled with the Epilipsie of the Mother.

—Elias Ashmole, Autograph commentary on BL MS 36674 (1690)

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 5 6/15/17 9:03 AM Contents

List of Illustrations | x Principal Dramatis Personæ | xi Genealogical Charts | xv Maps | xix Chronology | xxi Introduction: “My mother sawe her in the kitchin” | 1 Provenance and Pattern Chapter 1: The Background: Landed Power, Lunacy, and Libraries | 16 Power in the Land The Lunatic Lord Being in Thistleworth Chapter 2: Blood Evidence: Sickness in the Blood | 34 Summoning Simeon Foxe Mentioning Margaret Russell Chapter 3: Comparables: Familial Witchcraft | 51 Scandalized Cecils Bad Manners Chapter 4: Models and Accusations for Being Bewitched | 67 Dazzling Demoniacs Preternatural Authority Chapter 5: Tensions: Prohibitions and Projects | 87 Lawmen and Long Acre

Langford, Churchill, Fenlands

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BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 7 6/15/17 9:03 AM Gviii Contents Chapter 6: Tensions: Magics and Medicines | 107 Gunpowder Alley Black and White Court Clerkenwell and Newgate The Female Physician Chapter 7: The New Suspect: The Apothecary | 129 The House of Higgins Piccadillies and Piccadilly Chapter 8: Witnesses and Persons of Interest, Bedside & Barside | 149 Frequent Visitors Ordinary Visitors Chapter 9: Wrap Up: The Final Expert Assessment | 164 Richard Napier Chapter 10: Post-bewitchment: Elizabeth Jenyns of St. Mary le Savoy | 172 “East, west, north and south, all these lye” Conclusion: “They had power over all them” | 180 Appendix 1: “Of Elizabeth Jennings being bewitched,” 1622 | 187 Appendix 2: Indictments, 27 October 1616 and 3 December 1616 | 195 Appendix 3: Napier on Elizabeth Jennings, 1622 | 198 Appendix 4: Napier on Bulbeck, Arpe, and Latch, 1623 | 200 Appendix 5: John Latch’s Signature, 1620, 1622 | 202 Bibliography | 203 Index | 225 About the Author | 231

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 8 6/15/17 9:03 AM Illustrations

A. Map A: Detail of John Roque, Map of London, 1746, showing Marga- ret Russell’s area of activity. Courtesy of the Motco Project, Guild- ford, UK (www.motco.com). | xx

B. Map B: Detail of John Roque, Map of London, 1746, showing development areas in vicinity of Piccadilly (Higgins/Baker family), Long Acre (William Slingsby and Thomas Cecil), and the Strand. Courtesy of the Motco Project, Guildford, UK (www.motco.com). | xxi

1. Detail of from Andrew Dury & John Andrews, A Topographical Map of Hertfordshire, 1766 (Reprint, London, 1782), showing the location of Saundridge in Hertfordshire. Courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (2220 B, 1–9). | 19

2. Holywell House, Hertfordshire, from John Britton, The Beauties of England and Wales or Original Delineations Topographical, Historical and Descriptive of each County Embellished with Engravings, vol. 9 (Hertfordshire by London, 1807). | 21

3. The Jennings family’s coat of arms, from John Burke, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 3 (London: R. Bentley, 1836), page 582. | 22

4. The Parish Church of St. Helen, Ainderby Steeple. Photo by Kreuzsch- nabel, 2013. Wikimedia Commons/GNU Free Documentation License. | 27

5. Former rectory, Congresbury © Copyright Derek Harper and licensed

for reuse under the Creative Commons License. | 28

G G ix

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 9 6/15/17 9:03 AM Gx Illustrations 6. Syon House (present day). Photo by Maxwell Hamilton, 2009. Wiki- media Commons/Creative Commons License. | 32

7. The Coat of Arms for the College of Physicians, ca. 1546, Lasdun Building, Regent’s Park. From History of Medicine Topographical Database/Creative Commons License. | 43

8. The Latch family crest, signaling John Latch’s work on the Fenlands drainage project. | 101

9. The Latch Monument in Churchill, purportedly representing John Latch and Sarah Latch (or Dorothy Jennings) and their children. Image courtesy of Chris Lee. | 103

10. Either Sarah Latch or Dorothy Jennings, detail of the Latch Monu- ment. Image courtesy of Chris Lee. | 104

11. Newgate, from Old London Illustrated: A Series of Drawings by the late H. W. Brewer, illustrating London in the XVIth century . . . (London: The Builder, 1921). | 119

12. Coat of Arms for the Society of Apothecaries, ca. 1620, from C. R. B. Barrett, The History of the Society of Apothecaries of London (London: Elliot Stock, 1903). | 132

13. Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy: A Royal Peculiar. Photo by Neddyseadragon, 2007. Wikimedia Commons/GNU Free Documen- tation License. | 174

14. John Latch’s signatures, from the Records of the Exchequer, and its related bodies, with those of the Ofﬁce of First Fruits and Tenths, and the Court of Augmentations 18 James I (1620–1621). | 202

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 10 6/15/17 9:03 AM Principal Dramatis Personæ

Jennings Family Elizabeth Jennings: bewitched or hysterical thirteen-year-old daughter of John Jennings and Dorothy (Bulbeck) Jennings, stepdaughter to John Latch; accused Margaret Russell (and three others) of witchcraft Dorothy Jennings: mother of Elizabeth and Thomas Latch (and others), wife of John Jennings, then of John Latch, daughter of Thomas Bul- beck and Ursula (Grey) Bulbeck John Jennings: “the Lunatic Lord,” father to Elizabeth and John Jennings Thomas Jennings: brother to Elizabeth, stepbrother to Franke, son of John Latch and Dorothy Jennings; later business partner to John Latch John Latch: stepfather to Elizabeth and Thomas and father to Franke, second husband to Dorothy Jennings, later business partner of Thomas Jennings Franke Latch: daughter of Dorothy Jennings and John Latch, stepsister to Elizabeth and Thomas Latch

Cecil Family Robert Cecil: 1st Earl of Salisbury, half brother to Thomas Cecil; watched over the division of the Jennings estate Thomas Cecil: 1st Earl of Exeter, husband to Frances Brydges, father of William, Elizabeth, and Georgi-Anne Frances Brydges: second wife of Thomas Cecil, mother of Georgi-Anne;

accused of witchcraft by her daughter-in-law Elizabeth (Brydges) Cecil

G G xi

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 11 6/15/17 9:03 AM Gxii Principal Dramatis Personæ Georgi-Anne Cecil: daughter of Thomas Cecil and Frances Brydges; died from phlebotomy

Higgins Family Stephen Higgins: apothecary, master to Nicholas Culpeper; physician to Mary Gargrave and Robert Cecil; builder; fought with and accused by Russell of bewitching the Jennings/Latch home Mary Higgins (the elder): wife of Stephen Higgins; made comment about Jennings/Latch family not able to prosper because of the fallout of ongoing feud between families Arnold Higgins: son of Stephen Higgins; builder; fought with Jennings/ Latch family Mary Higgins (the younger): daughter of Stephen Higgins; wife of developer Robert Baker Robert Baker: husband to Mary Higgins Jr.; prosperous tailor; popular- ized piccadilles; builder

Goodcole Family Anne Goodcole: female physician; previously prescribed Elizabeth medicine; had knowledge of conﬂict between Higgins and Jennings house; wife of Henry Goodcole Henry Goodcole: author of famous witch text; regular visitor at Newgate Prison; led pseudo-legal examination of Russell; husband of Anne Goodcole Frances Ashton: female physician; possibly had knowledge of conﬂict between Higgins and Jennings houses; sister of Anne Goodcole

Medical Team Simeon Foxe: aka Doctor Foxe; physician, primary caregiver to Elizabeth; later president of the Royal College of Physicians Richard Napier: astrological-physician; later treated Elizabeth, John Latch, Franke Latch William Giddings: a surgeon named as witness to Elizabeth’s accusation against Russell

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 12 6/15/17 9:03 AM Principal Dramatis Personæ xiii G Examiners William Slingsby: justice, developer; examined Russell, Anne and Henry Goodcole, and Frances Ashton Thomas Fowler: Baron of Islington; justice, developer; husband of Lady Elizabeth Fowler and father of Jane Fowler (and ten others); examined Russell, Anne and Henry Goodcole, and Frances Ashton Thomas Bates: aka Doctor Bates, apothecary; examined Russell, Anne and Henry Goodcole, and Frances Ashton

Witches Margaret Russell: aka Countess; accused witch, frequent visitor; impris- oned, questioned by Slingsby, Fowler, Bates, and Goodcoles; center of female medical/spiritual knowledge network Jane Flower: accused witch, may be Jane Fowler, wife of Sir Thomas Fowler Sr. or daughter of Sir Thomas Fowler Jr.; possible reference to Lincolnshire witches Katharine Stubbs: accused witch, possible reference to A Crystal Glass for Christian Women (1591) Nan Wood: accused witch, possibly Agnes Wood

Witnesses Elizabeth Arpe: aka Nan Arpe, a neighbor; witness to onset of Elizabeth’s bewitchment and her continued sickness; patient of Richard Napier Mary Gargrave: former maid of honor to Queen Anne; witness to Eliza- beth’s bewitchment and Mary Higgins’s threat to the Jennings Katharine Percy: a witness to Elizabeth’s accusations against Russell Faith Saxton: a witness to Elizabeth’s accusations against Russell Agnes Faulkner: a servant who acted as a witness to Elizabeth’s accusations against Russell Anne Bradborne: a witness to Elizabeth’s accusations against Russell Katharine Browne: a servant, witness to Elizabeth’s accusations against Russell

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 13 6/15/17 9:03 AM Vere Jennnings xv G children and 6 other 6 other and Philip Jennings John John John John Latch Jennings == m. 2 children Franke and 2 and Franke James James or more other other or more

* Jennings Bulbeck Sarah Sarah Dorothy Dorothy Latch == Thomas Thomas Jennings == m. 2 == Roger Jennings Sir John John Sir Vera Jennings Balmer == m. 1 * Duplicate reference on another family tree. family another on reference * Duplicate Thomas Thomas Jennings Anne Bronnecker Grace Grace Jennings JENNINGS ELIZABETH ELIZABETH Ralph Jennings Hill Frances Frances == Ralph == Jennings == Abigail Masham Dorothy Baroness Masham Baroness Hill Elizabeth Elizabeth Joan Thomas Thomas Jennings Bronnecker Joan Alice Ann Spencer Skipwith Jennings == == Elizabeth William Skipwith George George == Jennings Thomas Thomas Skipwith Frances Jennings d. 1612 Sir John John Sir Jennings c. 1647–1730 c. Robert == Ralph Jennings d. 1543 Rowlet Esq. Cooke Margaret Margaret Ralph Sir G. G. Sir Jennings == Hamilton m. 2 * Frances Frances Grifith Barbara Rowlet Thornhurst Sir RalphSir c. 1513–1558 == == Jennings Family Jennings m. 1 Richard Richard Jennings c. 1660–1744 c. Bowles Dorothy Dorothy of Marlborough Sarah, Countess Countess Sarah, d. 1619-1668

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 15 6/15/17 9:03 AM and 8 and others Gxvi m. 1608 m. Cecily Tufton Cecily == m. 2 Bridget Bridget Morrison Francis Francis d. 1620 Manners == m. 2 c. 1527–1585 c. Francis Russell Francis 2nd Earl Bedford 2nd Earl Henry d. 1613 c. 1578–1632 c. Manners 6th Earl Rutland 6th Earl Francis Manners Francis 8th Baron de Ros 8th Baron * == c. 1470–1513 c. 1488–1543 c. m. 1 c. 1516–1563 c. Manners George Manners George Henry Manners Elizabeth Elizabeth Thomas Manners Thomas 11th Baron deRos 11th Baron 1st Earl of Rutland Earl 1st 2nd Earl of Rutland 2nd Earl c. 1555–1590 c. c. 1592–1628 == George Villiers George d. 1605 m.1536 m. 1602 m. Duke of Buckingham Duke Charlton Elizabeth Elizabeth Frances Knyvet Frances == == m.1620 Neville d. 1559 Margaret Margaret c.1576–1612 d. 1649 Roger Manners c. 1559–1588 c. 5th Earl Rutland 5th Earl John Manners John 4th Earl of Rutland 4th Earl Katherine Manners 19th Baroness de Ros 19th Baroness Drury Cecil Elizabeth Elizabeth d. 1658 Lady Diana Lady Diana == m.1591 * Cecil d. 1672 Lady Elizabeth Lady Elizabeth c. 1566–1640 William Cecil William 2nd Earl Exeter Cecil m. 1629 m. Lady Anne == m.1589 * Isabel Isabel Holcroft == c. 1590–1627 c. William Cecil William 17th Baron de Ros 17th Baron c. 1575–1591 == Lady Elizabeth Manners Lady Elizabeth 16th Baroness de Ros 16th Baroness

* Duplicate reference on another family tree. family another on reference * Duplicate Cecil Family Maternal Lake c. 1549–1587 c. m. 1615 m. Elizabeth Elizabeth Edward Manners Edward 3rd Earl of Rutland Earl 3rd

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 16 6/15/17 9:03 AM xvii G Robert Cecil c. 1563–1612 c. 1st Earl Salisbury Earl 1st Cooke Mildred Mildred Frances Frances Brydges c. 1526–1589 c. c. 1580–1663 c. == == m. 2 Cecil m.1545 Coke Elizabeth Elizabeth Georgi-Anne Georgi-Anne c. 1616–1621 c.

Anne * Fitzwilliam == children d. 1696 c. 1542–1622 c. Thomas Cecil Thomas 1st Earl Exeter Earl 1st Slingsby and 9 other 9 other and Elizabeth Elizabeth c. 1520–1598 c. William Cecil William 1st Baron Burghly Baron 1st == m. 1 == Cooke m. 2 == m. 1 Anthony Anthony Coke * Sir Edward Edward Sir c. 1552–1634 c. Neville Mary Clark Dorothy Dorothy d. 1543 == c. 1548–1609 c. m.1598 John Villiers John c. 1591–1658 Cooke Margaret Margaret 1st Viscount Burbeck Viscount 1st Cecil Elizabeth Elizabeth == c. 1578–1646 c. == m. 2 m.1617

* == m. 1 Rowlett Sir RalphSir Frances Coke c. 1599–1645 c. c. 1513–1571 Newport Sir WilliamSir c. 1540–1597 c. == m. 1 Cecil d. 1658 Lady Diana Lady Diana Drury Elizabeth Elizabeth Bowles Dorothy Dorothy == m.1591 Cecil * d. 1672 Lady Elizabeth Lady Elizabeth Cecil Lady Anne c. 1566–1640 William Cecil William 2nd Earl Exter Earl 2nd == m.1589 c. 1590–1627 c. * Cecil William 17th Baron de Ros 17th Baron == * Duplicate reference on another family tree. family another on reference * Duplicate Cecil Family Paternal c. 1575–1591 Lake m. 1615 m. Elizabeth Elizabeth Lady Elizabeth Manners Lady Elizabeth 16th Baroness de Ros 16th Baroness

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 17 6/15/17 9:03 AM Gxviii Slingsby Sir WilliamSir Maragaret Montague * == m. 2 sisters Slingsby 2 other 2 other Elizabeth Elizabeth Grey Ursula Ursula William Slingsby == Francis == m.1582 c. 1621–1688 c. Henry Slingsby Thomas Thomas

Bulbeck * Board Bulbeck Dorothy Dorothy Elizabeth Elizabeth Slingsby Family Slingsby Family Bulbeck Susan Arnold c. 1588–1652 c. Higgins Samuel Mary == Slye Mary Robert Villiers Christopher Christopher c. 1593–1630 c. == m. 2 c. 1574–1606 c. George Villiers George Higgins * Stephen Mary == Baker Robert == m. 1 c. 1592–1628 8 children George Villiers George Duke of Buckingham Duke c. 1570–1632 c. Mary Beaumont * Elizabeth Elizabeth Nightingale John Villiers John c. 1591–1658 1st Viscount Burbeck Viscount 1st * Duplicate reference on another family tree. family another on reference * Duplicate Family Villiers Higgins Family

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 18 6/15/17 9:03 AM xix G

2 4

1 3 5

Map A: Detail of John Roque, Map of London, 1746, showing Margaret Russell’s area of activity. Courtesy of the Motco Project, Guildford, UK (www.motco.com).

1. Gunpowder Alley 2. Newgate Prison 3. Black and White Court 4. Old Bailey 5. Amen Corner 6. St. Paul’s Church

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 19 6/15/17 9:03 AM Gxx

2 7

6 5

Map B: Detail of John Roque, Map of London, 1746, showing development areas in vicinity of Piccadilly (Higgins/Baker family), Long Acre (William Slingsby and Thomas Cecil), and the Strand. Courtesy of the Motco Project, Guildford, UK (www.motco.com).

1. Piccadilly 2. Long Acre 3. Buckingham Street 4. Cecil House 5. York House 6. St. Mary’s Church 7. The Strand

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 20 6/15/17 9:03 AM Chronology

27 October 1616: Dorothy Jennings, her mother, Ursula Bulbeck (and eleven others) indicted for unlawful and armed assembly, disturbance of the peace, assaulting of Henry Fisher and James Axtell. 27 October 1616: Having broken down a wall, Stephen and Arnold Higgins, James Axtell, and Henry Fisher are indicted for starting a riot and for misdemeanor on John Latch’s property; given a formal warning that they need to maintain good behavior; they ask for a speedy trial. 3 December 1616: Writ created to summon a jury of twenty-four men in St. Mary Savoy in the Strand for the 3 January 1617 trial of Dorothy Jennings (Latch), Ursula Bulbeck, Samuel Lee, William Whaverley, Robert Houghton, and Robert Gray for trespass and riot. 3 January 1617: Trial; result unknown. Date Unknown: A child of Jennings-Latch union grows sick; Russell visits Higgins house to see, or arrives with, Mary Gargrave; Mary Higgins makes first ominous prediction that the Jennings “had much wronged them and that it wold come home by them and theirs.” 13 January 1622, Isleworth, London Borough of Hounslow: Elizabeth becomes sick, stops eating meat. 15 February 1622, Isleworth, London Borough of Hounslow: Elizabeth grows sicker and can no longer stand. 19 January 1622, Isleworth, London Borough of Hounslow: Elizabeth begins having fits and “talks idly”; Simeon Foxe comes to treat Eliz- abeth, but takes her back to rooms at Amen Corner in London; her body aches and she sobs incessantly. 28 February 1622 (approx.), Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth’s fits regularize, arriving at midnight and lasting 4 hours. She moans, sighs,

complains of severe pain in different parts of her body.

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BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 21 6/15/17 9:03 AM Gxxii Chronology March 1622 [exact date unknown], Gunpowder Alley, London: Marga- ret Russell visits Mrs. Saxby, a demoniac, seeking help for Elizabeth; Saxby suggests Elizabeth needs a special book and seminary priest. 17 March 1622, Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth experiences severe convulsions resulting in cognitive impairment, memory loss, and numbing of her right side; medical treatment proves counterproduc- tive. 20 April 1622 (Saturday), Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth can only stammer and stutter. 21 April 1622 (Easter Sunday), Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth cannot speak throughout the day; her power of speech returns at night. 22 April 1622 (Easter Monday), Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth experiences violent fits twice in twenty-four hours; remains speechless. 23 April 1622 (Tuesday), Amen Corner, London: Diagnostic team debates over three courses of treatment for Elizabeth: oil bath, induce vomiting, or phlebotomy. 24 April 1622 (Wednesday), Amen Corner, London: Physicians induce vomiting, but there is no improvement; they decide to bleed Eliz- abeth; Margaret Russell “the Countess” appears in the MS at this moment, with the dire warning that Georgi-Anne Cecil had been killed by bleeding and Elizabeth might be too. 25 April 1622 (Thursday) 6 am, Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth begins to speak to an apparition of “the Countess” (Russell) during her fit. 25 April 1622 (Thursday), Black and White Court, London: Russell visits Mrs. Dromondby looking for treatment for Elizabeth; she refers her to Anne Goodcole. 25 April 1622 (Thursday), Clerkenwell, London Borough of Islington: Russell visits Frances Ashton and Anne Goodcole in Clerkenwell; Goodcole tells her she had prescribed medicine, but the child would not take it; Goodcole suggested that two of Dorothy Jennings’s children had died because of a conflict between the Jennings and Higgins houses. 25 April 1622 (Thursday) afternoon, Amen Corner, London: Elizabeth is bled. 25 April 1622 (Thursday) late afternoon, Amen Corner, London: Eliza- beth accuses four witches (Jane Flower, Katharine Stubbs, Countesse, Nan Wood) of bewitching her and her siblings; claims her mother and Nan Arpe saw her bewitchment happen.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 22 6/15/17 9:03 AM Chronology xxiii G 25 April 1622 (Thursday) evening, the Strand, London: Dorothy Jen- nings and John Latch take Margaret Russell to Sir William Slingsby, who examines her. 25 April 1622 (Thursday) midnight, the Strand, London: Slingsby issues a warrant to have Russell committed to Newgate. 26 April 1622 (Friday) 10–11 am, James the Clerk’s house in the Old Bailey, London: Henry Goodcole et al. have Russell removed from Newgate and interrogate her at James the Clerk’s house in the Old Bailey; Elizabeth suffers severe ﬁts concurrently. 26 April 1622 (Friday) afternoon, James the Clerk’s house in the Old Bailey, London: Thomas Fowler, William Slingsby, and Thomas Bates interrogate Russell; she admits to being interrogated by Goodcole et al. and now claims Frances Ashton, not Anne Goodcole, mentioned the controversy between the Jennings and Higgins houses. 27 April 1622 (Saturday) afternoon, James the Clerk’s house in the Old Bailey, London: Thomas Fowler, William Slingsby, and Thomas Bates interrogate Frances Ashton; she admits to being part of the group who interrogated Russell until she wept, but denied knowledge of Higgins/Jennings feud. 27 April 1622 (Saturday) afternoon, James the Clerk’s house in the Old Bailey, London: Thomas Fowler, William Slingsby, and Thomas Bates interrogate Anne Goodcole, who admits to administering medicines to Elizabeth (and others) denied knowledge of Higgins/Jennings feud. 27 April 1622 (Saturday) afternoon, James the Clerk’s house in the Old Bailey, London: Thomas Fowler, William Slingsby, and Thomas Bates interrogate Henry Goodcole, who admits to interrogating Russell. 30 July 1622, Great Linford, Buckinghamshire: Dorothy Jennings takes Elizabeth and John Latch to see Richard Napier; he reviews her case, determines she will die within six months, but she does not; he reviews Latch’s symptoms; Latch appears to think he is himself bewitched.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 23 6/15/17 9:03 AM Introduction “My mother sawe her in the kitchin”

On 25 April 1622 in an airless bedroom at the College of Physicians Resi- dences at Amen Corner and Paternoster Row in London, a thirteen-year-old girl claws her way back to consciousness. She had spent the previous months swinging between silence and screams. Suddenly, and in a voice only sometimes her own, she awakes and commands:

Put Countesse in prison this childe will bee well. If she had bin long agoo all th’other had bin alive. Them she bewitched by a catsticke. Till then I shall lye in great paine. Till then by fitts I shall be in great extremitie [ . . . ] Noo bodie knowse what ayles me within. When she is in prison then I shall bee well, now till then by fitts She came first of all that eve my mother sawe her in the kitchin And Nan Arpe was there.

Nine stunned onlookers—her mother and stepfather, a surgeon and servant, and neighbors and peers—all hear these claims before Elizabeth lapses into mute palsies. They must have been flabbergasted as the reali- zation hit. Badgering, bleeding, and nursing the girl back to health had failed—they had spent weeks arguing and ﬁghting among themselves— they were out of diagnoses and treatments. Suddenly a course of action presented itself, one prognosticated to be successful: imprison the witch

and all would be well.

G G 1

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 1 6/15/17 9:03 AM G2 Introduction Witchcraft made sense as causation and bewitchment as disease—the ghoulish proof had struggled and sighed in front of them for a month. With no other treatment options and the child again suspended in night- marish suffering, they did what the voices told them to do: they took the witch to a justice and sent her to prison. This book traces the inﬂuences needed to build the witchcraft accusation made by Elizabeth Jennings against Margaret Russell. High-reaching political players in London held up this accusation to rigorous scrutiny; it was assessed against the latest medical theories and through painful treatments administered by respected practitioners. To understand how they arrived at this allegation, it is important to understand the very particular and peculiar context. Witchcraft was still a legal and medical reality in England at that time. The physician’s examination room that held Elizabeth and the jail cell that held Russell were part of an environment that, at best, could not refute the power of the witch’s curse or the bewitched’s prophetic skills; at worst, in that environment witchcraft was real. To understand this accusation, we also need to see that it was provoked by the same tensions Elizabeth absorbed to interpret her own disease. It emerged as an evolution of tensions between practitioners of all ilks as medicine sought to professionalize. It unfolded in a crowded treatment room where conversation between visitors became Elizabeth’s conviction that she was being bewitched.1 We must also come to see that natural and preternatural sickness did not only overlap in the countryside; as the countryside was slowly being absorbed into London, witchcraft was being wicked into the city. The story started with a curse in a country kitchen, metastasized inside a medical treatment room, came to a head in a prison, and is ultimately explained by the pressures of unstoppable urban sprawl. This book spins these threads together to weave a larger picture of how the accusation against Margaret Russell happened and whom she, in turn, crooked a ﬁnger at. But before we do that, we need to understand how witchcraft happened.

1. In keeping with the particulars of individual cases and accounts, this work uses the terms possession and bewitchment, demoniac and bewitched, broadly and interchangeably, much as they were used at the time of the events described; these terms speak to the intensely emotional embodied spiritual experience under discussion.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 2 6/15/17 9:03 AM

“My mother sawe her in the kitchin” 3 G G • G ***

Witchcraft, like that which Elizabeth allegedly experienced, did not emerge from a single belief structure, although numerous attempts to impose a grid on the messiness of it all were made at the time.2 Nor was witchcraft wholly represented by a specified set of practices or prayers. The cursing, praising, and gloating depicted in witchcraft-related trial documents and accounts was not substantially different from that described in everyday exchanges, where terms like “ould witch” were thrown around with few consequenc- es.3 And although much was made of the witch as the devil’s servant and a familiar spirit’s master, the recounted details of these supernatural deals are unconvincing. The witch was typically depicted as making her pact under duress; its benefits to her were scant and petty. Still, the witch was seen as part pathetic, part predatory—a victim and an opportunist who used fear rather than kindness to ensure Chris- tian charity. Legally, she was a felon: her modus operandi—curses, magic, and familiars—enabled her to damage, hurt, spread disease, and kill. Spir- itually, she was corrupt: she swore, cursed, thieved, and could not pray. Physically, she was monstrous: her skin numbed, flesh extended into witch’s marks, her body floated, and her eyes stopped shedding tears. Moreover, the witch was almost always female: 80 to 90 percent of the approximately five hundred to one thousand people executed in England as witches were women. Women also acted as local arbiters of witch beliefs; they suffered as victims and mothers of victims and served as witnesses, accusers, and witch-searchers. Witchcraft was a crime. The early English monarchs, for the most part, put their weight behind stopping it. Under Henry VIII (1541/42, 33 Hen. VIII, c. 8), Elizabeth I (1562/63, 5 Eliz. I, c. 16), and James I (1604, 1 Jas. I, c. 12. 1), those found guilty of using witchcraft as an instrument

2. See, for example, Johann Weyer’s De Praestigiis Daemonum (1563); Reginald Scot’s Discovery of Witches (1584); George Gifford’s A Discourse of the Subtill Practises of Devilles by Witches And Sorcerers (1587) and A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts (1593); and James I of England’s Demonologie (1597, 1616). 3. “March 2, 1617, Information of Charles Irish, taken before Sir George Whitmore, Justice of Peace within the City of London,” in Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Charles I, 1638–1639. For a comparison, see John Tonken’s defense against his unknown attacker. He allegedly beseeched his attacker to disclose her identity, but “turning to the People, would say, the Old Witch will neither tell me her Name, nor where she dwells”; Anon., True Account of a Strange and Wonderful Relation of John Tonken, 5.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 3 6/15/17 9:03 AM G4 Introduction of murder would themselves twist and thrash from the noose. These laws, designed to root out elements that tainted the female gender and polluted their homes, gave neighbors and family a language to explain inexplica- ble misfortunes and a means to address unresolved animosity. They were also a way of highlighting the state’s role as the arbiter of justice. Legally and socially authorized ideas about witchcraft worked to make sense of the unwelcome overlap between the natural and preternatural landscape. These beliefs were not the exclusive purview of children, fools, mel- ancholiacs, and Catholics, as Reginald Scot wrote in his skeptical work, Discovery of Witchcraft (1584). Appearing across age, gender, education, and class divides, these beliefs were sustained by manuscripts like the one that tells the story of Elizabeth Jennings, as well as a myriad of popular pamphlets, sermons, and treaties. These texts were written with an obvi- ous bias, built on a pattern, and went to press with an agenda in mind: to illustrate real-life examples of sensationalized supernatural suffering. They illustrated one critical “truth.” Witchcraft was an event: one with a cause, a result, and a remedy. Something happened to witchcraft’s victims—something its victims, their families, and their communities attributed to the inﬂuence of witches. It was something they felt as an actual experience, endeavored to end, and, sometimes, to avenge. Of course, there was silliness and superstition in some witchcraft accusations. For example, in the trial of Alice Goodridge, Thomas Darling claimed to have been cursed with this unlikely incantation: “Gyp [get lost!] with a mischiefe, fart with a bell: I will goe to heaven, and thou shalt goe to hell.”4 These cases, however, represent a minority in an otherwise strange and sad historical archive. Most accusations gave off a stench of acri- mony and anxiety, the result of recent slights and long-festering suspicions. Witchcraft was often tied to everyday annoyances—trees fell on a still day, beer refused to brew, porridge boiled over. However, at the core of many witchcraft accusations, there was genuine loss. Witchcraft cost money. Livestock withered and went mad; cargo fell off boats and sunk. These were not insigniﬁcant events to those who wit- nessed them or to those who sustained the losses they caused. Those who suffered most were, of course, those who lost the most: the families of the

4. Anon., Most Wonderfull and True Story, of a Certain Witch Named Alice Goodridge of Stapen Hill, 4.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 4 6/15/17 9:03 AM “My mother sawe her in the kitchin” 5 G bewitched, the sick and dying, who themselves screamed and panted in torment and fell silent in contorted paralysis. A number of sick girls like Elizabeth Jennings wept and writhed their way into print by the early seventeenth century. These figures may have suffered alone, but they were part of a larger sisterhood of women—prophets, demoniacs, and fantastic fasters—whose experience with pain brought them in close proximity to the preternatural.5 Although technically different, the ways they manifested themselves in the body of the afflicted were identical. The elision between spiritual sickness and physical sickness suggests that becoming bedeviled could originate from within, without, or both; the sick were especially vulnerable to the devil’s machinations. A curse, for instance, could make a person act possessed; a witch’s familiar would be a possessing entity. As victims, the bewitched claimed an authority that allowed them to accuse witches and spirits of tormenting them. In both cases, the vehe- mence of accusations and the sight of their bodies spookily suffering means that they are taken seriously. Vats of ink were pressed onto paper expressing the horrors that harrowed the bewitched. These witch stories make up part of a literary genre, a series of loosely knit histories where bewitchments were acted out with spirits and carved into flesh, where accusations were spat and screamed, where possession could make you into a quasi-prophet and a quivering fool. Pamphlets recount how eighteen-year- old Anne Myler, for instance, experienced an afternoon onset of bewitchment in 1567. She suffered severe fits during which she could “cast her selfe (her belly being upwarde) into the fourme of a hoope.”6 Demoniac Anne Starkie, one of the Lancashire Seven,7 was treated in 1600 by John Dee, the famous astrologer-magician and consultant to the queen, exorcists John Darrell and George More, and the witch Edmond Hartley. She blamed her possession on “a foule ugly man, with a white beard and a great bulch on his brest [breast] as big as a mans head.”8 Allegedly bewitched by her neighbor Elizabeth Jackson in 1603,

5. The physical experiences of the demoniac and the bewitched were so similar that many of Jennings’s contemporaries aligned them in the same way as Mistress Saxby, the demoniac-consultant on the case. 6. Fisher, Copy of a Letter. 7. The possessed included ﬁve children—Anne Starkie and her brother John, Margaret Hurdman, Ellinor Hurdman, and Eleanor Holland—and thirty-year-old Jane Ashton and thirty-three-year-old Margaret Byrom. 8. Darrel, True Narration of the Strange and Greuous Vexation by the Devil, of 7. Persons in Lan- cashire, and William Somers of Nottingham, 21.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 5 6/15/17 9:03 AM Chapter One The Background Landed Power, Lunacy, and Libraries

Elizabeth’s biography, as it might have been written before she became bewitched, provides much-needed insight into how and why her story was written. The ﬁrst part of this book will give a background to Eliz- abeth Jennings, looking at who she was, where she was from, and why that all matters in terms of her being bewitched. She came from a privi- leged and inﬂuential but troubled family. Their vast estate, Saundridge, an assuredly astonishing home, was the site of so many deaths that the land itself may have seemed haunted. Whereas her contemporaries might have learned about witchcraft from whispers, Elizabeth, like some well- known demoniacs of her time, may have read about it, studied it, and perhaps modeled her own experience on stories she had read in an estate library. Although she may have had access to the idea of witchcraft, being bewitched does not seem like imaginative play for Elizabeth. She didn’t need to learn or imagine what witchcraft looked like; she saw torment and delirium up close. In the absence of much detail on her life before her bewitchment, we begin the search for Elizabeth Jennings with the titles and land that mark her place in the peerage. Numerous branches grow on her family tree. Some broke off while verdant. Others rotted off of the trunk. Some vibrant branches radiate today. To search for the history of Elizabeth, one can explore the parcel of land on which her family tree grew: the estate at Saun- dridge. It was there that her family became persons of quality. Although her maternal grandparents fought for her family’s rights, it was from Saundridge

that she also lost, with the madness and death of her father, her place in that

G G16

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 16 6/15/17 9:03 AM The Background: Landed Power, Lunacy, and Libraries 17 G peerage. It was a connection that, at least in part, ensured Elizabeth could wield power beyond that sustained by her small and shuddering frame. The scene later moves from Saundridge to Isleworth. It was in Isleworth that Elizabeth might have seen the face of madness up close, and where we ﬁnd at least two libraries, those of John Dee and Henry Percy, in either of which Elizabeth might have learned about witches. It was at Isleworth that she claimed to have been bewitched. Witch stories will come to play a critical part of this narrative. Something about the idea of bewitchment made sense to Elizabeth. Perhaps she used the idea of witchcraft to help her make sense of the loss and lunacy she had seen. Perhaps she simply read witch stories as all children do: because it was fun to be frightened. But between Saundridge and Isleworth, between scary stories and a home that echoed with screams, something happened to Elizabeth, something that eventually made her remember being in a kitchen where she was being bewitched.

Power in the Land

How did the Jennings family come to occupy the estate at Saundridge? The estate itself was an old one; a great deal of history happened there before Eliz- abeth suspected she was being bewitched. Saundridge Abbey of St. Albans was founded during the reign of William the Conqueror (ca. 1028–87),1 and was held as part of the properties owned by the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII split from Rome and created the Church of England, he dissolved the monasteries. In 1540, Saundridge was granted to Ralph Rowlet, Esquire, a master of the mint in Henry VIII’s service. The land did not come without a cost, however. It seemed to create short lives and bad blood in the line that leads to Elizabeth. Rowlet survived only three years after receiving Saundridge. His wife, Elizabeth, and his son, also named Ralph Rowlet, inherited the land.2 Edward VI, the king who also made him a justice of the peace, knighted Ralph Rowlet the younger.3 Rowlet married twice and both times he married

1. Saundridge was valued at the rate “ten hides.” A hide was an evaluative sum for property tax evaluation; it had less to do with actual geographic space than with perceived value of the land.The arable land around measured three carcuates in demesne land. Assuming a carcute is about120 acres, this would make Saundridge about 1,560 acres of land. 2. Page, “Parishes: Sandridge.” 3. Bindoff. House of Commons, 1598–1558, 4:224.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 17 6/15/17 9:03 AM G18 Chapter One well. He first married a woman named Dorothy. When he married his second wife, Margaret Cooke, a lady-in- waiting to the queen, Rowlet also married into a family full of learned and influential women. Margaret was the daughter of Anthony Cooke, tutor to King Edward VI. Cooke saw to it that his daughters were so well educated and well matched that it is worth taking a moment to learn just how much so. Margaret’s eldest sister, Mildred, was the second wife of William Cecil, 1st Lord Burghley and father to Thomas Cecil (see chapter 3).4 Her sister Elizabeth was twice married, first to Sir Thomas Hoby and then to John, Lord Russell. Her sister Anne—noted translator of fourteen of Bernardino Ochino’s sermons (1550, 1570) and John Jewel’s Apologia Ecclesia Angli- canae (1564)5—was the second wife of William Bacon and mother of the renowned Anthony and Francis Bacon. Her sister Catherine married the diplomat Henry Killigrew. All four of Margaret’s sisters contributed to the Italian language manuscript of poetry, sermons, and philosophy on Giar- dino Cosmographico (1572); Mildred and Elizabeth wrote Greek epigrams, and Anne and Catherine composed Latin verses.6 Margaret simply may not have been able to participate in the composition. Her life, like her marriage, was shockingly short. Death came to the occupants of Saundridge shortly after happiness had. The sisters’ married lives started happily enough. Elizabeth and Margaret were married on the same day, Elizabeth to Sir Thomas Hoby and Margaret to Sir Ralph Rowlet. Hoby recounts this day in his diary as “Monday June 27, 1558, [when] a marriage was made and solemnized between me and Elizabeth Cooke, daughter of sir Anthony Cooke, knight. The same day was also her sister Margaret the queen’s maid married to sir Ralph Rowlet, knight, who [Margaret] shortly after departed out of this lief.”7 Her death came in such short order that it was memorialized almost as part of the wed- ding. George Ballard claimed to have come across this sad little elegy:

On the nuptials of Ralph Rowlet and Thomas Hoby, who on the same day, espoused the two

4. Fuller, History of the Worthies of England, 1:543. 5. For more on Anne Cooke Bacon and the Bacon sisters, see Demers, Women’s Writing in English, 85. 6. Ibid., 88. 7. Hoby, Booke of the Travaile and Lief, ed. Powell, 126.

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 18 6/15/17 9:03 AM Index

italics indicate a figure or illustration A Baker family Act of Parliament, 54, 89, 174 Alexander, 92 Ainderby, 27, 28 John, 137 All Hallows (parish), 73 Mary (née Higgins). See Higgins, Mary Alnwick Castle, 33 Richard, 6 Amen Corner, London, xix, xxi–xxii, 1, 45, Robert, 140–43 73, 111 Bancroft, Richard (archbishop), 55, 60 Ames, Joseph, 8 Barony of Ross, 58, 61 Anne (queen), xiv, 53, 95, 157–58, 178, Bateman, Christopher, 8 181 Bates, Dr. Thomas Blackbourne, xiii, xxii– Apothecaries Guild, xi, 107, 124, 132, xxiii, 155–56, 192 132–33, 139, 143 Bath, 33, 76, 92, 135 Arpe, Elizabeth/Nan, xxii, 1, 11, 81–85, Belvoir Castle, 61–65, 73, 182, 180 169–70, 181, 186, 189–90, 200–201 Black-and-White Court, xix, xxii, 12, 108, Ashmole, Elias, 7–9, 13, 112, 164, 168, 115–17, 190 170, 183–85, 187, 194 Blagrave, Joseph, 65 Ashton, Frances, xii, xiii, xxii–xxiii, 12, bleeding/bloodletting xxii, 1, 10–11, 48– 127, 156–57, 159–60, 163, 184, 192– 49, 52–53, 65, 107, 167 94 Board, Elizabeth, 95 Ashton, Jane, 5 Board, Sir Stephen, 95 assault Bradborne, Anne, xiv, 11, 85, 190 Lady Jennings accused of, xxi, 146–51, Bradwell, Stephen, 6, 75, 138 195 Bridgeman, John, 91 witchcraft as. See under witchcraft Bridges, Agnes, 44, 70 astrology, 111–12, 135 Brigges, Robert, 44, 65 Atkins, Mother, 36 Britton, Thomas, 8, 21 Axtell, James, xxi, 146, 195–96 Broadway, Giles, 95 Bromley, Sir Edward, 63 B Bronnecker, Anne, 22, 24–25 Bronnecker, Joan, 21 Bacon, Anthony, 18 Brooker, Elizabeth, 8, 38–39 Bacon, Francis, 18, 53, 65 Brooker, John, 8

Bacon, William, 18

Brown, Agnes, 79 Baker, Dr., of Shrewsbury, 48

G G225

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 225 6/15/17 9:03 AM G226 Index Browne, Katharine, xiii, 11, 13, 85, 150, Coke, Sir Edward, 21, 52–58, 61, 64, 88, 152, 190, 192 93, 154, 165, 182 Brownlow, Richard, 135 College of Physicians, 1, 42–46, 55, 74– Brydges family 75, 91, 105, 113, 124, 126–27, 134, Anne Stanley (Lady Audley), 95 138, 156, 160 Catherine, 97 counter-magic, 65, 69, 75–77, 83–84, 116, Dorothy, 14, 180 151, 150, 170 Frances, xi, 52, 59–60, 64 Countesse; Countess, the, xiv, xxii, 1, 9– Grey (5th Baron Chandos), 52, 95 11, 47, 78–82, 97, 109, 116, 143–44, Thomas, xi, 27–29, 174, 180 149–51, 156, 160, 181, 188–94 Ursula, 26, 147, 161, 169, 173, 195–97, court (legal) 200–201 Higgins case, 133–37 William, 52 Jennings assault case, 145–46 Bulbeck family, xviii Jennings family debt, 24–28, 176 Dorothy, 26–30, 145–50, 195–97 property disputes, 20–21, 58, 135–37, Thomas, 27–29 147–48. See also debt and inheritance Ursula (née Grey), 169, 195–97 disputes Burbridge, Master, 36 witchcraft cases, 59, 75, 120–21, 158– Burton, Robert, 23 59, 169 Court of Star Chamber, 55–56, 91, 90, C 143 Calvert, George, 135 Culpeper, Nicholas, xiii, 133–34, 139, Cambridge, 43, 91 143, 183 Cary, Sir Henry, 98 curses/cursing, 2–7, 20–23, 26, 30, 34, 37, Cecil family, xi, xvii 39, 55, 62–63, 69–71, 74, 84, 121, 157, Elizabeth, 98 161, 181, 184 Frances (née Brydges). See under Brydges family D Georgi-Ann, 6 Darrell, John, 5, 71, 153 Robert (1st Earl of Salisbury), 26–29 Davis, Eleanor, 52, 95, 184 Thomas (Lord Burghley, 1st Earl of debt and inheritance disputes Essex), 88 Bulbeck family inheritance, 29 William, 6, 18 Cecil family inheritance, 58, 61 Cecil House, xx, 51, 138 Higgins dispute, 132–33, 136 Chancery, 25, 174 Jennings family debt. See under court Chester, 40, 91, 92 (legal) Church of England/Anglican Church, 17, Jennings inheribance, 22–24, 176 114 Latch family debt, 100–101 Churchill, xi, 20, 22, 25–26, 45, 98–99, Mary Gargrave, requests for money, 158 102–3, 105, 173 Dee, John, 5–6, 17, 32, 67, 111, 165 Clara, Dina, 48 devil, 3, 5, 22, 42–43, 50, 54, 59, 65, 78, Cleaver, Robert, 124 79–80, 84, 119, 120, 152, 161–62 Clerkenwell, xxii, 12, 33, 81–82, 104, 108, Device, Alison, 37–38 114, 117–18, 128, 130, 165, 175, 193 Digby, Kenelm, 57, 64, 112, 165 Clifford, Margaret (Russell), Countess of Donne, John Cumberland. See Russel, Margaret dirge on Latch memorial, 102 memorial, 45

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 226 6/15/17 9:03 AM Index 227 G Dromondby, Mistress/Mrs., xxii, 12, 108, 144, 148, 150, 157–59 115–17, 123, 128, 156, 159, 161, 190, Gargrave, Robert, 158 192 Gargrave, Thomas, 158 Duffield, Robert, 12, 160, 163, 193–94 Glover, Mary, 6, 43, 68, 72–75, 85, 113, 129, 138 E Goodcole, Anne, xii, xiii, xxii–xxiii, 12–13, Easter, xxii, 10, 44, 46, 77, 167, 174, 188, 47, 108, 117–24, 126–28, 130–31, 134, 198–99 146, 149–50, 154, 156–57, 159–64, Edmondes, Minister, 12, 162, 194 181, 183–84, 187, 192–94 Edward VI (king), 17–18 Goodcole, Henry, xiii, xxiii, 6–7, 9, 12, 95, Elizabeth I (queen), 3, 32, 55, 88–89, 113, 108, 117–22, 156, 159–64, 184, 187, 154 192–94 Elmfield, 97–98 Great Fire of 1666, 43, 45, 123 Emmes, Katherine, 81 Gunpowder Alley, xix, xxii, 11, 57, 107–8, Enclosure Acts, 88–91 110–16, 127, 184, 191 Evans, John, 112 Gunpowder Plot, 33, 165 Exeter, Earl of/Countess of, xii, 10, 50–53, Gunter, Anne, 55, 60 56, 58, 60, 64, 97, 104, 165, 189 Gunter, Brian, 55 F H Fairfax family hanging (execution), 13, 83, 119–20, 141, Edward, 76, 84, 110 151–52, 184, 189, 191 Elizabeth, 72–77, 153 Harsnett, Samuel (bishop of York), 55, 60 Helen, 72–77, 84–85, 129 Harvey, William, 42–43, 82, 91–92 Lady Dorothy, 76 Hatfield, Martha, 40 Faulkner, Agnes, xiii, 11, 13, 85, 150, 152, Hathaway, Richard, 111 190, 192 Hayse, Alice, 82, 88 Fenland drainage project, 86, 88, 98–101, Henry VIII, 3, 17, 96, 177 105, 108 Hertfordshire, 19, 21–22, 25, 175 Fisher, Henry, xxi, 146, 195–96 Heywood, Thomas, 93, 124–25 Fitzpatrick, Lawrence, 95 Higgins family, xii, xviii Fleet Street, 111, 115–16 Arnold, xxi, 140–41, 195–96 Flower, Jane, Margaret, and Phillip, xiii, Mary (wife of Stephen), 145, 157, 184 xxii, 11, 61–63, 69, 78, 80–81, 84, 143, Mary (daughter of Stephen), 140–43 152, 154, 189 Stephen, 131–38, 180–81 Fowler, Jane, xiii, 13, 79–81, 154, 160, Holborn, 111, 114, 115 185, 193 Holland, Eleanor, 85 Fowler, Thomas, xiii, xxiii, 6, 13, 80–81, Holywell, 20, 21, 155–56, 176 150, 152–55, 182, 185, 192 Hooper, Margaret, 41, 79 Foxe, Simeon, xii, xxi, 6, 10, 13, 32, 34– House of Lords, 100 35, 42–47, 49, 65, 71, 73, 75–77, 86, Hughes, Samuel, 134–35 103, 105, 107, 129, 131, 149, 152, 158, Hundreds of Winterstoke, 99, 202 164, 167, 182–83, 185, 188 I G illness, 10–11, 166 Gargrave, John, 157 epilepsy, 71–73, 166–69, 199 Gargrave, Mary, xiii, xxii, 6, 13, 47, 135,

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 227 6/15/17 9:03 AM G228 Index illness, continued M hysteria, 14, 48, 69, 74–75, 166–68, magic 185 angel, 8 infant, 53 image, 7, 63, 112, 163 mental, 16–17, 22–26, 34, 41, 53, 57– magical objects, 9, 34–39, 55, 69–70, 58, 64, 69, 79, 87–89, 180–83, 185 83–84, 181 Inner Temple, 154 maleficium, 3, 9, 34, 41, 65, 84, 120–21 Ireland, 42 Manners family, xv Isleworth, xxi, 10, 17, 30–31, 33, 44, 104, Cecily, 62–63 144 Edward (Earl of Rutland), 58–63 Islington, xxii, 154 Frances, 6, 52, 61 Francis (6th Earl of Rutland), 52, 58, J 61–65, 70 Jennings (Jenyns) family, xi, xv, 21 Henry, 63 Dorothy (née Bulbeck). See Bulbeck, Katherine, 63–65 Dorothy. Lady Elizabeth, 58 John, 22–25, 29–31, 175–78 Manor of the Savoy, 11, 27, 29, 45, 105, Thomas, xi, 21, 29, 30, 100 142–43, 169, 172–74, 196 Manor Court, 143 K Marlowe, Christopher, 32 King’s Bench, 55–56, 196 medical treatments Knaresboroughe, John, 146, 195–96 amulets/talismans, 170 bathing in oil, 10, 47, 167 L phlebotomy (blood-letting), 10–11, 35, Lake, Elizabeth, 53, 58–61, 197 47–53, 65, 107 Lamb, Dr. John, 57 pomancer (scent), 170, 200 Lancashire, 5, 91, 124 purging, 10, 37–40 Lancaster (duchy), 27, 143 rest, 76 Lancashire Seven, 5, 71, 91, 124 melancholy, (medical diagnosis) 23, 44, 65, Langford, 20, 86–87, 98–105 71, 74, 166 Latch family, xv, 20, 103 Menghi, Girolamo, 114 Edmund, 98–99 Middle Temple, 99 John, 30–31, 85, 86, 88, 98–105, 169– Middlesex, 25, 27, 30–31, 81, 99, 117, 70, 195–97, 202 137, 153, 173–74, 190, 192, 202 memorials to, 102–5, 103, 104, 170, Monderford, Thomas, 6, 75 173, 175 Montague, Margaret (m. Slingsby). See Sarah, 102–5 Slingsby, Margaret Lilly, Ruth, 8, 183 Montague, Simon, 95 Lilly, William, 8, 112, 134, 165, 177, 183 Moore, Francis, 135 Lloyd, Temperance, 186 Morduck, Sarah, 111 Long Acre, xx, 86–88, 94–98, 108, 150 More, George, 5, 32 Lord Commissioners of the Treasury, 100 Muschamp, Margaret, 41 Lords of the Privy Council, 57, 136–37, Myler, Anne, 5, 72 143, 155 Lovelace, Richard, 112, 115 N Lusitanus, Amatus, 48 Napier, Richard, xiii, xxiii, 6, 8–9, 14, 23, 29, 47, 55, 57, 111, 113, 165–71

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 228 6/15/17 9:03 AM Index 229 G Nevill, Dorothy, 52 pain, 1, 5, 13, 39, 46, 72, 73, 83–84, Newgate Prison, xix, xxiii, 7, 12, 95, 108– 131, 151 9, 117–23, 119, 127, 150–51, 156, 159, torment, 5, 13, 16, 37–39, 46, 63, 70, 162–63, 184, 191–94 72–75, 79–85, 120, 144, 151, 156, warden of, 132–33, 141 169–70, 172, 186–87 Newport, William (Lord Hatton), 53 trances, 41, 44, 72, 85, 183 North Somerset, 20, 25, 27–28, 92, 99, vomiting, 39–40 102, 173, 202 Power, William, 13, 150, 152–53, 176 Northamptonshire, 94–95, 111 prison, 2, 7, 11–13, 33, 42, 60, 68–69, 75, Northumberland, 31, 33, 177–78 82–83, 89–91, 108–9, 117–18, 121–23, 144, 150–51, 155–58, 163, 169, 183, O 189, 191, 193–94 Old Bailey, xix, xxiii, 12, 115–16, 119, property 150, 155 building, xiii, 54–55, 87–108, 113– Order of the Garter , 7–8 18, 136–37, 140–43, 145, 150–55, Overbury, Thomas, 55, 154 181–83 development, xiii, xx, 14, 77, 87–128, P 136–37, 141–43, 147, 149, 154, 166, Pacy, Deborah, 39 180–82, 186 Parliament, 89, 95, 101, 105, 175 disputes, 13, 20–21, 58, 147 Paternoster Row, London, 1, 45, 55 financing, 46, 51, 100–101 Paul’s Cross, 70, 104 renovation, 14, 65, 87–90, 94–96, 143, Percy, Henry (Earl of Northamptonshire), 145, 180, 182 17, 31–33, 94, 153 rental, 20, 65, 89–90, 99, 136–38, 145 Percy, Katharine, 153 Percy, Mary , 94 R petitions, 26, 28, 61, 86, 97, 100, 101 Raleigh, Walter, 32, 154 134, 137, 141 Ratcliefe, Agnes, 119–21, 156 physicians Roman Catholic Church, 4, 17, 55, 114– female, xiii, 12, 108, 110, 117, 123–28, 15, 156 130, 160 Rowlet family, xv, xvii male, 10, 42–47 Dorothy, 18, 44 Royal College of Physicians, 8, 42–46, Elizabeth, 17 55, 74–75, 91, 105, 113, 124, 126– Margaret (née Cooke), 18 27, 134, 156, 160 Ralph (Esquire), 17 training for, 48, 125, 139 Sir Ralph, 17–18 20, 176 Piccadilly, xx, 138–43 Royal Society, 8 politics, 2, 8, 12, 24, 42, 53, 56–57, 60, Royalists, 101 83, 93, 97 133, 176 Russell family possession, examples of, 5, 40–45, 54–60, Edward, 97 70–77. See also Power, William Francis (Earl of Bedford), 97 possession, symptoms of, 39, 41, 74, 121 Margaret, 10–11, 18, 87–88, 107–9, convulsions, 10, 40, 46, 67, 71–75, 127, 143–44, 149–52, 163–64, 184–86. 151, 169, 188, 191, 199 See also Countesse melancholia, 23, 44, 65, 71, 74, 166 obsession, 23, 36, 70 79

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 229 6/15/17 9:03 AM G230 Index S V Samuel, Mother Alice, 79, 82, 184 Vernatti, Philiberto, 100, 150 Satan, 6, 23, 79, 162 Villiers, George (Duke of Buckingham), Saundridge (estate), 1, 16–22, 25, 30, 61, 56, 58, 61, 64–65 144, 176, 178, 182, 186 Villiers, Sir John, 56–58, 64, 95, 165 Savoy, 26–27, 44, 104, 142–43, 168, 170, Villiers family, xviii 197–98 Sawyer, Mother, 85, 118, 120–22, 156, W 160, 163, 184 Waite, Margaret (sr. and jr.), 76, 80 Saxby, Mistress, xxii, 5, 11–12, 108, 110– Wells (jailer, Newgate), 150, 194 11, 114–15, 159, 169, 184 West Country, the, 82–83, 175, 183, 189 Saxton, Faith, 11, 85, 190 Westminster Court of Burgesses, 136 Scot, Reginald, 4, 71, 91, 162 Wight, Sarah, 40, 111, 161 self-harm, 44 wills, 20, 173 Shipton, Agatha (Mother Shipton), 39, 71, Wimbledon, 53, 59, 60 112, 177–78 witchcraft Shoe Lane, 111–12, 115 assault by, 109 Slingsby family, xviii confessions of, 59–60, 63, 67, 70, 84, Elizabeth, 58, 86, 95 91, 118–19, 121–22, 144, 155–56, Francis, 94 160, 163, 190–94 Sir William, 86–88, 96–97, 155–56, counter-magic. See counter-magic 190–92 imprisonment for, 12, 59–60, 75, 109– Society of Barber-Surgeons, 138 10, 144, 149–51 Somers, John, 7–8 physical examinations of accused, 91–92 Spicer, Richard, 127, 134 witnesses to, 36, 69, 161 St. Albans, 17, 20, 26, 175–76 Witchcraft Act of 1604, 3, 54, 83 Staunton, Mother, 36, 67 Wood, Nan (Agnes), xxii, 11, 69, 78–81, Strand, the, xx, xxi, xxiii, 11, 26–27, 29, 88, 143, 189 45, 51, 61, 65, 81, 94, 100–101, 104, 107, 131, 137–42, 147, 160, 169, 176, Y 193, 196–97, 201 York, 37, 65, 76–77, 116, 177, 182 Stubbs, Katharine, xxii, 11, 69, 78, 80, York Assize, 77 143, 189 Syon House, 31–33, 32, 67, 94, 104, 153 T Throckmorton, Elizabeth, 41, 72, 79, 82, 85 Throckmorton, Grace, 72, 79, 82, 85 Throckmorton, Jane, 46, 72, 79, 82, 85 Throckmorton, Mary, 72, 79, 82, 85 Throckmorton, Robert, 79, 82, 85 Tower, the, 33, 57 Trapnel, Anna, 40, 111 Turner, Anne, 55, 141, 154 Turner, George, 55 Turner, William, 27

BeingBewitched-Uszkalo.indb 230 6/15/17 9:03 AM About the Author

Kirsten C. Uszkalo is specialist in seventeenth-century literature, early modern cultural studies, and women’s writing, and is the author of numerous scholarly articles on witchcraft, possession, and digital culture. She is the lead of the Witches in Early Modern England Project and the found- ing editor of the journal Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies in the Preternatural (Penn State Press). Her first book,Bewitched and Bedevilled (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), uses cognitive science and neuroscience to understand possession phenomenon in early modern England. She is cur-

rently teaching digital humanities at Athabasca University.

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