New Court Trinity College Cambridge Iona Foster Brief

COLLEGE BRIEF 2. Sustainability November 2009 Fabric and systems a. Photovoltaic panels a. Accommodation b. Fresh air intake and outlets c. Extract air and heat exchange b. • 130 Study Bedrooms d. Fabric upgrades c. - air tightness 1/5 Ensuite rooms - insulation 4/5 Shared facilities e. Under oor heating 4 Accessible Rooms f. Ground-source heat boreholes • Tutorial Offices, Fellows teaching and residential sets • Seminar Room d. e. 3. Facade f. Compliance with Building, Renewal of fabric Fire and other Regulations

Complete new services installations

Refurbish and enhance facades and character of court and of rooms

Reduce energy use and carbon emissions in line 1. Rooms with global targets Character and comfort Trinity College

• Largest college in Cambridge • 600 undergraduates • 300 graduates • 180 fellows

New Court: • At the ‘heart’ of the College • Level access from road and rest of college • Accommodates majority of undergraduates as well as central tutorial offices ...and (most importantly) • Fellows’ Car Parking

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Cambridge Historic Core Appraisal • June 2006 Trumpington Street • page 2 of 7 Option 1: Demolish and new build? Option 2: sustainable energy source. Option 3: Make New Court sustainable

“At present 45% of the UK’s energy is consumed heating air and water in existing buildings, and 85% of today’s buildings will form 70% of the building stock in 2050. If we are to get anywhere near meeting the CO2 emissions reduction targets (80% reduction in emissions relative to 1990 to be achieved by 2050), then all existing buildings will need a major retrofit to ensure the improved efficiency of energy use.”

Professor Michael Kelly. (ex Trinity College) Designed by William Wilkins. 1821

‘graeco-palladian’

‘gothic’ New Court. c.1865 Condition of existing exteriors Condition of existing interiors Condition of existing facilities Proposed Strategy

Photovoltaics A PV array mounted on the South-facing roof over Garret Hostel Lane will produce 14,000kWh electricity, saving 7,280 kg carbon, per year. Air-Tightness Penetrations around windows and through external and internal walls sealed, windows draught-stripped, new membranes to roof. To achieve draught-sealing to 3.0m3/h/m2@50Pa Insulation Improvement of the thermal performance of roof, ground floor and external walls, using vapour-permeable insulation to achieve maximum thermal performance without risk to the existing fabric.

Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery Supply fresh tempered air to student rooms and extract air from the gyps, showers and wcs,re-purposing the otherwise redundant chimney flues.

Underfloor heating with Ground Source Heat Pump The improved thermal performance will allow an underfloor heating system to be fed by a ground source heat pump from a borehole array within the courtyard. This installation will provide up to 97% of the annual heating load. Proposed strategy: mechanical ventilation Risks of irreversible damage to significance and fabric of a heritage asset

• Risk to character and significance • Risk to fabric Architectural character/significance: exterior Hierarchy/significance of interiors

TrinityNEW College COURT - Heritage Survey Photographs Room Category, Prevalence and Significance Approach Typical Room Appearance

New Court Grand Rooms To preserve and repair the existing fabric and, only where Listed Building Consent Application necessary, to renew or adjust this to accommodate fabric for refurbishment works upgrade. Some of these rooms have four external walls and an insulated lining would be added to each of these. To maintain HIGH (Archway Rooms) Rare the existing arrangement and details, this would be installed (5 rooms) across the full extent of each wall, allowing a reinstatement/ Heritage Survey N/A (New Seminar Room) like-for-like replacement of the existing cornice, picture rail Photographs (where present) and skirting details. Joinery pieces and the fireplace are to be refurbished and re-installed

Standard - formal A lining would be added to accommodate insulation to external walls only. A similar lining element would accommodate the main service risers to internal walls - as shown on plan. MODERATE Fitted furniture is envisaged as a distinct, subordinate, and 1/10 removable timber intervention. This would be separate from the background wall/lining and it’s maximum height keyed to increased door surround height.

Staircase D NEW COURT - Heritage Survey6WDLUFDVH' Photographs D 2F GYP Standard - normal / informal An insulated lining would be added to accommodate insulation to external walls only. A similar lining element would ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B

accommodate the main service risers to internal walls - as ‘significance shown on plan. MODERATE ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B 1/4 (/LOW - generally slightly Fitted furniture is envisaged as a distinct, subordinate, and lower significance than removable timber intervention. This would be separate from ‘Standard - formal’) the background wall/lining and it’s maximum height keyed to door surround height.

,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B

D10 Attic Rooms The existing sloped ceiling is to be lined-out to provide the

,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B additional insulation depth required - the junction detail between sloped ceiling and adjacent walls is to be maintained.

Fitted furniture is envisaged as a distinct, subordinate, and ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B LOW removable timber intervention separate from the background D11a 1/4 wall/lining.

,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B ,0*B

Fire surrounds An insulated lining is to be added only to the outside walls. A Painted Stone surround - to consistent pattern (as right) Back rooms Blocked flue/disconnected gas fires similar lining would accommodate the main service risers to hearths generally in laminate sheet - raised hearths generally on 3rd floor only internal walls - as shown on plan. exceptions: Later surrounds: A1 A3 (lower room) G A4b - slate surround - no paint/no mouldings B3 - plain E1 Fitted furniture is envisaged as a distinct, subordinate, and F1 LOW I12 K5 removable timber intervention. This would be separate from None 1/3 the background wall/lining and it’s maximum height keyed to

Superior surrounds: Standard ﬁre surround Superior surround A3 upper room: similar style but more ornate in unpainted marble door surround height.

A5 lower and upper rooms: similar style but more ornate, painted

M9 lower and upper rooms similar style but more ornate, lower in unpainted marble, upper painted 1

Arched Niches

Generally beaded - shelves and cupboards within (on approx 20%?) vary considerably with no discernible pattern - perhaps no shelves originally?

GF 2 arches generally except: 1F 2 arches generally except: L4a 1 only, F3a none, 2F 1 arch per room generally

Big arch to rear room: Staircase A & B, L & M? GF only Staicase F and H, GF and 1F only 3 Defining Heritage Significance

HERITAGE STATEMENT Initial Significance Assessment

New Court NEW COURT NEW COURT, Trinity College TRINITY COLLEGE TRINITY COLLEGE

June 2012 Heritage Survey Summary

August 2010

2nd August 2010 Design approach Design approach: Maquettes and model details Design approach: Mock-Up Room Design approach: model Design approach:

Windows and shutters Design approach: services distribution Risks of irreversible damage to significance and fabric of a heritage asset

• Risk to character and significance • Risk to fabric Review of relevant research

2008 ENERGY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS HISTORIC INSULATING SOLID WALLS BUILDINGS – APPLICATION OF Energy conservation PART L OF THE BUILDING in traditional buildings REGULATIONS TO HISTORIC AND TRADITIONALLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN AND HISTORIC HISTORIC BUILDINGS BUILDINGS Insulating solid walls Application of part L of the Building Regulations to historic and traditionally constructed buildings

November 2010 Climate Change This guidance note is one of a series which explain ways of improving the energy efficiency of roofs, walls and floors in and the Historic historic buildings. The full range of guidance is available from the English Heritage website: Environment www.climatechangeandyourhome.org.uk

1 1

UK Climate Impacts Programme

Design for future climate Opportunities for adaptation in the built environment

BEATING THE HEAT: keeping UK buildings cool in a warming climate

1 Design for future climate Review of relevant research

330/WTB/TO 29/04/99 FOURTH DRAFT Page 1 UCL CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE Internal Environments in Historic Buildings: 1 Monitoring, Diagnosis and Modelling by Dr Bill Bordass, William Bordass Associates [email protected] English Heritage, Swindon and Dr Tadj Oreszczyn, The Bartlett Graduate School, University College London [email protected] 14 October 2009 CONTENTS Summary 2 1 Introduction 3 2 Background 4 3 What are the mechanisms? 5 4 What makes historic buildings and their environments different? 6 Climate Change 5 Defining the problems 8 and the Historic 6 Monitoring issues 11 Triage: Environment 7 Modelling issues 13 8 Modelling heat and air movement 14 energy, heritage and risk 9 Hygrothermal modelling 15 May Cassar 10 A way forward? 17 11 Potential sources of additional funding 18

References 19 Bill Bordass and Isabel Carmona Further Reading 20

... the spring, the summer, The chiding autumn, angry winter, change APPENDICES Their wonted liveries, and the mazèd world By their increase, now knows not which is which: A SOME MOISTURE GENERATION RATES 20 And this same progeny of evils comes B OVERALL MOISTURE BALANCE 22 WILLIAM BORDASS ASSOCIATES From our debate, from our dissension; C HYGROSCOPIC BUFFERING 23 We are their parents and original.’ D MATERIAL MOISTURE PROPERTIES 26 E SOME MONITORING TECHNIQUES 28 A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act II Scene I F SOME RELEVANT MODELS 31 and CA Sustainable Architecture Closing lines from the ‘weather’ speech by Titania in Act 2 Scene 1 of G RELEVANT PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS 32 Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. This speech is a slightly H CONTRIBUTIONS OFFERED 33 [email protected] [email protected] unnerving description of the effects of climate change. England was suffering a particularly meteorologically turbulent time when Shakespeare was writing his J AREAS WHERE PEOPLE FEEL SHORT OF INFORMATION 33 play, but the accounts of terrible floods and altered seasons ring true today.

  Building Life   Consultancy Breaking the

A SERVICE OF Mould 1 Joseph Little Architects

A study of condensation in single‐leaf concrete wall upgrades

PUBLISHED IN ‘CONSTRUCT IRELAND’ Introduction ISSUE 6, VOL. 4 (MARCH ‐ APRIL 09) Therefore all praise to Minister John Gormley By This article is the first of a series looking at and SEI for launching the HES Scheme on Joseph Little upgrade options and issues associated with February 8th. For the first time ever any owner BArch, MRIAI, MÉASCA, MSc Archit. single‐leaf walls of existing houses. This article of an existing home can access grant aid to Advanced Environmental + Energy Studies will focus on insulated dry‐lined concrete block insulate their houses better and heat them walls of the ubiquitous housing estate house. more efficiently. A total of €50M is allotted in (Hons) This will include the findings of software that 2009. If the Scheme is widely adopted it could dynamically models moisture movement have a huge positive impact on national carbon through the wall over several years. The article emissions, energy efficiency and health if done following this will look at a range of options for well. The caveat is key: for this Author ‘done replacing existing dry‐lining or installing dry‐ well’ means renovating with a keen awareness lining where it never was before, be that for a of building physics, insulation, airtightness, solid block wall of a 1950s house or a solid moisture movement, potential mould growth, brick wall of an 1850s house. ventilation and health. Doing the work well means that Irish builders, designers and In the last while I’ve been struck by two things specifiers need to re‐think some aspects of in my Practice: (1) how many middle class how we build. We must make sure not to clients with good jobs are now in doubt as to repeat mistakes of the past and homeowners how much finance they can commit to making must be ready to challenge past solutions their house more energy efficient due to the crisis in the banking sector and voluntary or Health & home imposed stringency measures and (2) how many of those (relatively) wealthy clients live in Why this focus on mould, ventilation and houses with no insulation at all, excluding health when thermally upgrading a house? perhaps 75mm of collapsed glasswool in the Here are two of many reasons: (1) Our attic and less wrapped ineffectually around the population has the fourth highest incidence of cylinder. A six bedroom house in Foxrock, built asthma in the world and allergies are rising in the mid 90’s, with an appalling €5,000 a year fast. Alarmingly things may be getting worse: heating bill comes to mind. The ‘Home Energy 1 recently the WHO has found that as many as Savings (HES) Scheme’ is coming at exactly 1/3 of Irish children now have asthma. (2) the right time to give confidence and fiscal aid Studies in other countries have found a close to those who wish to make their houses more correlation between these diseases and the energy‐efficient and comfortable but have too environments we spend so much of our time high an income for the ‘Warmer Homes in: homes, offices and schools. In one study of Scheme’, and also for a construction industry 328 homes in southeast France, selected that badly needs employment.

1 http://www.sei.ie/Your_Home/Pilot_Home_ ENERGY SAVING Scheme/

©2009JosephLittle[email protected]from‘ConstructIreland’magazine  ©2009JosephLittle[email protected]from‘ConstructIreland’magazine  Review of relevant precedents ? Understanding existing fabric performance

• In-situ U-value measurements • Hygrothermal gradient monitoring • Thermal imaging • Air pressure testing • On site weather data collections • Material property testing                      Air-tightness and thermal imaging.                   Fig. 7 Staircase H second and third floors   Fig. 16 Staircase H – Examples of ingress through window frames         Air-tightness       3 2   Archimetrics/NBT figure: 11.0m /h/m @50Pa.       Fig. 17 Staircase H – Example kitchen extractor  (7.1 ac/h@50Pa.)  Fig. 8 Staircase H Room 6A Bedroom – radiator visible Fig. 9 Staircase H Room 2 bedroom – radiator visible       3 2    Project proposal 3.0m /h/m @50Pa.                 Fig. 10 Staircase H rear of ground floor kitchen      Fig. 18 Staircase H Room 1 corner adjacent to entrance Fig. 19 Comparative image taken from different       staircase viewing wall adjacent to entrance               For reference:    3 2     a. Building Regs 10.0m /h/m @50Pa.     (new buildings):     Fig. 11 Staircase I Second floor 3 2     b. Passivhaus Standards: 1.5m /h/m @50Pa.         (0.6ac/h@50Pa.)      

Fig. 20 Staircase H Room 1 – cupboard interior  Fig. 21 Staircase H Room 5 – adjacent to door to Fig. 24 Staircase H Room 6A – exterior wall and wall adjoining Fig. 25 Staircase H Room 4A – exterior wall and wall adjoining  landing. Staircase G Staircase G                              Fig. 22 Staircase H Room 6A – wall adjoining Room 5 Dressing Room    Fig. 26 Staircase H Room 8 – ingress and general cooling effect of under-floor air flow                    Fig. 23 Staircase H Room 4A – corner adjoining dressing room   Fig. 27 Staircase H Room 7A – floor     

    In situ U-value measurement

For 8 walls measured

Range of measured U-values (ISO 9869 ) 0.59 – 0.78 W/m2K

Average measured U-value = 0.69 W/m2K

Standard U-value calculated for walls (ISO 6946) = 0.94 W/m2K

25% difference between measured/calculated U-values

Project proposal 0.25W/m2°C.

For comparison: a. Building Regulations. 0.35W/m2°C. (Limiting Value for new buildings): b. Passivhaus Standards (target): 0.15W/m2°C. Project: New Court Site: Trinity College, Cambridge CB2 1TQ Client: Trinity College

Hygrothermal, Absolute Humidity and Vapour Pressure Monthly Averages

The following graphs plot hygrothermal responses through wall sections for both the monitored walls as a series of monthly averagesInterstitial from January 2013 to December 2013. Hygrothermal The Hygrothermal Sections provide plots of temperature Gradient and Monitoring dewpoint (calculated as the temperature drop required to cause the measured %RH to condense) through the wall sections on a monthly- IHGMbasis. Control Wall - Hygrothermal Sections

Figure 8: Hygrothermal Section, I6 Control Wall, Jan. 2013.

Document authors : Cameron Scott & Caroline Rye Page | 10 ArchiMetrics Limited Materials property testing

C2A Outer West facing stone elevation Ground Floor

E3 Inner North facing render elevation Ground Floor Standard approaches to condensation analysis using the vapour diffusion or Glaser method (EN ISO 13788:2002 [2]) Page 3 of 29 ignore the moisture capacitance of building materials. Most brick types have a high moisture capacity. If thick walls become saturated they can store large volumes of water all year round, leading to high vapour pressures inside the wall that drive moisture inwards for significant portions of the year.

Figures 2.1(a) and 2.1(b) compare a winter temperature and vapour pressure profile for a rendered façade with low rain exposure (east-facing) and an un-rendered façade with high rain exposure (south-facing). For the former case the winter vapour-pressure gradient shown by the light blue line acts from inside to out (right to left). For the latter case the vapour pressure gradient acts from the centre of the wall into the room due to the high moisture content stored in the wall.

Figure 2.1(a) A rendered façade with low rain exposure during typical winter conditions. Stored moisture in the wall is relatively low and the vapour pressure gradient (shown by theWUFI: light blue line) baseacts from inside case to out. modelling Information v Knowledge

Figure 2.1(b) A un-rendered façade with high rain exposure during typical winter conditions. Stored moisture in the wall leads to peak vapour pressure in the centre of the wall, driving moisture inwards.

J4336: Trinity College New Court Max Fordham Consulting Engineers \\Jamaica\jobfiles\J4336\Reports\Stage D\Moisture modelling\20110127 Trinity New Court Moisture London Cambridge Edinburgh Modelling Report Rev A.doc The risk is mould growth Vapour Open v Vapour Closed 13.0 FUTURE CLIMATE PROJECTIONS 13.0 FUTURE CLIMATE PROJECTIONS 16.3 APPENDIX 3 – Future climate simulations The default weather file used for the WUFI simulations is a “typical meteorological year” for Cambridge averaged from 10 years of data. To be sure that the proposed insulation options are robust enough to deal with The default weather file used for the WUFI simulations is a “typical meteorological year” for Cambridge more extreme climate conditions, alternative climate cases must be simulated. averaged from 10 years of data. To be sure that the proposed insulation options are robust enough to deal with more extreme climate conditions, alternative climate cases must be simulated. Cambridge University’s Laboratory Digital technology Group website [9] contains rainfall data for Cambridge dating back over the last 15 years. The most extreme year was found to be 2005 with 666mm total rainfall Cambridge University’s Laboratory Digital technology Group website [9] contains rainfall data for Cambridge measured. This compares to 531mm for the Cambridge typical meteorological year. The Cambridge weather dating back over the last 15 years. The most extreme year was found to be 2005 with 666mm total rainfall data file has been modified by applying a multiplication factor to the hourly rainfall data so that the annual measured. This compares to 531mm for the Cambridge typical meteorological year. The Cambridge weather total is equal to 666mm. data file has been modified by applying a multiplication factor to the hourly rainfall data so that the annual total is equal to 666mm. Further to this, simulations have been run using weather files generated from future climate models for the year 2080. These were created using the outputs of the UKCP09 weather generator [10], which uses the 2009 Further to this, simulations have been run using weather files generated from future climate models for the climate change scenario predictions and a gridded set of baseline data from the period 1961 to 1990. The year 2080. These were created using the outputs of the UKCP09 weather generator [10], which uses the 2009 projections are created using a probability density function. The files selected for the simulation are the upper climateth change scenario predictions and a gridded set of baseline data from the period 1961 to 1990. The 90projections percentile are of created the range using ofa probabilities probability density– which function. implies thatThe therefiles selected is a 90% for chance the simulation of the actual are climate the upper changeth being lower than that predicted by the model. 90 percentile of the range of probabilities – which implies that there is a 90% chance of the actual climate change being lower than that predicted by the model. 2050 climate predictions

Figure 13-1 Meteonorm Climate file summary for Cambridge, UK. Typical meteorological year. MeteonormFigure 13-1 Meteonorm Climate file summary- Typical for Cambridge, UK. Typical yearmeteorological year. - Extreme rainfall

Figure 13-2 PROMETHEUS Climate file for Cambridge, 2080 Medium emissions projection. PrometheusFigure 13-2 PROMETHEUS Climate file - for Cambridge,Med 2080 Medium emissions emissions projection. 32 32

Figure 13-3 PROMETHEUS Climate file for Cambridge, 2080 High emissions projection. Prometheus - High emissions A medium and a high emissions scenario were selected. The datasets are summarised in Figure 13-2 and Figure 13-3. According to the projections, the main implications of climate change for Cambridge are higher average temperatures. Total annual rainfall is not significantly higher, but increased wind also contributes to a higher driving rain load. For the high emissions scenario, mean annual temperature is higher than for the medium emissions scenario, although total annual rainfall is lower. It should be noted that the 1961-1990 baseline dataset used to generate the future scenarios has a lower annual rainfall than the Meteonorm “typical meteorological year set”. The high emissions scenario predicts very dry summers, whereas the medium emissions scenario predicts heavy rainfall events in the May/June period. The majority of the driving rain load for both scenarios is from the south-west.

41 Weather Criteria C2a E3 E3 E4 E6 G1 G6b L3 File Outer Inner Outer Outer Inner Inner Outer Inner

Cambridge, Hours > LIM I 120 0 0 138 0 0 245 205 typical year Peak RH % 78.9 75.1 77.2 79.1 78.3 76.4 78.6 79.1 Mean RH % 75.9 72.0 74.2 76.0 75.3 73.0 76.0 76.2

Cambridge, Hours > LIM I 272 0 0 351 19 0 1911 2336 extreme rainfall Peak RH % 79.2 75.4 78.4 79.4 78.6 76.7 79.7 80.2 Peak RH % 76.3 72.4 75.3 76.3 75.6 73.3 77.3 77.6

2080 Hours > LIM I 0 0 2779 0 0 0 4872 3450 medium emissions Peak RH % 76.0 72.2 79.0 76.0 75.2 73.2 80.0 79.6 scenario Peak RH % 72.8 69.3 75.3 72.7 72.2 70.0 77.6 76.2

2080 high Hours > LIM I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 emissions scenario Peak RH % 75.2 71.7 73.8 75.0 74.4 72.6 74.8 76.2 Peak RH % 71.1 68.2 70.0 70.8 70.8 68.7 71.2 72.2 Table 13-1 Results of the simulation run with projected future climate data for Cambridge compared to the typical weather year and extreme rainfall year.

33 Proposed Strategy

Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery Supply fresh tempered air to student rooms and extract air from the gyps, showers and wcs,re-purposing the otherwise redundant chimney flues.

Underfloor heating with Ground Source Heat Pump The improved thermal performance will allow an underfloor heating system to be fed by a ground source heat pump from a borehole array within the courtyard. This installation will provide up to 97% of the annual heating load. Project Team: The importance of having the right expertise

• Track record and credibility of the team TRINITY COLLEGE • Credibility of the approach to the project • Collaborative approach to delivering a pathfinder project • Supportive College Client with long term goals Project team: the Council’s perspective

Sustainable • Trust and confidence in the College Design and and its team Construction • Long engagement in the process • Support for the council team in the form of funding for external, independent advice – so the innovative approaches could be Supplementary objectively assessed Planning Document

June 2007 • A desire to encourage innovation particularly around carbon reduction and heritage assets Managing the planning process Three questions:

1 What are the heritage values of the existing building and what are their relative significances? including continuity of building use for optimum purpose, collegiality etc

2 To what extent will the proposals harm, or benefit, these values? What are the harms and to what values do they apply? What heritage benefits arise from the proposals (replacement of defective render, refurbishing and re-purposing of shutters etc)?

3 Are any harms outweighed or balanced by heritage or other benefits? What other benefits would arise from the proposals? Environmental sustainability, research and monitoring, knowledge transfer etc. Managing the planning process Three questions:

1 What are the heritage values of the existing building and what are their relative significances? including continuity of building use for optimum purpose, collegiality etc

“...such listed buildings, of which there are many in central Cambridge, must evolve if they are to remain in viable use and not become museums...”

Cambridge City Council Planning Committee Managing the planning process: Responses

“...The Government is committed to give more power to councils and communities to make their own decisions on planning issues, and believes planning decisions should be made at the local level wherever possible. The Secretary of State has carefully considered the impact of the proposal, and the key policy issues which this case raises. In his opinion, the proposals do not: involve a conflict with national policies on important matters; or raise significant architectural and urban design issues...” Secretary of State. English Heritage: Policies and Guidance

...Authenticity lies in whatever most truthfully reflects and embodies the values attached to the place. It can therefore relate to...function, CONSERVATION MANAGING CHANGE TO SIGNIFICANT PLACES as well as fabric... PRINCIPLES POLICIES AND GUIDANCE Consider the effects on authenticity and integrity FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT 91 Evidential value, historical values and some aesthetic values, especially artistic ones, are dependent upon a place retaining (to varying degrees) the actual fabric that has been handed down from the past; but authenticity lies in whatever most truthfully reflects and embodies the values attached to the place (Principle 4.3). It can therefore relate to, for example, design or function, as well as fabric. Design values, particularly those associated with landscapes or ...Retaining the authenticity of a place is not buildings, may be harmed by losses resulting from disaster or physical decay, or through ill-considered alteration or accretion. Design value may be recoverable through repair or restoration, but perhaps at the expense of some evidential value. Keeping a large machine, like a water mill or boat lift, in use, may require always achieved by retaining as much of the replacement and modification of structural or moving parts which could be retained if it ceased to operate, producing a tension between authenticity of fabric and function. 92 The decision as to which value should prevail if all cannot be fully sustained existing fabric as is technically possible.... always requires a comprehensive understanding of the range and relative importance of the heritage values involved (guided by the assessment of significance: paragraphs 82-83), and what is necessary (and possible) to sustain each of them. Retaining the authenticity of a place is not always achieved by retaining as much of the existing fabric as is technically possible.

93 A desire to retain authenticity tends to suggest that any deliberate change to a signiﬁcant place should be distinguishable, that is, its extent should be discernible through inspection. The degree of distinction that is appropriate must take account of the aesthetic values of the place. In repair and restoration, a subtle difference between new and existing, comparable to that often adopted in the presentation of damaged paintings, is more likely to retain the coherence of the whole than jarring contrast. 94 Integrity (literally,‘wholeness, honesty’) can apply, for example, to a structural ... A desire to retain authenticity tends to system, a design concept, the way materials or plants are used, the character of a place, artistic creation, or functionality. Decisions about recovering any aspect of integrity that has been compromised must, like authenticity, depend upon a comprehensive understanding of the values of the place, particularly the values of what might be lost in the process. suggest that any deliberate change to a

95 Every place is unique in its combination of heritage values, so, while it is technically possible to relocate some structures, their signiﬁcance tends to be diminished by separation from their historic location. There are exceptions, for example public sculpture not signiﬁcantly associated with its current site significant place should be distinguishable, moving a structure back from an eroding cliff edge, thus recovering its intended relationship with the landform. Relocated structures may also acquire new ,or values in a new location. that is, its extent should be discernible

45 through inspection.. In repair and restoration, a subtle difference between new and existing..is more likely to retain the coherence of the whole than jarring contrast.... Keys to success: Client • Client supports and sponsors the approach • Time and funding to undertake the research and develop a compelling and evidenced narrative • Investment in mock-ups, models and extensive testing along the way – window sample and student room mock ups Keys to success: Council

• Financial support for the Council to obtain independent, objective expert advice

Project: New Court Site: Trinity College, Cambridge CB2 1TQ •Client: LeadershipTrinity College and working with officers in persuading Humidity & DewpointkeyOver Timestakeholders and committee to have confidence The following graphs plot the humidity responses of the wall sections.. Three graphs are produced for eachProject: of the New Court monitored sections showing relative humidity, absolute humidity and dewpoint margins (calculated as Site:a factor of Trinity College, Cambridge CB2 1TQ temperature andin %RH) overthe time. approach Client: Trinity College Control Wall Test Wall • A desire to find a pathfinding solution that was win- win in terms of heritage issues, sustainability and collaborative working in a Cambridge context

Figure

The complete annual graph for the Control wall shows two distinct configurations of %RH behaviour, a wintertimePrevious andinterim editions of this report have noted the different %RH distribution pattern recorded for this wall in summertime pattern. Over the winter months, January - March and October - December 2013.levels of %RHcomparison within the with that of the Control wall. In the early part of the year the hierarchy of %RH values plotted for the four wall are differentiated and distributed in relation to the sensors proximity to cold external conditions; S1 showingsensors dothees not follow in proximity to external conditions, but instead levels of %RH at S2 are highest and decline over lowest levels of %RH and S4 the highest. This pattern alters between April - September and the %RH within thethwalle period moves January - September. This behaviour was attributed to the effect of the drying RK 70 plaster used as levelling into a Summer time pattern where all four %RH values are closely grouped. This behaviour is determined bycoat the degreebehind the Pavadry insulation on the %RH within the air at this point in the wall. It can now be seen that this drying of internal and external temperature difference over the summer and winter periods (illustrated by the internalappears air and to have taken place over two phases, an early period of rapid drying which occurs immediately after the external air temperature gradients in Figure 2). During the winter heating season there is a greater temperatureapplication of the plaster no doubt aided by the effect of central heat in the room and a period of more gradual drying difference through the wall fabric due to colder external temperatures and the centrally heated interior. Airwhic withinh takes the place over the summer months. It is only after S2 has reached its lowest recorded %RH value, 53% in uninsulated wall is warmer towards the heated internal room environment resulting in increased moistureSeptember carrying that the values of wall %RH measured at each of the four sensors follows the more common arrangement of capacity and therefore lower %RH in proximity to these warm internal conditions. In summer, due to the reductionincreasing or %RH in relation to proximity to external conditions. The graph for the Test wall is similar to that of the Control cessation of central heating, coupled with the warming of the external environment, there is little temperaturewall in that it shows two distinct patterns of %RH behaviour, a 'wintertime' dispersed distribution and a more clustered difference through the wall which results in similar %RH values throughout the section. Occasionally, over summer,'summertime' during alignment, once again in response to the shift from central heating related internal/external temperature periods of high external temperatures, we find that S4, the sensor closest to the exterior wall face recordsdifferentiation. the lowest However, there is an interesting difference between the Test and Control wall's summertime %RH values of %RH. In general, by looking at the average %RH values given in the table at the top right of the graph,distribution, we find in that the responses of the Test wall remain more differentiated than those of the Control wall. This is possibly that the wall functions within 'safe' boundaries with none of the averages from the 4 wall sensors being aboveas a result80%. Inof the introduction of the insulation which incorporates a mineral vcl layer and in affect creates a different addition, from an examination of the maximum values recorded over the year for the Control wall, we only'environment' find one for the wall either side of the insulation. Hence responses measured either side of and in proximity to the sensor, Sensor 4, which has peaked above 80% (81.82%) and this is to be expected from a sensor positionedwoodfibre in close material remain somewhat different from those recorded within the original masonry. There is another proximity to cold external conditions. significant difference in %RH behaviour in this wall in comparison with that of the Control wall which is demonstrated by the quality of the gradients plotted for each sensor. In the Test wall S1 and S2 exhibit smooth curves indicating more gradual changes in conditions, whereas the plots for S3 and S4 are similar to those found for the Control wall and are more uneven indicating a greater volatility of response although may be not quite to the same degree of those found for the uninsulated Control wall. Once again these differences may be attributed to the presence of the woodfibre layer Document authors : Cameron Scott & Caroline Rye andPage the 'bu| 4ffering' affect of the mineral vcl as well as the contribution made by the application of this material to ArchiMetrics Limited improving the airtightness of the wall. With regard to 80% RH threshold values the Test wall seems to be performing within 'safe' limits despite the addition of wet finishes that were part of the insulation process. As with the Control wall the highest value, as expected, is recorded at S4, 83.03%. On average %RH values are around 2% higher in the measured section of the Test wall than those found for the uninsulated Control wall.

Document authors : Cameron Scott & Caroline Rye Page | 7 ArchiMetrics Limited Outcome

• Heating load reduced by 75% • Reduction in carbon emissions 88% • Ongoing monitoring shows no risk to the structure • Preservation and enhancement of heritage character • Upgrade of comfort and facilities • POE shows rooms popular with students Outcome: Monitoring the fabric

Control panel

Test panel Outcome: 3-step reduction of carbon emissions

Existing carbon emissions. 100%

60% reduction in demand – insulate, double-glaze, reduce air leakage, improve use of daylight. 1

40% 43% increase in system efficiency – more efficient heating, lighting, ventilation and control systems. 2

55% reduction of the carbon in the 23% energy supply - pv generation, ground source 3 heat pump. 12% Future carbon emissions

Post-occupancy Evaluation