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Who Invented the Trinity Nuclear Test's Christy Gadget?

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Who Invented the Trinity Nuclear Test's Christy Gadget? Submission for ANS NT issue, LA-UR-20-27638 version 3 Who Invented the Trinity Nuclear Test’s Christy Gadget? Patents and Evidence from the Archives Thomas A. Chadwick* and M.B. Chadwick Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 Abstract: The Christy Gadget is the informal name for the plutonium device detonated in the Trinity test on July 16, 1945. In September 1944, Robert Christy, working in the theoretical implosion group, proposed a novel concept that altered the design of the nuclear core in Fat Man. While scientists originally intended to use a hollow sphere of plutonium, this design entailed substantial risk, due to the likelihood of asymmetries resulting from implosion. Christy proposed changing the design to a solid sphere of plutonium with a modulated neutron source, and the design was eventually adopted, tested at Trinity, and used in the attack on Nagasaki. While there is no question regarding the important role that Christy played in demonstrating its feasibility as a reliable design, there is a debate as to who initially proposed the idea; though most sources have attributed this invention to Christy, some historical sources have attributed credit to Christy’s group leader, Rudolf Peierls, or indeed other scientists. This paper seeks to outline and resolve this dispute. We present new unclassified evidence extracted from previously unavailable sources (to unclassified audiences) from the National Security Research Center archives at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This evidence consists of 1945–1946 patent documentation, oral history interview tapes of Christy and Peierls, and monthly 1944 progress reports from the Theoretical Division. Though Christy and Peierls share joint credit on the patent, both Christy’s and Peierls’ words and writings, together with sources from Hans Bethe and Edward Teller, support the traditional view that Christy was indeed the originator of the idea. While Christy does deserve the majority of the credit for the invention and design, we acknowledge the important role Peierls and von Neumann played in its development. 1. Introduction implosion, including jetting, spalling, and Rayleigh- The Trinity test, performed on July 16, 1945, was the first Taylor instabilities. Scientists feared that these detonation of an atomic weapon. The test was a asymmetries might prevent the reliable assembly of a remarkable achievement: it was an amalgamation of critical mass. numerous scientific discoveries and inventions and it Consequently, many scientists remained skeptical brought the war-torn world into a new atomic age. about the feasibility of successfully building an implosion Fundamentally, it proved the feasibility of a plutonium device on the urgent timeframe needed to impact the war implosion design that would be subsequently used in the effort. Segrè’s discovery that reactor-produced plutonium Fat Man device detonated over Nagasaki. Robert Christy, had too-high a spontaneous neutron emission, preventing a scientist working in the Theoretical Division during the a gun-type Thin Man assembly design, and the challenges Manhattan Project, has his name firmly tied to the Trinity of producing large quantities of enriched uranium, test. The gadget tested in Trinity is informally known as elevated the implosion design to the center of the the “Christy Gadget” because Christy made an important, laboratory mission. Oppenheimer reorganized the novel proposal in September 1944 for a new design of the laboratory in August 1944 to orient the laboratory mission plutonium core. around the implosion device, establishing two divisions, Until late 1944, scientists at the Manhattan Project the Weapons Physics or Gadget Division (G) and the hoped to be able to use a hollow plutonium shell as the Explosive Division (X), both intended to primarily focus core of the implosion device. Upon detonation, the high on the implosion design.1,2 As a sign of the urgency, when explosives would create an imploding shock wave that Arthur Compton visited the laboratory on August 1, 1944, would compress the hollow plutonium shell into a super- he gave a colloquium and advised the audience that they critical mass, creating a nuclear yield. While this design had already used “half of the time of the estimated was elegant and efficient, in practice, after extensive maximum to produCe a suCCessful gadget.”3 experimentation it was still plagued by asymmetries upon * [email protected] 1 Submission for ANS NT issue, LA-UR-20-27638 version 3 In September 1944, Christy proposed a new While some sources attribute credit for the invention to conservative design for the plutonium pit, suggesting a scientists other than Christy, the evidence for these claims change from the hollow plutonium shell to a solid sphere is weak. As we shall show, the references given for of plutonium with a modulated neutron source. The solid Arnold’s claim do not support the view that Peierls was sphere of plutonium was surrounded by a tamper and the original inventor. Furthermore, the idea that Teller or explosives that would simultaneously explode to form a von Neumann was the principal originator of the Christy convergent detonation wave, compressing the plutonium Gadget design is not supported by evidence. Indeed, none symmetrically. The modulated neutron source refers to of these remarkable scientists actually made this claim the concept that a source was desired that provided very themselves. While we recognize that this invention few neutrons at the beginning of the implosion (to avoid required a collaborative effort, we conclude that the name pre-initiation) but a large number of neutrons later when of this invention is aptly bestowed and argue that Robert the plutonium would be compressed. This design relied Christy deserves principal credit for this invention. on assembling a near-critical mass of plutonium before compressing it, increasing its density and creating a 2. Dramatis Personae supercritical assembly. While Christy’s new invention was thought to be less efficient than the hollow shell, the A. Robert Christy solid sphere was a more reliable design because it Robert Christy (Fig. 1), a Canadian who was naturalized minimized the implosion asymmetries. Although there is as a US citizen, did his PhD work under J. Robert no question that Christy performed important Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley, hydrodynamic and nuclear research to prove the before moving to the University of Chicago to work on feasibility of this design, there is a debate in the open the reactor experiments with Fermi and Wigner. He was literature as to who invented the concept. As will be an early recruit to the Manhattan Project, arriving in Los discussed further, the 1946 patent is in the names of both Alamos in 1943. Christy and Peierls. While a number of sources make Christy helped work on the water boiler reactor and claims about the origins of this idea, we have yet to find then worked in the Theoretical Division’s Hydro- any source which summarizes the evidence into an dynamics of Implosion group (T-1), first under Edward argument about the genesis of the Christy Gadget. The Teller and then under Rudolf Peierls. In June 1944, purpose of this paper is to review evidence from both Oppenheimer and the Theoretical Division Leader Hans open and classified sources, and to provide unclassified Bethe transferred Teller from the T-1 leadership role to extracts from the National Security Research Center instead focus on thermonuclear concepts (the “Super”). In 6 (NSRC) at Los Alamos to answer this question. the 1986 oral history interview with Hoddeson (see Sec. While Christy’s name has become synonymous with 4), Christy couldn’t remember that Teller was his group this novel design, many different sources attribute credit leader, stating, “I don’t remember working under Teller” for this invention to scientists other than Robert Christy. and “Mostly he pursued his own thing. He wasn’t much † In Britain and the H-Bomb, British historian Lorna of a team player”! Teller himself noted that he wasn’t Arnold claims that the solid sphere implosion design was the right person to lead the calculational implosion effort, actually invented by Rudolf Peierls, the Hydrodynamics and that Bethe’s initial desire for Teller to lead this of Implosion group leader and a member of the British needed a different solution. When the British scientists Mission to Los Alamos.4 Arnold’s claim is referenced by started arriving in Los Alamos, Teller said, “Bethe saw Oxford physicist, Frank Close, in his excellent 2019 book Peierls as ready-made for the task he had in mind for me. Trinity: The Treachery and Pursuit of the Most Peierls could taCkle the Calculations of implosion. So Dangerous Spy in History. According to Close, an Peierls, with the help of a small group, diligently began 7 “authoritative history” credits Peierls with the invention.5 the HerCulean labor.” Even figures like Edward Teller, one of the key inventors After Los Alamos, Christy had a scientific research and of the hydrogen bomb, and John von Neumann, the teaching career at Caltech and served as President of Hungarian mathematician who made numerous Caltech for a period. innovations on implosion and high-explosive lens B. Rudolf Peierls systems, have been credited with inventing the solid- sphere implosion design. Rudolf Peierls (Fig. 2) was a German-born physicist known for his expertise in nuclear physics, material † Following the Oppenheimer security hearing in the 1950s, Christy had cold relations with Teller. Teller’s memoirs describe Christy spurning him (Ref. 7). 2 Submission for ANS NT issue, LA-UR-20-27638 version 3 science, and shock hydrodynamics. In Germany, he C. John von Neumann studied physics under Heisenberg and Pauli before An émigré from Hungary to Princeton, the brilliant moving to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He mathematician and theoretical physicist came to Los became a naturalized British citizen and after the war was Alamos from late 1943 onwards as a consultant, at knighted.
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