Vol. XVI, No. 4 & Vol. XVII, No. 1 October’09 -March’10 Organised By

Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 Kasturba Gandhi Marg New Delhi-110001, INDIA Contents BESVol. XVI, No.4 Review &Vol. XVII, No.1

October’09 - March’10 Editorial 2 From the President 3 BES Council 2008-2010 4 Report : BES Expo 2010 6 Report : Chennai Chapter 9 - Seminar on “Emerging Trends in Digital Communication” Report : Hyderabad Chapter 10 - Seminar on “ Broadcasting- Challenges in Modernisation” Report : Ahmedabad Chapter 12 -Seminar on “A Vision to GenNext Broadcasting” Report : Rajasthan Chapter 14 -one day Workshop & Exhibition on the theme Editorial Board “Graphics & Effects in video production”

Chairman International Broadcast Centre : Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010 15 Ashish Bhatnagar -by A. K. Jha

Co-Chairman Electromagnetic Pollution 22 Pradeep Mehra -by S. Ramachandaran

Member Building Effective Broadcast Regulatory Institutions in India 24 Kumaraswamy N.E. -by Raman Kumar Ashok Kumar Jha Meenakshi Singhvi A tutorial on Audio Processor for Radio Transmitters 28 -by George I. Irumben Published by : Broadcasting in a bygone era : 34 R. Srivastava, Hon. Secretary, on behalf of -by M. I. Suryanarayana Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Tape-based Efficiencies in a Tapeless Environment 39 912, Surya Kiran Building, -by Fabio Gattari 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel. : + 91-11- 23316709 Synopsis : Papers Presented During BES EXPO’10 42 Fax : + 91-11- 23316710 -by Rajeev Kumar E-mail : [email protected] Appointments 47 Design & Layout by Pradeep Mehra What's New 48 Website Review 54 Printed at : Pragati Packers New Members 56 27/1B, Dilshad Garden Ind. Area, G.T. Road, Delhi-110095 Corporate Members 59 e-mail : [email protected] Obituary 60 Ph.: 9312438440

Views expressed by authors are their own and may not be that of BES(I) Editorial

I feel nostalgic while presenting to you, this issue of BES Review, the last from this council. It has been a unique and fulfilling experience in being the part of the team bringing out this publication, which to me has never been just a Technical Journal or merely a Newsletter. It has always been a perfect blend of Technical Knowledge and Emotions. Thanks to the young & enthusiastic Editorial Board Members, sharp and brilliant Authors, who provided useful inputs on the state of the art technologies and the emerging trends in broadcast world, and the Veterans, who had been enriching us with their vast experiences, through their Memoirs. This journey could never been so pleasant & satisfying, had there not been continuous, encouraging responses and support from all of you, our Esteemed Readers.

Friends, In this issue, we have tried to bring out glimpses of BES EXPO 2010, held at New Delhi in past quarter, along with gists of the papers presented during the conference, for many of those, who couldn't make it to the event. We have tried to report various major activities undertaken at BES local Chapters, We have tried to incorporate technical articles on various relevant issues and with lots of persuasion, we have succeeded in bringing back the colour to the Magazine. While knowing well that the real colour lies in the eyes of the readers, We will look forward for your reactions on this, your very own Magazine.

With lots of best wishes to you, family and friends,

Ashish Bhatnagar [email protected]

2 October’09 - March'10 From the President

Dear Members, The term of the present council of BES is ending shortly and through this Newsletter I would like to thank all of you for providing the support to the current council during various activities in the past 2 years. The executive along with the council members have tried their level best to work in a transparent manner for the growth of the society. Chairmen of various BES committees and BES local chapters have also poured in their best efforts in this direction. Despite the worldwide industry recession BES Expo 2010 the 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting has gone quite well. The conference was attended by around 1100 delegates from media & industry and the exhibition also witnessed enhanced participation of exhibitors and visitors. I would like to congratulate and compliment various council members and committee chairmen who have worked hard to make the event a grand success. The broadcasters in our country will be facing another challenge in October' 2010 when the country hosts Common Wealth Games. We are all gearing up and I take this opportunity to give my best wishes to all those who are directly and indirectly involved in this activity. My best wishes to all of you as well for happy times ahead.

R.R.Prasad President BES(I)

3 October’09 - March'10 BES (I) Council 2008-2010

Name Designation Phone (Off.) Phone (Res.) Mobile / E-mail

R.R. Prasad Engineer-in-Chief 91-11-23388113 91-120-2463189 91-9910347887 President Doordarshan [email protected]

P. S. Sundaram Managing Director 91-11-23765151 91-11-28051491 91-9811197746 Immediate Past President Technomedia [email protected]

A. S. Guin Former Engineer-in-Chief - 91-124-4260162 [email protected] Past Presidents All India Radio

P. K. Singh SE(CS) 91-11-23421212 91-11-22621619 91-9810420575 Vice President All India Radio [email protected]

Ashish Bhatnagar Director 91-364-2224443 91-364-2353117 91-9436104879 Vice President All India Radio [email protected]

R. Srivastava Director 91-11-23383840 91-11-22732933 91-9968292773 Hon. Secretary Doordarshan [email protected]

R.C. Bhatnagar Director 91-11-23387993 91-11-22727679 91-9968296792 Hon. Treasurer Doordarshan [email protected]

P. Mohanadoss Former Chief Engineer - 91-44-26251093 91-9940688812 Council Member AIR & Doordarshan [email protected]

Sunil Director 91-11-23381744 91-11-23073557 91-9868230260 Council Member Doordarshan [email protected]

S. C. Khasgiwal Former Chief Engineer - 91-22-28802157 91-9869047581 Council Member Doordarshan - 91-22-28835777 [email protected]

O. P. Bhatti Former Chief Engineer - 0120-2417711 91-9810088975 Council Member Doordarshan [email protected]

Deepak Mehrotra Former Chief Engineer - 0120-2785181 91-9810862165 Council Member All India Radio [email protected]

R. K. Singh Former Engineer-in-Chief - 91-11-26496882 91-9891138542 Council Member Doordarshan [email protected]

N. K. Gupta Former Director - - 91-9760021587 Council Member Doordarshan [email protected]

V. Appakutty Former Chief Engineer - 91-44-26289924 91-9444015580 Council Member AIR & Doordarshan [email protected]

Rajeev Sinha Dy. Director 91-11-23385838 91-11-25088959 91-9810078301 Council Member Doordarshan [email protected]

D.S.R.B.N.H. Baba Superintending Engineer 91-40-27038649 91-40-27030909 91-9440792978 Council Member Doordarshan 91-40-27031742 [email protected]

S.R. Aggarwal Former Engineer-in-Chief 91-11-26181724 91-9811835828 Invitee All India Radio

R. K. Sinha Director 91-11-23421592 91-11-26103314 91-9868631895 Co-opted Member All India Radio [email protected]

Yogendra Pal Chief Engineer 91-11-23421790 - 91-9811572044 Co-opted Member DG, All India Radio [email protected]

4 October’09 - March'10 Local Chapters Chapter Chairman Hon. Secretary Hon. Treasurer Tel. No. /E-mail.

1) Ahmedabad G. C. Jain Meenakshi Singhvi M. H. Chaudhary 91-9328028484, 91-9426302816 91-9825199913 [email protected] 2) Bangalore S. Jayaraman T. Rajendran G. S. Subramonian 91-80-23333997 3) Bhubaneshwar M. K. Rao L.K. Pradhan G. K. Biswal 91-9437037057 [email protected] 4) Chennai A. Rajagopal S. Ramachandaran C. Mookan 91-9444083173, 91-9444052702 [email protected]) 5) Jaipur J. K. Chandira O. P. Rajpurohit A. K. Sundarani 91-9414051284, 91-9414251557 [email protected] 6) Kolkatta G. Biswas S. C. Rudra N. Mitra 91-9433013466 7) Hyderabad D.S.R.B.N.H. Baba E. Bhaskara Rao P. Chandrashekhar 91-40-27038649 [email protected] 8) Mumbai S. C. Khasgiwal M. S. Thomas P. S. Khurana 91-9869047581 [email protected] 9) Thanjavur T. Periaswamy Prof. M. Narayanan B. Somu 91-9488633336 [email protected] 10)Thiruvananthapuram C. B. Pillai K. V. Ramachandaran T. S. Sreekumar 91-9447019772 BES Committees S. No. Name of Commitees Chairman E-mail Mobile

1. BES EXPO Event (Exhibition) Sunil [email protected] 91-9868230260

2. BES EXPO Event R. K. Singh [email protected] 91-9891138542 (Internationaol Conference) [email protected]

3. Seminars and Lectures Sunil [email protected] 91-9868230260

4. Broadcast Education & V. Appakutty [email protected] 91-9444015580 Broadcast Policy

5. Internal Audit Rajiv Sinha [email protected] 91-9810078301 [email protected]

6. BES Review Ashish Bhatnagar [email protected] 91-9436104879

7. Website Management Yogendra Pal [email protected] 91-9412217804

8. Industrial Relations & Awards S. C. Khasgiwal [email protected] 91-9869047581

9. Constitution P. Mohanadoss [email protected] 91-9940688812

10. New Members Induction & Legal Deepak Mehrotra [email protected] 91-9810862165

11. Local Chapters Coordination D.S.R.B.N.H. Baba [email protected] 91-9440792978

12. Joint Collaboration with O. P. Bhatti [email protected] 91-9810088975 International Bodies and

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REPORT BES Expo 2010 R. Srivastava 16th International Conference & Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting Hon. Secretary, BES(I) 29th to 31st January 2010, Pragati Maidan , New Delhi

DTT, DTH, DRM, DVM, FM, Cable, Video, Audio, Multimedia , Broadband, Networking- News Automation/Newsroom integration, Video Streaming, Satellite & Microwave, Graphics & Animation · Production/ Post Production equipment · Test & measuring equipment, MPEG2/MPEG4 Encoders, Portable recorders, Low cost radio broadcasting solutions, Radio studio design, Archiving and much more. The event was inaugurated by Smt. Ambika Soni, Hon'ble Minister of Information and Broadcasting on 29th January 2010, Guests of honour were Sh. B.S. Lalli, CEO, Prasar Bharati and Sh. U.K. Varma, Special Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The BES Expo 2010 - 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting was Smt. Ambika Soni, Hon'ble Minister of I & B has given held from 29 to 31 January at halls 8, 9 and 11A, of Pragati away BES Annual Awards. Dr. Vasumal Hazarimal Merani Maidan in New Delhi. Award for best technical innovation in digital field was given to Mr. Shri R.T. Tale, Assistant Engineer, Broadcast Engineering Society (India), the society of Doordarshan Kendra, Ahmedabad, Sh. Mukul N Trivedi broadcast professionals organises this International Awards was given jointly for best technical innovation in Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite engineering field to Shri Anil Kumar Jain, Asstt. Engineer, broadcasting every year. All the previous expos had a large DDK, Bhopal and Shri Ashok Kumar Dorwal, Tech., participation of major broadcast equipment manufacturers DDK, Bhopal. and service providers from India & abroad. The key note address was delivered by Sh. Sharad Sadhu, Over 350 highly reputed organisations, service providers Director (Technical), ABU, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and major broadcast equipment manufacturers from all over the world have displayed their latest state-of-art technologies and services at the event. The event is approved by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, and is supported by Prasar Bharati, Ministry of IT and Communication, Govt. Of India, the Society of Broadcast Engineers, USA, Asia- Pacific Broadcasting Union and endorsed by International Association of Broadcasting Manufacturers. The BES EXPO 2010 was having the theme : “Broadcasters & New Media Technologies” and the Exhibition of various broadcast product was focused broadly on the following topics.

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which was very interesting and topical. In his keynote address, he discussed the major issue of “Digital Stress “which small or Big broadcasters are facing due to heavy investment required to replace their Analogue Setup to Digital Setup. The main issues on which Mr. Sadhu has deliberated were “Digital Transition in Studios, Digital Transition in Transmission, Analogue Switch off, Issues with Broadcast Industry, Issues regarding Digital content production, Free view in digital transmission, Hybrid Broadcasting and on Shortwave Digital Radio”. He covered more or less all burning issues of Digitalisation and Analogue Switch-Off which is the most important and topical issue bothering the mind of broadcasters around the world. Mr. R.R. Prasad, the President BES (I) while welcoming eight sessions from 30th January to 31st January 2010 and the dignitaries, delegates and distinguished guests and Some of the prominent speakers were - Mr. Peter spoke about the developments in the digital technology in Kepreotes, Vice –President Technology –International, broadcasting. Broadcast Australia, Mr. Nicolas Bourdon, Director Marketing & Communications, EVS, Mr. Trevor Francis, The inauguration ceremony concluded with a warm vote Quantel, Shared Wrok-Flow Solutions for HD, Mr. Philip of thanks from Sh.Rakesh Srivastava, General Secretary, Nottle, Technology Manager, Broadcast Content Creation BES (I). Marketing Asia Pacific, Sony, Mr. Lawrence R. Kaplan, Vice-Chairman, Omneone, Lt. Gen. D.P. Sehgal (Retd.) India is hosting Common Wealth Games in October 2010. Mr. Nils Ahrens, Business Development Manager In this light a Workshop on “Use of Innovative Broadcast –Asia Pacific Rohde & Schwarz, Mr. Martyn Technologies for coverage of Games” was arranged on 29- Hospool, Product Line Manager, Harris Corporation, Mr. 01-2010 between 1430 hrs to 1600 hrs. The main speakers Chris Jaeger, Managing Director, Internaitonal Business & in the workshop were Mr. Peter Kepreotes, Vice President Australia, Mr. Fabio Gattari, Asia Pacific Sales Manager Technology International, Broadcast Australia and Mr. Etere, Mr. S.R. Aggarwal, E-in-C, AIR, Mr. Joseph N i c o l a s B o u r d o n , D i r e c t o r M a r k e t i n g & Troxler, Managing Director Thomsan Broadcast & Communications, EVS Multimedia, Mr. John Amdnour, Regional Sales Manager, A conference was also held In Hall No. 9, at Pragati Nautel, Ms. Vineeta Dwivedi, Project Director, DRM, Mr. Maidan,New Delhi for which theme was "Broadcaster and N i c o l a s B o u r d o n , D i r e c t o r M a r k e t i n g & New Media Technologies”. The Conference was spread in Communications, EVS, Mr. Mani Subramanian, CEO, First Media, Mr. Vikas Singhal, Director Business Development, Venera Technologies, Mr. Pratyush Bharadwaj, Senior Team Leader-IPTV (O&M), Alcatel Lucent, Mr. Hermann Zensen, Sales Manager, Digidia Mr. T V B Subramanyam, Analog Devices, Mr. Jean-Francois Kipp, Transradio Sendersysteme Berlin, Mr. Philippe Delacroix, President & CEO Gigigram Mr. P.K. Garg, Member, Radio Regulation Board ITU, Mr. Bharat Bhatia, Motorola, Mr. Pradeep Kaul, CEC, Prof. Sunita Singh, Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University. The main topics on which the speeches were delivered during the Conference were: - HDTV and Beyond, New Technologies for Digital Television, New Technologies for Digital Radio, New Technologies for Sports Broadcasting

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& News Gathering, Broadcast Regulatory and Policy Varma, Special Secretary, Ministry of I & B visited the full Issues and the last session was very interesting on the topic exhibition and showed keen interest on various New Trends in Content Creation and Management. The broadcasting equipment displayed in the Exhibition. The Conference sessions were well attended by the delegates full Exhibition Space available in Hall No. 11 A was and the topics on which the speakers have spoken were occupied by nearly 80 companies have displayed their very topical and interesting. latest state-of-the-art broadcast product. The digital TV transmitter and TV on Mobile handset were practically The conference was attended by 910 paid delegates which demonstrated during the Exhibition. was the highest number of paid delegates ever attending the conference. Near about 200 complementary delegates This time many Engineering College Students visited the have also attended the conference. Exhibition. Approximately 4000 visitors have visited the Exhibition. All the Exhibitors & Visitors are now eagerly The Exhibition in Hall No. 11A was inaugurated by Smt. looking forward to BES Expo 2011 scheduled to be held in Ambika Soni, Hon'ble Minister of Information & March 2011. Broadcasting by ribbon cutting. Smt Ambika Soni alongwith Sh. B.S. Lalli, CEO, Prasar Bharati and Sh. U.K.

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REPORT Chennai Chapter

Mookan Chinnaiah

Seminar on “Emerging Trends in Digital Communication” BES (I) Chennai chapter organized a one day seminar on “Emerging Trends in Digital Communication” for engineering college students at Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University, Chennai on 06.02.10 from 1000 Hrs to 1630 Hrs. Shri A Rajagopal, Chairman BES (I) Chennai chapter welcomed the chief guest and all the participating engineering college students along with few faculty members who were participating in the seminar. The seminar started in a traditional way by lighting the lamps. The keynote address was given by Dr. (Mrs.) sessions with four topics were covered during the N.R.Alamelu, Principal, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of seminar. Technology, Vinayaka Missions University, Chennai on “Convergence of Communication Technologies”. In The speakers dwelt in detail on the topics as mentioned the keynote address Mrs. Alamelu took the audience above. The response from students was very through the history of evolution of communication from encouraging. Interactive participation was present digital (Nomadic) to digital (Present). The steps during all the sessions between speakers and students. involved in development of digital communication were The students showed lot of enthusiasm in all the traced with ease. She advised the students to make use of lectures. Participation Certificates were given to all the seminar for a better future. She also congratulated students. The feedback from the students and speakers BES (I) Chennai chapter for organizing this seminar and can be described in their own words as “ Well Planned giving a good opportunity to the engineering college arrangement”; “ Excellent response from audience”. students. The sessions witnessed participation of two council About 166 students besides 20 faculty members members and almost all executive members of BES (I) registered for this seminar. The spread was from about Chennai Chapter. Shri Srinivasan Ramachandran, ten engineering colleges in and around Chennai. Two Secretary, BES (I) Chennai chapter thanked all the speakers & participants for the successful event.

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REPORT Hyderabad Chapter D. S. R. B. N. H. Baba

Broadcast Engineering Society(I), Hyderabad Chapter organized a one day Seminar cum Exihibition on 20.03.2010 at Makester Auditorium ,IETE ,Osmania University Campus , Hyderabad. The theme of the Seminar was, “ BROADCASTING- CHALLENGES IN MODERNISATION”. The following dignitaries were present in the Inaugural Function. Chief Guest : Shri Dr. T. Hanuman Chowdhary, Founder CMD VSNL. Key Note Address : Shri Dr. M.Y.S. Prasad, Associate Director, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sri Harikota. Guest of Honour : Shri R. Seshayya Former Chief Engineer(SZ), AIR & Doordarshan. highly informative presentation on “ TV Broadcasting The seminar started with the welcome address by the through Satellites – Current Scenario and Challenges”. Chairman of the BES(I), Hyderabad Chapter Shri The guest of Honour Shri R.Seshayya, former Chief D.S.R.B.N.H.Baba giving a detailed report on the Engineer AIR & TV was felicitated for his valuable achievements and progress made by the Hyderabad contribution in the field of Broadcasting. Shri Seshayya Chapter. Shri T.Hanuman Chowdhary addressed the responded to the felicitation and gave a brief of his delegates on his long association with All India Radio and experiences in Broadcasting. gave his valuable message with regard to the challenges in Highly informative technical lectures followed the modernization in broadcasting. Following the inaugural inaugural function. The first technical session(A) was address the exhibition was declared open by the chief chaired by Shri S.L.K.Prasad Rao ,former Station guest. A souvenir was also released on this occasion Engineer, Doordarshan and present Chief Engineer , ETV Dr. M.Y.S.Prasad , Associate Director Satish Dhawan Network.. The first lecture in Session –A was by Shri Space Centre , Sriharikota in his key note address gave a B.Sitaram, former Doordarshan Engineer and present

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CMD , YNR MEDIA, Mumbai on the topic “New trends Seetharam, ADE, RSTI(T), Bhubneswar on the subject in Broadcasting and content creation” which included “CMOS versus CCD – Choice of Imager for HDTV Hawk Eye in cricket b'casting, Virtual advertising , 3-D Broadcast application”. The last lecture of the day long TV and Web ( new delivery platform for video). The seminar was given by Shri Prof. Dr. K. Nageshwar, MLC, second presentation was by Shri Y.Venkateswarlu former A.P. State Legislative Council and Professor in Journalism Dir(Engg) Doordarshan and present CEO, SAPNET, , Osmania University, Hyderabad and the subject was very Hyderabad on the topic “ Television in Distance relevant in the present TV channels proliferated Scenario Education” . i.e. “ Ethics in Broadcasting”. The Seminar concluded with After the lunch break the Technical Session – B started. conclusion summary given by Shri V.Rama Rao. This Session was Chaired by Shri Yogeshwar Pratap, More than 15 Companies participated in the form of their former Chief Engineer , AIR& TV. The first speaker in this advertisements in the Souvenir released on this occasion. session was Shri Sravan Kumar Desikan , Senior Architect Three exhibitors came forward with stalls. These were ,Cognizant Technology Solutions, Chennai and the topic Monarch Innovation Technologies Mumbai (Virtual was “Modernisation challenges in Transition to HD Studios), Marketing Division, Prasar Bharati, Hyderabad World”. The next lecture in this session was given by Shri (Archives) and DD Direct DTH Service demonstration D.Ranganadham , Dy. Dir RSTI(T), Bhubhaneshwar on stall by DDK, Hyderabad. The stalls were visited by the subject of “Interactive Television”. enthusiastic visitors and delegates. The last technical session was chaired by Shri V.Rama Rao , Director, MANNU, Hyderabad. The session started with a very interesting and relevant HD TV topic by Shri V.

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REPORT Ahmedabad Chapter

Meenakshi Singhavi

challenges to the designers & industries as consumer is becoming very demanding. After an interesting speech he then, released the Souvenir of BES (I) Ahmedabad Chapter. The Guest of Honour Shri Bhandhari PGM, BSNL has presented an overview of Broadband services, especially Broadband rollout in Gujarat Telecom circle. He spoken about Games on Demand, IPTV, Web conferencing, B/B VPN and other services offered through Broadband. Shri Sunil Kakad Chairman & MD of Sai infosystem(I) Ltd. explained beautifully the relevance & affect of IT technogies especially broadband penetration in society. He explained importance of Gen Next technologies by relating the GDP growth with the speed & availability of internet/broadband. The BES (I) Ahmedabad Chapter organized one day st The Fist session was on Transition to New Broadcast seminar on “A Vision to GenNext Broadcasting” on 21 Technologies, chaired by Shri V.K. Garg Dy. Director SAC Nov, 2009 in fully occupied Hall at Paldi. The Theme of (ISRO). The first speaker of the session Shri seminar itself was much appreciated due to its E.P.Balasubramanian (ISRO) talked on Advances in contemporary relevance as India is emerging & playing Technology for A New Satellite Communication Service – important role in the hardware & software tools & an initiative for Mobile Broadcasting in India. The second technologies to provide information, entertainment speaker Shri Lalji Gupta, Manager, Thomson Grass valley education to the masses through Next generational gave presentation on the MPEG-4 Compression broadcast technology. This seminar was attended by technology & its application in DVB-S.C/T & IP Platform. eminent personalities from broadcasting fields and higher The third speaker Shri N M Mehra VP VTI (India) officials from ISRO, Doordarshan, All India Radio, explained about the HDTV production & contemporary BSNL, Industries, Educational institutes & Gujarat State equipments. government. The Event was sponsored by BSNL, ISRO, and Sai Info systems while it was supported by The theme of the Second session was Global Trends in Doordarshan, All India Radio, IETE, & MCBS. The Digital Television, chaired by Col N. Khare, Tech. Advisor, participation of students was quite active with a number BECIL. The first speaker Shri Rajesh Gupta DGM BSNL exceeding four hundred. Local print and electronic media explained value added Services over broadband (BSNL). has also played an important role by impressive coverage of the event. The Seminar started with the welcome speech of Sh G C Jain, Chairman, Ahmedabad chapter. The distinguished scientist, Shri A Bhaskaranarayana Scientific Secretary ISRO (Bangalore) was the key note speaker. He spoke about the emerging technologies in the area of broadcasting, which have been quickly adopted in our country to meet emerging & diversified needs of common people. He said that satellite technologies and broadcast are like two hands of the communication industries, one complements the other. He emphasized that speed of growth in broadcasting technologies are posing several

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He presented the intricacies & fine points of existing shares the vision of Dr V. Sarabahi & explained the E system of BSNL plus the future incoming technologies Learning Technologies evolution. The Next speaker Shri P. like IPTV, video surveillance etc. Then speaker Sh. P. Kaul shared the vision of, its demand & implementation Karuppiah, GM, Sai info explained & gave the live concepts with audiences. Shri T.P. Singh has caught the demonstration of the Video & Voice over broadband. Third imagination of audience with his free & bold presentation speaker Shri M. Reddy President, SKYN Land Bangalore skills in which he emphasized that choosing a technology gave his informative lecture on Secure Content Delivery is very important decision & on the basis of choice Govt. over Broadcast/internet Media. Shri R.L. Mahalik, Sr VP invest funds so those technology should be at least relevant Digicable, the fourth speaker gave his presentation on the till the capital cost is recovered. Shri Hardik Sanhvi, bright Cable triple play Technology & Services. The all the & young entrepreneur & CEO of VMukti, elaborated his lectures were on the contempory subject & of the interest idea & vision to provide the broadband services or of students especially of IT fields. multimedia services with fewer resources & eventually the fewer funds. The Theme of the Third session was Migration to Digital Radio, chaired by Chief Engineer (WZ), AIR & The seminar was ended with a Vote of Thanks by Mrs Doordarshan, Shri Suresh Naik. He explained how the Meenakshi Singhvi, Hon. Secretary, BES Ahmedabad migration took place especially in the All India Radio since chapter. This Seminar was described as huge success in the incorporation of Digital technologies in the Network. local TV news channels & news papers. It was attended by The first speaker Shri I. S. Mehla Director, BECIL more than 500 people. The Students were especially very discussed the need of common transmitting infrastructure, receptive and enthusiastic throughout the sessions and its scope in Digitization of the TV/Radio. He said that by posing interesting questions, getting more interesting locating all broadcasters on the same antenna results into replies. More than ten Manufactures and Vendors lower capex and better spectrum efficiency. The second exhibited their latest broadcasting and IT based products. speaker Shri R. Swamy, Director (WZ), AIR gave All Executive members & volunteers mostly from the interesting presentation on Digital radio Mondiale(DRM). Doordatrshan & All India Radio Ahmedabad contributed He explained that FM like sound quality with the AM reach painlessly to make this event a grand success. is a reality by using DRM. He detailed the AIR's future plans of using DRM technology. The Third speaker Shri S. Nigam, GM, Technomedia explained the objective & requirement of the setting a Community Radio station. He shared his experience with the audiences. The Forth Session was based on the theme Role of Broadcasting in Education, chaired by eminent speaker & scientist Dr K. S. Dasgupta Director, DECU (ISRO). He explained that EDUSAT as a tool of society development by Tele-education. He explained that EDUSAT has demonstrated two way video-conferencing, on-line multimedia, and video programming on demand. He

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REPORT Rajasthan Chapter O. P. Rajpurohit

Rajasthan Chapter of Broadcast Engineering Society (India) organized one day Workshop & Exhibition on the theme “Graphics & Effects in video production” on 20th March 2010 at Hotel Maharani Palace, Jaipur. Workshop was inaugurated by the Chief Guest Prof. M.M. Salunkhe, Vice Chancellor, Central University, Rajasthan by lighting the ceremonial lamp. Addressing the delegates Prof. Salunkhe said that television is very powerful and effective media which creates an everlasting impressions on viewers. It can be made more effective by use of advanced technologies like graphics & effects in the video productions. Shri Aswani Kumar Sharma, Managing Director, Rajcomp was guest of honour on this occasion . While addressing the delegates , he stressed the need to graphics & effects in video production. Honorary keep pace with the rapid development in field of Secretary BES(I) Rajasthan Chapter Shri O.P. Rajpurohit broadcasting and information technology. He also added presented vote of thanks as well as the details of activities that these technologies should be utilized for betterment of of Rajasthan Chapter of BES(I). Inaugural session was the life of common people. followed by two technical sessions. Inaugural session was presided over by Shri A.K. In first Technical Session Shri Prem Monarch from Bhatnagar(I.B.E.S) Chief Engineer, Doordarshan Atutodesk made his presentation on scope of production in Direcorate. Adressing the delegates Shri Bhatnagar said entertainment. Shri Munish Gaur from Aditya Infotech that with the introduction of digital technologies the made his presentation on producing quality graphics and quality of television and video production in particular has effects. Session was chaired by Prof. Awdhesh Kumar improved tremendously. The capacity of channels can also Principal SKIT, Jaipur. be increased with the help of compression in digital technologies. He also informed that the capacity of In second session Shri Donagh Sequeria Vice President Doordarshan DTH platform will also be increased from 47 Monarch made his presentation on virtual studio solutions, to 97 channels in near future. Speaking about the Shri Abhishek & Ms Kamini from Matchbox Media made Doordarshan network Shri Bhatnagar said that 27 out of 66 their joint presentation on animation and effects in Doordarshan production centers have been digitalized and advertisements. Shri Gautam Sengupta from BECIL made facility of digital production will also be extended to 13 his presentation on Multi Media Graphics and Animation more production centers, shortly. Chairman BES(I) in Broadcasting. Session was chaired by Prof. M.L. Rajasthan Chapter Shri J.K. Chandira while welcoming Sisodia, Adviser and Prof. GIT Jaipur. the guests and delegates highlighted the importance of The Workshop was attended by more than 125 delegates from TV production houses, Government departments, broadcasters and academicians Media Professionals, from all over Rajasthan & rest of India. Monarch Innovative Technologies Pvt. Limited organized an exhibition of their latest product on Trackless virtual studio systems. Autodesk & Aditya Infotech also displayed their latest products on the theme in the exhibition .In exhibition RSG Broadcast India Pvt Ltd. Showcased “FINAL CUT STUDIO” the Non Linear Editing software of Apple. Delegates took keen interest in the products demonstrated in the exhibition.

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International Broadcast Centre:

Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010 A. K. Jha N. V. Ramana

Introduction : 16:9 format will allow HB CWG D2010 to offer an experience unique to CWG broadcasting coverage, setting India is hosting the Commonwealth Games at Delhi from a new standard for Games to come. October 03 to 14 ,2010. Doordarshan, a constituent of Prasar Bharati as Host Broadcaster (HB) for The International Broadcast Centre (IBC) is a key non- Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010 is working to add on competition venue and is the hub of broadcasting the successes of the Melbourne Commonwealth Games activities during the Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010. and provide the Rights Holding Broadcasters with All television and radio signals of the broadcast coverage excellent Commonwealth Games coverage. HB CWG of the event will pass through IBC. It will house all the HB D2010 is on target to deliver technologically superior and technical infrastructure required for distributing basic unbiased television coverage of the Games. The games are feeds generated at the venues, to the Rights Holder planned for all the sports events and full HD production. Broadcaster(RHB) space in the IBC. The RHBs, who also This is a challenge but gives HB CWG D2010 the will be having their own technical infrastructure at the opportunity to examine the production plan to determine if IBC, will customise these feeds to suite its requirement the viewing experience can be improved through the use and then transmit it to their home countries. It is one of the of this superior technology. Incorporating High Definition first venue to become fully operational.

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Location of IBC : The Basic Feed will contain comprehensive Coverage of all Games Event. HB will produce and distribute the Basic th The IBC for the 19 Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010 is Feed at Venues. located at the Indian Trade Promotion organisation centre(ITPO), Pragati Maidan, Halls 08,09,10 and 11. The Coverage Strategy : IBC is located close to the competition stadia, including Jawahar Lal Nehru main stadium and is adjacent to a Delhi HB has adopted global coverage strategy of outsourcing Metro station. the production and coverage facilities and services and IBC activities to the renowned service providers through The building will accommodate all broadcast activities on global tendering process. a single floor 8,500 square metres in area. It will house the Host Broadcaster (HB) facilities and Rights Holder Sports Event and Venues :- Broadcaster(RHB) area, in addition to CWG Delhi 2010 The Commonwealth Games DELHI 2010 will consist of offices and Common services areas. This location is 17 sports-events besides the Opening & Closing convenient due to the fact that it offers Rights Holding ceremonies spread over 12 Competition-Venues. There are Broadcasters easy access to the multiple sports venues and 12 Competition-Venues and 5 non Competition-Venues, the ability to accommodate all HB and RHBs technical all in and around Delhi. The details of Competition-Venues facilities in a self-contained building. are shown in table. Broad acst Standard : The Host Broadcaster (HB) is responsible for all broadcast Entire Games coverage including Opening and Closing related activities (both for Radio & Television) required C e r e m o n i e s , i n H D T V s t a n d a r d ( H D - S D I for the production of World Feeds (Basic Feed) video & 1920*1080/50/I) (ITU-R Rec BT-709).. All “Basic Feed' audio signals. The HB also be responsible for : will be technically available in HD-SDI 16:9 at the Venues • Planning, implementing, delivery and supervision of and the IBC. HB will provide 4:3 protection on all the IBC technical infrastructure and other facilities coverage, including 4:3 “safe” graphics output. Audio required for RHBs. signal will be in Stereo (L&R), and will be available as embedded audio only, both at Venues and the IBC. • Liaise with RHBs regarding the design and construction of their individual spaces in the IBC. Basic Feed These will be provided by HB to the RHBs on rate card The signals which shall form the BASIC FEED shall basis . RHBs have to give their requirement like space, essentially consist of: air-conditioning, fire safety system etc to HB beforehand so that the RHBs space is handed over to oLive Television pictures RHBs by 15th August 2010. oInternational television and audio signals • Arrange the delivery and distribution of the Basic feed and all unilateral television and radio signals to the oInternational Sound RHBs in its Space . oEnglish commentary on a separate audio track • The HB will also provide bookable facilities which are o installed in the IBC for use of RHBs on payment basis Titling as per Broadcast rate card . o Timing and results, and other ancillary graphics The IBC activities comprises of HB technical activities, oSlow motion replays Bookable resources to RHBs and other support activities such as Broadcast Information office, Satellite dish farm, oSpecial effects telecommunication operations etc.. oOn Screen Credits 1) HB Technical Centre : a. Contribution, Distribution and Transmission oVirtual signage (CDT) The technical hub of the Host Broadcaster is located in

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Figure-1

Hall 10, with the Contribution, Distribution Centre and Centre, VandA signals will be passed on to Distribution associated Technical areas. The Monitor wall depicting Centre. all of the incoming picture sources from the Competition Venues and Beauty Cameras is visible Distribution through a glass viewing wall. Multilateral and unilateral VandA uncompressed feeds Contribution received from Venues distributed to the RHBs via the Distribution Centre. 28 of the available multilateral All multilateral Video and Audio (VandA) (40 nos) and contribution signals are routed to the multilateral unilateral VandA (Approx 30 nos) uncompressed feeds distribution system via the CDT router. These signals from the venues will be received through the Optical are distributed both to the RHBs unilateral space via the Fibre Connection(OFC) network (to be provided by the Basic Feed and the CDT monitor wall and matrix for MTNL- official Telecom Provider) at the Contribution technical monitoring. Unilateral signals will be Centre. MTNL is setting up a parallel infrastructures reclocked, then passed on to RHBs via booked internal in both traditional dark fibre and the state-of-the art VandA circuits. IP/MPLS technology, to provision the high-definition VandA contribution circuits for the Games Delhi2010. The distribution of VandA package will consist of 28 All contribution multilateral circuits are HD-SDI ITU- international signals (including 5 beauty cameras) plus R BT-709 with embedded audio. From the Contribution two signals for synchronization and test, 30 in total for

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TV RHBs, where these signals shall be available either I. The RHB can requests a copy of the required log and in HD-SDI or SD-SDI (16:9) or SD-SDI (4:3) with physically transfers the data into their own data base. synchronised embedded audio. Similarly, 23 signal package (23 Radio International sound, English II. The RHB can avail a low res browsing station to commentary) shall be made available to Radio RHBs. search the HB logging database and exports the logs into their own database on hiring basis ( no play out). Transmission III.The RHB installs their own EVS ingest system and The HB in association with Telecom Provider engaged requests access to the HB logging data base. This access by Organising Committee shall be delivering RHBs includes all of the logging information. outgoing signals to the International Gateways. These signals are either interfaced with the local satellite up- IV. The RHB can also avail a low resolution browsing linking service, or onto international fibre services. station to search the HB database, including a 2 channel high resolution play out server on hiring. Clips found RHBs may opt to use a Mobile Satellite up linkin with the low resolution search can be requested and service located in the IBC 'Satellite Farm' in transferred to the high resolution play out system. consultation with OC. 2. Bookable Technical Facilities b. Commentary Switching Centre: a) Edit suites The CSC is the main hub and Master Control for all 4 wire circuits. The 4- Wire Commentary and Co- Linear and Non Linear Edit facilities (Final Cut Pro) ordination circuits between the IBC and venues are for both HDTV and SDTV compatible signals will be connected through the CSC. The 4-wire circuits for available on a bookable basis for broadcaster use with Commentary ( 15kHz from Venue + 3.4kHz return) or signal connection to CDT. Coordination (3.4 Khz both transmit &return) purposes b) Tape archives are routed through the Commentary Control room (CCR) at the Venues to the IBC CSC. The Commentary The VTR library will contain videotape archives of all and/or Coordination circuits will be extended from the live and ENG coverage produced during CW Games CSC to the RHB spaces in the IBC. CSC also competition. Copies of any competition may be administers the configuration of the IBC Intercom obtained by placing an order through the HB Booking system and sets up, or changes, the allowed connections Office. to users in the lead up to the Games c) Media Server Access c. Logging, Archiving and Post Production Low resolution browse of the database with direct file I) VTR Recording Room: Recording of all live transfer is available on request.. competition feeds, CWG press conferences and ENG coverage for events that are not covered live will be d) Format change done using HDCAM VTRs. The format change facility provides an opportunity to II) Central Media Server ( Archives & Logging): The dub material from one tape format to another. Use of system (EVS solution) is designed to record all this facility must be requested through the HB incoming feeds in both high res and low res from the Booking Office. venues, log them, prepare daily highlights, play the highlights to air and then archive to removable drives. e) Stand-up position at IBC and other vantage Total storage capability is more than 1200 hrs at locations : DNX120 ingesting format. Looging of the programme The Stand-up Positions facilitates broadcasters to will use the IP Director. In addition, all archival footage have a interview sessions with athletes, VIPs etc with up to the Games will be housed in the library and natural backdrops or heritage sites like India Gate available for Right Hold Broadcasters (RHBs). which has embed the audio and a fibre transmit codec Access to the central media server can be facilitated to for connection to the CDT Router. the RHBs by the following :

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Broadcast Venue and Feeds Sport Event FOPs Feeds Venue or Precinct Ceremonies Open/Close 1 Integrated Track 1x 400m Track 5 Atheletics Throws 2XSP,1xDT,1xHT Integrated,Track Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium V.Jumps 1xHJ,2xPV Horizontal Jumps, H.Jumps 2xTJ,2xLJ Vertical Jumps Weighlifting 1xPodium 1 Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Complex Lawn Bowls Green 1, 4xGreens 2 Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Green2(F) (Green 1 & 2) Complex Swimming Pool 1 Aquatics Sync. Swimming 1x Diving Well 1 Dr SPM Aqatics Complex Diving Boxing 1x Ring 1 Talkatora Indoor Stadium Gymnastics Artistic 4x Podium 1 Indira Gandhi sports Rythmic 1x Carpet Complex Cycling Track 1xVelodrome 1 Indira Gandhi sports Complex Wrestling Mat A 3x Mats 2 Indira Gandhi sports Mat B (F) Complex Badminton Court3(F) 5x Courts 2 Court2 Siri Fort Sports Complex Squash 17x Courts 1 (Show Court) Table Tennis Table 1 (F) 10x Tables 2 Yamuna Sports Complex Table 2 (Table 1&2) Archery Preliminary 40x Lanes 1 Yamuna Sports Complex Finals 1x 2 Target Lane Finals only, Central Vista Prelims on ENG Hockey Pitch 1 (F) 2x Field 2 Maj. Dhyan Chand Pitch 2 National Stadium Netball 1x Court 1 Thaygraja Sports Complex Rugby 7's 1x Field 1 Delhi University Shooting Full Bore 1x range 1 Full bore shooting Range Shooting Clay Target 5 X Range 1 (Range 3) Dr Karni Singh Shooting Finals 4 X Range 1 (Finals range) Range Tennis Centre Court 8 X Courts 2 ( Centre Court & R K Khanna Tennis Court 1 court 1) Complex Atheletics Walks 1 X Course 1 Walks Course Marathon 1 X Course 1 Marathon Course Cycling Road 1 X Road Course 1 Central Vista Cycling Time Trial 1 X Time Trial Course 1 Noida Express way

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3. Other Services inside the IBC c) IBC Daily Briefing a) Information Office An IBC daily briefing will be conducted under the A fully equipped and staffed information office will be direction of HB to provide Broadcasters with updated located in the IBC. Front desk staff will be trained and Games information. Delhi 2010 representatives will available to answer a broad range of broadcaster be present to address issues pertaining to CWG. enquiries. The central location for the gathering and distribution of all broadcast related information d) Telecom Services generated by the HB and OC. The operation of The provision of all telecommunications services Information office during games time will be 24 x 7. caters to broadcasters and other stake holders will be The information office will be responsible for ensured throughout the management and operation of distribution of variety of Information services, Commonwelath Games by official Telecom Operator. including printed report distribution, IBC news, Flash The services comprises of contribution network, Bulletins, and a CATV information channel. The security network ( CCTV signals to IBC) , other Information office also distributes SADs such as Bibs, conventional telecommunication services such as Armbands, VAPPs and operates Guest pass office. PSTN, ISDN,GVN, mobile telephony, intranet, Internet etc for smooth functioning of all Games b) Booking Office operations. The HB Booking Office will be responsible for e) Satellite dish Farm (SDF) receiving and processing all requests from the Rights Holding Broadcasters for Rate Card services and The secure IBC Satellite Farm of approximately 1000 facilities, as well as other contractual services. The sq metres, is located adjacent to the IBC building, Booking Office will coordinate process and track all adjacent to Hall 11 fronting Ramganga Marg. It offers orders and ensure that the requested services and clear boresight angles to the Southern satellite arc for facilities are delivered as requested according to the SNG vehicles or fixed satellite equipment through the Rights Holder specifications. applicable rates.

SDTI Ring Network Archiving And Logging

EVS XT2 x 5 Logging Stationx 25 X-File All RHBs Signals EVS XL2x 5 Browsing Stationx 4 Archiving and database units x5 To be Transmitted MULTILATRAL FEEDS XT[2] Via satellite HD/SD/SDI EMBEDDED AUDIO

SDF INCOMING Gigabit Network MULTILATRAL Beauty Cameras Post Production Standup x5 Positions FEEDS

HD/SD/SDI EMBEDDED AUDIO S D E

E VandA Package F

L HD/SD/SDI EMBEDDED AUDIO A

R 23 Multilatral+5 Beauty Cameras T Highlight Edit Suits NLEs x3 A

L +1 Ref (Colour Black)+1 Test Signal I Central Media Server Bookable NLEs x1 T s s L U

Return Feeds M Dark Fibre e To Venues e T T

c Video Monitoring Commentry Switching Video Monitoring c OFC i VTR Recording & Format Conversion & Switching (CDT) Centre (CSC) (PQC) Transmission i D D

Links v To SDF v r r

C C All RHBs Signal for IP/MPLS All e e HDCAM VCRs Multi Format Monitoring CA TV x30 VCRs S S RHBs Return Feed Feed From Venues to Venues O O

C UNILATRAL UNILATRAL (TV) C

L FEEDS FEEDS L HD/SD/SDI HD/SD/SDI E E T T

256X256 HD/SD/SDI Router

All Transmission CSC Analog Audio (Commentry/ coordination ckt) csc CSC Analog Audio (Commentry/ coordination ckt) RHBs Through ISDN (Radio)

WORK FLOW- IBC Figure2

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f) CATV : the clock with capacity of 1900 KVA (3nos of 750KVA). HB will provide technical power supply There will be a multi channel CATV system within the requirement to RHBs on request basis . Technical IBC, which will be available to the RHBs on request Power will be backed up by Online UPS( basis. Host Broadcaster will provide 30 channels in Uninterrupted Power supply). CATV and any other Broadcasters channels on request will be included in the CATV bouquet. The i) Building Management Centre (BMC) same CATV signal will be routed to seven venues including Games Village & Ashoka Hotel. This office houses the IBC Building Management Staff, comprising building technical support personnel The sport competition coverage and other information – Electrical, HVAC, Generators, plumbing, general available on each of the CATV channels, and repairs. Manned 24/7 at Games time. frequency occupied, will be published at Games time by the Broadcast Information Office. Broadcasters RHBs are requested to refer for assistance with any may gain access and provide their own channels. building or fit out issues, directly to this office. Telephone contact numbers for BMC will be advised g) Commentary Information system (CIS) and by Broadcast Information closer to Games time. Games Family Information System (GFIS) j) First Aid Games Information terminals will be provided in common areas of the IBC and on request through the A first aid station will be established within the IBC to Rate Card in RHB spaces. GFIS is an essential resource meet local standards of care. Clearly marked signs will providing access to schedules, results, records, athlete identify this area. Trained first aiders will be available biographies, medal tallies, sport information and 24/7 at Games time and at appropriate times during the related general information. Results will be posted as Bump-in. The centre will be with first aid supplies and close to real time as possible. a Cardiac Defibrillator. The Commentary Information System is a real time k) IBC Cafeteria system provided to commentary tribunes at sports and A cafeteria will be established in Hall 9. Seating will be competition venues where applicable. and a remote provided for meals available during daytime hours. CIS will be available in the IBC. RHBs requiring Coffee and refreshments will be available 24/7 in this access should arrange through the request to Booking area. Office This is first time in the Commonwealth Games history h) Power Supply : that the entire coverage of Games will be in High The power supply will be provided through 1+1 Definition format (HDTV) and it will be a very special captive generator sets configured for working round and an important moment in the sporting History.

About the Authors

A. K. Jha is an Electronic & Communication Engineer with more than 20 years of experience. He joined IB(E)Services in 1989 and worked in various capacities in All India Radio and Doordarshan. He has been instrumental in digitisation and modernisation of Doordarshan, during his tenure at DDK Delhi, as Station Engineer. He is presently working as a core member of team in Host Broadcaster-Commonwealth Games 2010 project management unit under Directorate General, Doordarshan. N. V. Ramana is an Electronic & communication Engineer with more than 17 years of experience in the field of television. He did his M.Tech from IIT,Kanpur in Digital signal processing. He joined Doordarshan through Indian Engineering Services and worked at Ahmedabad & Jaipur. He has been involved in the installation & maintenance of Satellite & Terrestrial Broadcasting networks besides implementing digitalization & modernisation of Doordarshan's Studio facilities. He is presently working as a core member of team in Host Broadcaster-Commonwealth Games 2010 project management unit under Directorate General, Doordarshan

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Electromagnetic Pollution S. Ramachandaran

EMR or electromagnetic radiation is not a new concept concerns about various ill effects of RF Radiation in our life. Actually it is a very integral part of our lives Exposure, dangers perceived from falling of these because without this electromagnetic energy, life would towers during earthquake with small little not be possible. seismographic disturbances. Since time began life had to deal with naturally This has also resulted in enhanced Non Ionizing Electro occurring radiation, which somehow was balanced or Magnetic Radiation (NIEMR) pollution in Indian cities. life was shielded from detrimental parts of that radiation The adverse effects of RF/Microwave Radiations were such as certain cosmic radiation. When people started to recognized by the erstwhile USSR and, in fact, the same harness electricity and began to generate and transport it was used as a weapon to create mental disturbances, over long distances a different kind of energy was instability and high anxiety. Slowly and slowly when introduced in our life. They are AC Electric/Magnetic the adverse health effects started coming to the notice of Fields and Radio Frequency Radiations. Over time, medical and radiological scientists certain measures industry found newer and more exciting usage of these were taken in advanced countries to formulate certain energies. It started with simple motors, refrigerators, guidelines and to regulate exposure limits within safe doorbells, electric blankets, etc. Electric heating levels. The United States FCC had guidelines FCC 56 systems, communication systems such as radio and revised by FCC65. Canadian Government incorporated television also came into existence and developing now Safety Code No. 6, European Countries developed into sophisticated electronic devices, including military ICNIRP and IEEE Guidelines. weapon systems, satellites, computers and cell phone These manmade energies have become part of our lives technology. The electromagnetic radiations are being and as such are superimposed to our subtle body utilized as technological enhancements to the mankind. energies. The results of these developments seem to be During first half of the twentieth century harmful effects an increase in certain illnesses that have been unknown of radiation (now known as ionizing radiations) became or at least rare before the electricity age. Research into very evident and lot of remedial actions have been the long-term effects of an exposure to EMR's is in the taken. In later 20th century when use of electromagnetic beginning stage and hampered and stopped by vested spectrum increased for Telecommunications, interests. Broadcasting and household remote-controlling, enormous health effects started taking place by non- The various types of fields present in the atmosphere ionizing radiations. The mobile telecommunication cause varying degrees of pollution. Some of the current companies in fact are now mushrooming the cities with exposure level standard for electromagnetic pollution as radiating steel towers. In the over-exuberance of the on date is tabulated in Table- I and gives an idea of the speed of network roll out and covering the full various levels of RF exposure levels. Further the various population for a good communication range, they have types of pollution faced by us are also tabulated in Table- not only neglected the structural stability, heritage II. The temporal magnetic field of earth is in the order of protection and radiation health effects but also put the 10-100 nT, while the magnetic field of eye, brain and general public open to the continuous 24x7 exposure of heart are of the order of 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.005 nT. EMR which is leading permanent effect on human The relationship between biological effects and health and behavior. Electromagnetic Exposure has been widely recognized With the use of Electromagnetic Spectrum for mobile from Epidemiological and experimental studies. The telecommunications, television transmitters, FM Radio growing use of mobile communication GSM 900/1800, Stations and also Mobile Phones themselves threaten Cordless Telephones etc. in the last decade has significant increase in the RF Level in Indian cities introduced concerns about health risks from so called particularly in densely populated areas. The remarkable man made electro smog. This Non Ionizing growth of this new technology is receiving public Electromagnetic Radiation Pollution is invisible and in 22 October’09 - March'10 BES

this context it is not detectable by our five senses. Therefore every one tends to have casualness towards personal protection. Since use of these Electromagnetic Radiations is inevitable by the Society, there is a need to devise more comprehensive protection measures. Previous to Mobile Tower and FM Radio Era, the AM Radio Towers and Television Towers were being installed and proper care was being taken to keep these towers little away from the thickly populated areas as towers were varying from a few watts to 100s of KWs. With an opening of Mobile (GSM and CDMA) Telecommunication Sector and privatization of Broadcasting Sector, installation and planning for the towers came in the hands of private companies. Some of the radiating towers have also been erected either on the hospital itself or within the distance of 20-30 yards of ICU Wings of the hospitals putting the patients at a very heavy risk. The towers so installed generate in general over doses of harmful RF Radiations and pose structural, cultural, environmental, biological threats to the people living nearby. The radiation patterns of an embedded antenna in mobile phone are indicated in the figure. It is to be noted that technological improvement has resulted in the development of IMD antenna where Conclusion attempt has been made to move the antenna radiation away from the human brain. There is a primary need to control the Electromagnetic Pollutions and also to draw guidelines for the Maximum Chronic exposure to very low-level RF radiation can Permissible Exposure Levels in India. There is also a cause sleep disturbance, melatonin reduction and cancer need to carry out re-audit of 'already installed in many part of the human body. There is consistency GSM/CDMA/FM Radio Towers' with a view to check between the biological effects of all sources of all structural stability adherence to the norms and safety of electromagnetic radiation exposure and including cell public from harmful radiations emitted by these towers. phone base stations. All of us know that we are not allowed to operate Mobile Phones in an aircraft because References: of the reason of interference of the Radiating RF with 1. Tanwar, VS, Lt Col, COGENT EMR SOLUTIONS, the Onboard Systems of the aircraft. However same NEW DELHI “The Concept of Decision Support analogy is not applied to the living beings although System for the High Tech Warfare” 81st Indian everybody is vulnerable to this continuous RF Science Congress. Radiations. 2. Baubiologie Maes, Scholremerstr, 87, D-41464, Neuss, www.maes.de, www.buildingbiology.net

About the Author Srinivasan Ramachandran is presently working as Director Engineering in the office of Chief Engineer (South Zone) at Chennai. His current responsibilities include Maintenance (technical and administrative) of Doordarshan stations in South Zone. He has passed out from IIT Kanpur in 1986 with M Tech in Electrical Engineering. He is a IB(E)S 1985 batch officer. He has served AIR & DD for past two decades in various capacities across the country. He has vast experience in the field of broadcasting and has been responsible for many new AIR & DD stations in East, North-East and South zones. He has a good knowledge of project implementation, budgetary control and O&M of the state of the art DD & AIR networks across the country. He has been a recipient of Doordarshan and Akashvani Awards of technical excellence.

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Building Effective Broadcast Regulatory Institutions in India Raman Kumar

Introduction costs of regulating it. Often the new type of services The broadcasting sector has experienced rapid does not fit easily into the existing regulatory definitions technological advancements in all the fields including and frameworks. For example, Internet is offering audio content creation, transmission and distribution. visual content without reference to its origin so dilemma Convergence of Telecom and Broadcasting services has regarding its regulation crops up. Should this be led to opening up of new opportunities for service considered as a telecom service or a broadcasting providers and host of interactive services for the service? And how should it be regulated by a Broadcast subscribers. With various technologies and products Regulatory Authority or by a Telecom Regulatory coming into market place catering to different broadcast Authority. Technologically it is complex to find out applications, ensuring unhindered growth of broadcast source of content. The governments are trying to cope services through suitable regulations is an essential step up with this type of challenges by restructuring the with taking into consideration technical, economical policies and regulatory institutions but the uncertainty and social objectives. The economic objectives may as to where commercial and technological forces will include encouraging investment and innovation, lead and pose other challenges making the task for promote competition for the benefit of users and service government's complex in terms of assigning priorities to providers and proper allocation of spectrum to make reforms. So with the emergence of multimedia and communication, broadcasting and information sectors convergence of services, the nature of regulations engines of economic growth. Social and cultural traditionally used to govern may have to be reviewed objectives may include universal access to these suitably by Government. There is need for building and services at affordable prices, plurality of voices in development of convergence models to ensure effective media, consumer protection and privacy, security of regulation and monitoring. The new regulations need to data and identity and above all the content should reflect be designed meticulously to meet the challenges & the tradition and culture of the nation. make the best out of opportunities offered by convergence. This paper study the different issues World over broadcasting scenario is undergoing relevant to discussion on need for constituting effective revolutionary changes. Rapid technological Regulatory body for broadcast sector in India in the light developments in the areas of digital signal processing, of new technological developments and convergence of compression technologies, satellite communication etc telecommunication, information and broadcasting have opened doors for unification of different services services by citing instances from regulatory authorities leading to convergence. The role of broadcasting is of other countries. getting redefined. Convergence has intensified competition across delivery networks and between services for example, television program is now Broadcast Regulation in India : Current scenario available through number of delivery platforms- Media regulation in India is currently looked into by terrestrial, cable TV, DTH, internet and mobile multiple official agencies involved in formulating and telephone. The most remarkable outcomes of implementing policy, drafting and enforcing legislation. convergence are development of new services like IP They often appear to be unaware of each other's TV, interactive Cable TV etc. The emergence of new interventions and seem to work at cross purposes. scenario as a result of convergence of services led to Among the official organizations currently involved in spectrum crunch shooting up the spectrum cost and

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media regulation are: independent body for Broadcast Regulation in India as • Union Ministry of Information & Broadcasting envisaged in Broadcast Regulation bill 2007 is which functions as policy-maker and content regulator strengthen. • Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI): Broadcasting has been notified as a telecommunication Regulation Procedure followed in other Countries. service under section 2(1)(k) of the TRAI 1997 act. MIB Broadcasting sector is regulated in most of the countries has sought Recommendations of TRAI on various by the Information or Broadcasting Ministry by issuing broadcasting issues in light of new developments under licenses for different types of services. The license section 11(a)(i) and (ii) of TRAI act in recent past. TRAI conditions stipulate the content obligations, control the has submitted recommendations on various broadcast number of operators, size and influence of a particular policies and matters related to third phase of private FM broadcast media operator by restricting cross media radio broadcasting, ownership of broadcasting operations and define the way of funding the public activities, “provision of IPTV services”, Headend-In- broadcaster. The Countries across the world have The-Sky (HITS) etc. However TRAI is involved responded differently and at different pace to primarily with issues of technology, such as carriage Convergence. United Kingdom, Malaysia were the regulation and pricing. forerunners to form a single regulatory body to regulate • Telecom Disputes Settlement & Appellate Tribunal the three sectors. The reform cycle in most of the which, as the name implies, is the body to which appeals countries started with privatization and corporatization can be made for problems relating to broadcast of public operator, followed by establishment of a regulation Telecom Regulator and later ended up with merger of • Ministry of Communications & Information separate regulatory bodies to form an integrated Technology which has responsibility for licensing regulator. Singapore was the first country in world to transmission equipment (e.g., Radio through the form a specific telecom regulator in 1992. It later Wireless Planning & Coordination or WPC wing), merged its telecom and IT regulator to form Infocomm satellites, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) and, Development Authority which has taken Singapore potentially, Mobile TV. ahead in its vision to make it an 'infocomm hub' and 'internet economy'. UK formed a single regulator- • The courts in the absence of an independent regulator, OFCOM which jurisdiction extends across television, the courts are often called upon to adjudicate on r a d i o , t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d w i r e l e s s broadcast-related issues and they are playing an communications services; and its responsibilities cover increasingly proactive role in matters of media both content and infrastructure in the communications regulation. sector. Malaysia formed Malaysian Communication • Competition Commission of India to regulate anti- and Multimedia Commission and simplified its competitive behaviour of industry players. licensing procedures. The Australian Communication and Media Authority (ACMA) were created by merging These agencies work in silos, independent of each other, the Australian Broadcasting Authority and the and in the absence of coordination among various Australian Communications Authority in 2005, dealing regulatory agencies, the stake holders such as the with Broadband, Communications and the Digital infrastructure providers, service providers, content Economy. It is responsible for the regulation of developers, DTH operators, and civil society are in a broadcasting, the Internet, radio communications and state of confusion leaving markets to loose. This telecommunications also. approach worsens the situation in case of difference of opinion and interests among the regulators on any a particular issue (Sharma, 2007). The overlapping Need to Build up effective Regulatory Institutions in authority of separate regulatory bodies are causing India. confusion among new entrants, increasing transaction costs, leading to inconsistencies in regulations and more The Convergence of Telecom and Broadcasting services than often hampering the development of industry and worldwide have led to opening up of new opportunities technology. In light of above observations, the need for for service providers and host of interactive services for

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the subscribers globally. The Government of India is worldwide can be understood by the following actively considering policies for launch of mobile TV depiction in fig. terrestrial services, satellite Radio services, Head end in Policies related to Carriage regulation may be guide by the sky (HITS) services and further expansion of private following principles in the view of new developments in FM Radio services in India. In Indian perspective, the technology and convergence of services: content and carriage regulations are managed by separate agencies and there are repeated calls from • To ensure the easy participation of all players – be it various content delivery agencies to redefine content new or old players, small or big and carriage regulations and reconsider regulatory • To ensure the optimal use of the Frequency spectrum systems. The discussions on the establishment of a available for broadcasting purpose. separate Broadcasting Regulatory Authority of India bring these issues in the fore light. There should be • Adoption of a suitable definition of convergence, separate regulatory framework for carriage and content with sufficient flexibility for evolution of the definition regulation under single authority in India. As the with technological developments. Carriage and content are two entirely different aspects • To Ensure the wide range of TV and radio services of of service provision. Carriage is governed by economic high quality and wide appeal and technological regulation; it is more influenced by • Building and development of convergence models to global and technological developments, bilateral ensure effective regulation and monitoring as adopted in agreements and involvement of international bodies other countries like UK, Singapore, and Malaysia etc. (e.g., ITU) for harmonization etc. Content is driven by the social and cultural contexts of the nation. Content • To develop regulatory mechanisms and policies for a regulation, in turn, is typically addressed through conducive and fair environment for growth of specific legislation, codes of conduct developed by the convergence. government, or self-regulation. Different Nations take So there are at least two aspects to the broadcast sector different approaches to deciding which companies are regulation in India. One relates primarily to subject to content regulation. The several types of organizational structures and technological systems content regulation followed in different countries

Protection of minors: followed by Promoting India, Australia, Must carry religious Japan, Norway Regulation objectives China.. etc followed by most (Pakistan) OECD Countries

Types of Content Regulation

Promoting the Avoiding Racial and country in the Religious hatred : international followed by community : Australia, Hong followed by BBC’s Linguistic policies : kong, China, World Service in followed by Mauritius, the UK Canada Singapore

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(including ownership, licensing, spectrum allocation, 2. http://arstechnica.com/guides/other/iptv.ars, etc), while the other has to do with content and includes 3. http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/ facilities for receiving and addressing complaints from the public. The new developments call for a common Recommendations/77/rec17oct07.pdf, regulatory agency across the three industries with 4. www.fcc.gov/transaction/att-comcast/jointdoc.pdf, horizontal separation in Broadcasting across content and carriage in India. 5. http://www.trai.gov.in 6. http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/ Conclusions Recommendations/80/recom23jan08.pdf, The benefits that can be reaped from the process of 7. www.qualcomm.com/technology/mobiletv.html, convergence between information processing, 8. BES expo conference proceedings, 2008 telecommunications and television are enormous both 9. http://infochangeindia.org/Media/ in terms of new offerings and in terms of new employment opportunities. The most important thing to Broadcast-Laws-and-Regulations/Telecom- get maximum benefits is to put 'Right Regulatory Regulatory-Authority-of-India-Some-recent- Framework' in place. The regulations should be minimal and should evolve from the industry itself as 'code of recommendations.html conduct'. The Regulator's task should be limited to 10. http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/ issuing guidelines but should ensure to correct any 152856/ information asymmetry and check market failures. It can be concluded that a good regulatory system is the 11. http://www.mib.nic.in/ focal point and those across the world who refine their 12. http://tdsat.nic.in/ regulatory structures in response to convergence would definitely be paid back, well by technology and markets. 13 http://www.mit.gov.in/ 14. http://www.acma.gov.au/web/ Endnotes 15. http://www.ofcom.org.uk/ 1. http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/ 16. [1] OECD Communications Outlook 2007 (2007), available at 527/recom4jan08.pdf,

About the Author

Raman Kumar has about 9 years Group A service experience in Public Service Broadcasting organization of All India Radio in different broadcasting activities and over two years service experience in R&D department of Bharat Electronics, Bangalore. He has done Bachelor degree in Electronics & Telecommunication from Karnatak university in 1997 and Post Graduate Diploma in Management degree from IGNOU in 2008. Presently working as Station Engineer, HPT, AIR Kingsway, Delhi. Email: [email protected]

27 October’09 - March'10 BES

A tutorial on Audio Processor for Radio Transmitters

George I. Irumben

Introduction the help of level controllers. Both these functions were later combined together to make way for the limiters. It Audio processors are used in the broadcasting chain to does the function of band limiting; gain control, enhance the subjective quality of audio programmes. expansion and companding etc to eliminate human Advanced audio processors are now replacing equaliser control in modulation. amplifiers and limiters. It can be in the studio chain, in the STL or in the transmitter. Their characteristics are While this was working well in AM transmission, in FM different in different applications. With the availability the requirements changed due to fierce competition. It is of advanced DSP chips this has become even easier and not mere loudness, which draws the attention but the cost effective. The facilities available now are many; way the audio sounds is what matters. Even station techniques are complicated and involve signal identity is attached to the way the audio is heard in the processing. Its purpose is mainly to enhance the radio. This led the way more complex audio processors. subjective listening quality. As the processing is in It carries out the audio processing more vigorously to digital and complicated, a thorough knowledge of the the taste of the programmer or engineer. Multiple DSP controls and their effects is essential to make the chips carry out simultaneous operation in digital optimum use of these processors. Often, wrong and environment. Now an engineer can select the required improper adjustments lead to noisy and distorted audio. parameters in the way of presets for a variety of Audio processing requires both engineering and artistic programme content. Now the old limiter is almost skills. The engineering skill is to make optimum use of phased out in FM, but remains as an option if rigorous the bandwidth allocated for transmission and also limit processing is not required for the content. For example, the transmission within the bandwidth as per the transmitters used for community radios or for regulations. It also ensures the modulation going educational programs may not really require a beyond the stipulated limit as specified in the standards. processor, which is a costly proposition.] The artistic goal is to enhance the listening quality by suitable processing of the programme material without Requirements of Audio Processors impairing the original quality. This artistic goal may The main functions of an audio processor are vary from individuals depending on their focussing and taste. vControl peak modulation in normal programme running Limiter Vs Processor vRestricting the bandwidth of the modulated signal In the early days of broadcasting, the main requirement and prevent over modulation of the transmission was to limit the bandwidth of the modulated wave in the allocated band. Bandwidth vPrevent adjacent channel interference permitted for MW transmission is 9 kHz and for SW transmission it is 10 kHz. For FM the deviation was vEnhance subjective listening quality limited to about 150 kHz to 180 kHz. To achieve this, band limiting of the audio was done in the audio chain vFacility to change the presets dynamically as per the by filters. Later on, to ensure optimum modulation, content of the programme material automatic level control of the audio was carried out with

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The above functions involve clipping, low pass filtering Processors for FM Transmitters and managing of overshoots. While doing so, there may be many side effects. One of the notable disadvantages Today FM transmission is much more than the AM. is known as pumping or an effect due to the change in Due to high fidelity of the audio used in FM broadcast audio gain, which occurred frequently. Another effect is the processing involved is much more rigorous. All the pulling up of background noise called breathing. most all FM transmitters, which run commercially There may be a drop in the loudness due to sudden invariably uses an audio processor for enhancing the transients. Hence the kind of audio processing required subjective listening quality. FM broadcast is meant for varies from programme to programme and the type of listening in both fixed and mobile conditions, in services. automotives, metro rails etc. It has more listen-able dynamic range. Therefore it must have the following Processors for AM transmitters characteristics. In these bands of broadcasting the reception is often vThere must be high frequency limiting to affected by the atmospheric noise in the channel and due complement the pre-emphasis already employed in to interference like fading and other environmental the transmitting chain for compensating the losses noises, automotive noises. Due to these factors the in high frequency processing involved is normally mild but emphasis is given in preventing over modulation or exceeding the vIt must provide accurate peak control with a modulated bandwidth. Therefore an AM processor for frequency response of +/ - 0.1 dB. MW & SW should have the following characteristics. vThe group delay in the processing should not be vMulti band compression and limiting more than +/-10 degree. It is to further ensure that the stereo encoder used in the modulator must be vAutomatic gain control for optimum modulation capable of meeting this group delay; else it can lead to serious listening impairments. vProvide negative peak control to prevent AM carrier pinch off vIt must provide pre-emphasis and band limiting vPrevent overshoot, tilt and ringing in the modulated vIt should ensure the output energy above bandwidth envelope limit is minimum. Typically it is 15 kHz so that the 19 kHz pilot tone itself is safeguarded from over vPrevent excess bass which often leads to bounces deviation while listening to audio In FM audio processing often multi band limiting is vThe processor also must have facility to prevent employed now a days to make competitive sound in the slew rate limiting. This is prominent in entire range of frequencies. This will increase transmitters, which employs pulse duration programme density and will be better than the basic modulation (PDM). limiter, which were used early days. However the frequency deviation must be within the permissible The processor must have the band limiting capabilities limit. But a good processor must not simply raise the as the high pass filter (HPF) in the transmitter average level for loudness as it can lead to gain pumping modulating chain can create adverse effect of changes in due to sudden changes in audio levels. Loudness alone peak to average ratio. Hence this facility of band may not be the factor; certain amount of firmness is also limiting should be bypassed in the transmitter and the essential. Constant loudness in audio can be annoying same can be provided in the processor itself. All old for the listener in the long run. transmitters do have a HPF in the audio chain. The group delay of such filters for different audio frequencies may Processing audio for Digital Broadcasting not be the same. This will be undesirable for a processed audio. Radio broadcasting is going digital through out the world in all the existing and extended bands. DRM,

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DRM+, HD Radio, DAB, DMB etc. are some of the vMost of the digital transmission technologies emerging technologies, which are adopted for digital employ simulcast transmission, which means it has radio broadcasting. When compared with analog both analogue as well as digital signals in the same transmission a digital transmission will have following bandwidth. In case of poor reception in digital, the major changes as far as audio is concerned. receiver can automatically change over to the analogue signal and ensure continuity in listening. vThe most obvious difference is that digital Radio Often a 5 dB gain is given in digital transmitter has a wider audio bandwidth, extending up to 20 chain. Hence the CODECs used in the digital and kHz, compared to FM Analog's maximum 15 kHz. analog chain of such transmissions must take care of In AM it may be about 5 kHz to limit bandwidth for the gain difference so that the listener is not put into simulcast transmission. The digital Radio system is unpleasant level variations. Listener should not designed to provide a 12 kHz response on the AM notice the change in level in the event of change band. from digital to analogue or vice versa. vThis means that the processor needs to have a basic vIn digital transmission processors now HF boost or audio sampling rate of 44.1 kHz or above. peak clipping is employed. The CODEC used also must be such that it creates no artefacts. vIn order to reduce the required bandwidth CODEC's are employed for audio compression. These vOne of the advantages to the digital channel is the CODECs are normally using lossy techniques for ability to offer wider dynamic range, which allows compression. This means that the discarded audio one to use less processing. This would reduce the signals while compressing cannot be retrieved RMS average level and sound would be quieter afterwards if one needs. This naturally changes the compared to the FM/AM Analog path. So, digital requirements of audio processor in digital domain. radio signal should be set at to sound comparable to the more heavily processed analog signal. vThere is no pre-emphasis in the digital audio broadcasting. Without the HF boost, much less of If simulcast transmission of analog and digital are the HF spectrum is driven deep into the final planned it may be possible to have a single processor limiters. Due to this the side effects of FM having independent chain and output for analog and processing, such as inter-modulation and harmonic digital transmitter. Future equipment will all be digital distortion are greatly reduced. Radio processors in and hence it is better to have a processor with AES/EBU digital transmitters hence can sound much smoother output along with composite and MPX output. In case of and cleaner than the FM analog at the same SCA/RDS/DARC transmission in FM, the processor processing level. must have the inputting facilities for them so that we can get a composite output to the transmitter modulator.

Audio in Audio Equaliser Compressor/ Multi band conditioner HF Boost Expander Limiter /AGC

Over shoot Clipper/ Compensation Gating HF Limiter Audio Out

Fig 1. Stages of audio processing 30 October’09 - March'10 BES

Different stages of audio processing loudness of sounds. Compression reduces dynamic range of program material by reducing the gain, for Audio signal processing involves a lot many functions those signals whose average RMS level exceeds the pre- depending on the nature of the signal and the amount of set threshold. The amount by which the gain is reduced processing required. Most of the processing is is called the gain reduction ratio (G/R). Above explained better with mathematics and implementation threshold, the slope of the input - output curve is the is tedious. However, with the introduction of DSP the compression ratio. Lower ratios provide loose control processing has become easier and faster. Multiple over levels, but generally sound more natural, whereas processors DSP chips are now employed in audio high ratios provide tight control. It can be abrupt processors. Some of the functions carried out in a typical transition into compression or a gradual transition as digital audio processor are shown in Fig 1. These shown in figure 2. The attack time is, generally, the time processing techniques are mainly employed for the compressor takes to settle to a new gain following a limiting, compression, expansion, gating, equalising and for creating audio effects. Let us see meaning of some of this commonly used term's in following paragraphs. Gain change Automatic Gain control Expansion Input audio normally passes through an input conditioning circuit. It has a sampling circuit and may be followed by another sample rate converter depending O/p Compression on the processor chip operation. It follows another Level circuit called stereo enhancer which increases the Linear energy of the difference signal of stereo (L-R). This will enhance the width and brightness of the stereo signal. After this stage it goes to AGC circuits which are normally gated AGC's. It changes the gain of the chain I/P Level whenever it falls below or above the threshold which Figure 2. Level compression input/output characteristics can be set by the user. steep increase in level. There is no precise definition on Equalisation how to measure attack time. Some measure it as the "time constant" - the time necessary for the gain to Equalization as the name indicates is changing the achieve 67% of its new value. The release time is the spectral shape of the signal, and is achieved frequency time necessary for the gain to recover to within a certain sensitive gain control circuits. In otherwards, an percent of its final value after the level of the input signal equaliser is any frequency-selective network placed in to the compressor has been reduced below the threshold. the signal path. A graphic equalizer provides a number It is some times convenient to specify the release time in of peaking equalizers distributed on spaced frequency dB per second if the shape of the release time is a straight centres throughout the audible range. Normally only the line on a dB vs. time graph. amount of equalization is adjustable, while the Q factor and centre frequency is fixed. Low-pass and high-pass Expansion increases the dynamic range of program filters remove spectrum at the top and bottom of the material. It reduces gain when the program level is audible range, respectively. They are usually used to lower than the set threshold of expansion. The primary remove unwanted high or low frequency noise, limit the purpose of expansion is to reduce noise. Expanders and audio spectrum and to produce special effects. compressors work in tandem so that low-level of program material is not amplified. It reduces the noise Level compression and expansion that would otherwise be increased by the compression. Expanders are similar to compressors and have similar It is used for reducing the difference in level between the parameters like attack times, release times, and soft and loud sounds to make subjective increase in the expansion.

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Limiting and clipping multiband compression this can be greatly minimised as it divides the spectrum into number of small bands. In Limiting increases audio density. Peak limiting is an some cases program-controlled filters are used as high- extreme form of compression characterised by a very frequency limiters to prevent overload. This is useful in high compression ratio, fast attack time, and fast release pre-emphasised systems like FM audio. In this filter, cut time. In modern audio processing, a peak limiter, by off frequency, its depth of shelving, or a combination of itself, usually limits the peaks of the envelope of the these parameters is varied, to dynamically change the waveform. Clipping usually controls these. Peak frequency response of the transmission channel. limiting produces not more than 6 dB of gain reduction. The main purpose of limiting is to protect audio or Gating transmission chain from overload. While in compression, the purpose is to reduce dynamic range of This is one of the techniques employed in audio the program. processing to prevent the processor getting stuck in either high or low levels of gains and to reduce noise Whereas, clipping instantaneously chops off any part of while recording. There are two fundamental types of the waveform that exceeds the preset threshold. This gating, the compressor gate and the noise gate. The threshold can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. compressor gate prevents any change in background Harmonics are generated when clipping action takes noise during pauses or low-level program material. It place. These harmonics fall around the carrier in case of freezes the compressor gain when the input level drops a transmitter. In receiver, these harmonics remain at below the threshold of gating. As it produces natural high frequencies and are removed by low-pass filtering. sound, it is very popular in broadcasting. Some Therefore RF clipping produces only inter-modulation compressor gates instead of freezing cause the gain to distortion and not harmonic distortion. But AF clipping move very slowly to a nominal value if the gating period produces both inter-modulation distortion and harmonic is long enough. This prevents the compressor from distortion. It is better to have RF clipping than AF getting "stuck" with an unusually high or low gain. The clipping on voice signals because inter-modulation noise gate is an expander with a high expansion ratio. distortion is less disturbing than harmonic distortion. Its purpose is to reduce noise while recording. On the other hand, RF clipping is much more disturbing than AF clipping on music. While limiting composite How much processing is required? signal, much caution is needed as it should not interfere As mentioned earlier, audio processing is an art, and the pilot carrier. Manufacturers of audio processors how processing is to be applied are depending on the often employ techniques like “half cosine interpolation” type of content, the targeted audience, and aesthetics of for composite clipping. audio and of course the station identity. In processing Multiband compression there is a direct trade off among loudness, brightness and distortion. It is possible to improve one at the cost of It is a common term now in audio processing and is most another. Therefore the most difficult thing in the popular. It eliminates spectral gain inter-modulation. decision is which parameter to be compromised. The These techniques divide the audio spectrum into several loudness can be adjusted by the listener by changing frequency bands and compress or limit each band volume control, but it is impossible to remove the separately as per requirement. When a voice or distortion caused due to rigorous processing. The type instrument in one frequency range dominates the of receiver the listener has also matters. Heavy bass may spectral energy, the gain reduction is solely driven by not be heard on portable radio devices. Even there is a this signal. Due to this, the weaker elements which are difference in the hearing tolerance in case of women present get affected and their loudness may be audience. They are more sensitive to distortion caused disturbingly modulated by the dominant frequency. due to rigorous processing and get easy fatigue! So This is more prominent when the dominant energy is in understand your listener before you decide to go for the bass region. As the ear is relatively insensitive to excessive processing. Too loud and bright sound may bass energy, the loudness of the midrange is pushed not be listened for a long time. down by the dominant bass energy. By employing this

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Measurements that sounds good on a certain type of program material may sound quite unsatisfactory on other programs One of the main uses of audio processing is to increase material having dissimilar spectral balance or perceived loudness within the peak modulation dynamics. In general, the subjective goal of broadcast constraints of a transmission channel. Assessing the processing is to have its action undetectable to the effectiveness of audio processing thus requires a means audience. If one needs to measure the audio chain for of measuring loudness. Loudness is subjective. It is the linearity, distortion etc., then switch off the audio intensity of sound as perceived by the ear and brain processor. system. No simple meter, whether PPM or VU, provides a reading that correlates the perceived Conclusion loudness. A meter that supposes to measure loudness must agree with a panel of human listeners. Dynamic Audio processing is an art performed by chips as per audio processing like compression, limiting, clipping, one's wish. A sound engineer should know the relevance expansion, gating etc. is non-linear. Thus the usual of each control and its effects. Modern day audio assumptions of superposition and scaling which permit processors are having many facilities, which can be set sine wave measurements do not hold. Conventional and used as per the programme content, time of harmonic and inter-modulation distortion transmission and the type of service. Its effect is purely measurements are of very limited usefulness. Swept or subjective and cannot be measured. spot frequency response measurements are almost Reference : worthless in a processed audio. The only effective way to evaluate audio processing is by subjective listening 1. NAB Engineering Handbook tests. These must be done over a long time period, using many different types of program material. A processor 2. Product catalogues of audio processors

About the Author

Shri I. I. George is an IBE(S) officer from 86 batch. A graduate from Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, Delhi, and an MBA, he got over 30 years of wide ranging experience in broadcast technology, radar engineering , navigational aids and also in mining electronics. He had received four Akashvani awards for technical excellence. He had presented number technical papers in international and National seminars conducted by Asia Pacific Broadcast Union, Kula Lumpur, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, Delhi and Broadcast Engineers Society, India. His area of interest and specialization is digital radio broadcasting. He is a Fellow of Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India and a member of Broadcast Engineers Society (India). Presently he is Superintending Engineer of All India Radio, Visakhapatnam.

33 October’09 - March'10 BES

Broadcasting in a bygone era:

M.I.Suryanarayana

Here is an attempt to take back the readers to the procedures and practices prevalent in Broadcasting half a century ago. They appear primitive to the present day generation of engineers in this fast developing technological age. Yet, the end results were almost the same, quality broadcasts with minimal gear interruptions, comparable to the present day standards. A lot of effort was needed to achieve those results. The way the programs were channeled through the sound Studios for broadcasts are given in detail. Those at the Transmitting station are dealt with briefly.. This write up relates to the period of my first posting as Technical Assistant in 1949 at A.I.R. Baroda, successor to the Diamond Jubilee Broadcasting Station of the erstwhile Baroda State. The Studio set up, moderate from the present standards, consisted of a Talks, a Music and a midget (6’x6’) Gramo Studio with just enough space for the announcer to operate two playback turntables and a mike. The acoustic treatment was simple, with ‘Celotex’ (Insulation Board), and ‘Masonite‘(Oil tempered Perforated Hard Board) with glass wool backing. Sound Proof Doors and Observation Windows were provided but no Sound Locks. The SP doors, unlike their present day successors, were simple in design, but quite heavy. The door handles were interregnum with long winding announcements and hard to turn and were unpredictable in usage. Many a slow deliveries! time, artists could get locked up inside the studios. The electro-mechanical ‘Gents of Leicester’ Master Situations got worse, when all or some of these very clock and an array of slave clocks, powered by a bank of artists are to move to another studio for the next program, lead acid batteries, was the mainstay for accurate time due perhaps to the limitation in the numbers!. The artists keeping. Half Minute and Seconds’ pulses were actuating and staff had to run with the instruments between the the slave clocks for time display. The battery banks had to studios, and enough time was provided by stretching the be maintained meticulously to prevent any mishap to the

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College of Engineering, Madras (Chennai now), an engineer most sought after for his technical skills he brought with him acquired while working in Broadcasting House, New Delhi. On the day I was given the chance to push through the time signal, Mahadevan cautioned me not to talk when the Mike was faded in. However at the nick of time, unsure of my abilities, he forgot for a while his advice and throwing caution to the winds, when the Mike channel was getting through, he spoke the words of command ‘fade in-fade in’ and these words went on air! What followed was a dressing down by the Technical Head the next day. Adjacent to the control room, and in the passage, were installed, a rack with four ‘Ekco’ (E.K.Cole & Co.) clock system. The clock was corrected in the evenings Communication Receivers for space diversity through with the BBC pips at 1630 hrs. IST. by tuning the SW dipoles also located close by. These receivers stood Communication Receiver to a BBC frequency and a stop no comparison with the much later arrivals of watch was clicked at the end of the sixth and final pip. The Hammerlunds and Eddystones. They all operated off the master clock was then checked with the stop watch and Mains supply with Thermionic Valves all around adjusted as required. The slave clocks in the studios were producing intense heat. The reception of the SW checked before every transmission by announcing the transmissions from Delhi for relays was mostly fair. The time, when the relevant channel would be faded in for the fading was so deep and slow that severe cross talk from control room engineer to check the time with the Master neighboring stations would waft through causing lot of clock and also the channel function. embarrassment. The signal to noise ratio was more loaded in favor of the latter than the former.. Those relays The Master clock was located in the Control room of size of National and Regional News Bulletins and National just 6ftx10 ft. . Other equipments in this limited space Programs were never a match to the present day near were the twin-28N Presto Recording Turntable console, with very heavy platters, changeover facilities, an Audio Rack, a Control Console for program transmissions and a Chiming Clock with a Carbon Mike for live time signals. (The Mike occasionally required a gentle pat to loosen the carbon molecules inside for improving the sensitivity!) Time signals were broadcast using this set up. A little in advance of the required time, the engineer would fade in the mike channel, and then manually push the minute hand of the chiming clock to strike the chimes and the hours at the nick of time, aided by a stop watch. The control room became live and by convention no one entered the room. Now, a small anecdote worth a recall.. As I was a fresher, I was assigned duties at the Control Room, under the tutelage of an Asst. Engineer, late Shri G.Mahadevan, a B.E. from the prestigious Guindy

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perfect relays using advanced Satellite technology. But we made the best of the bad bargain. The Disc Recording Console, for continuous Record and Playback of 331/3rd RPM discs, was the mainstay for canned programs and playback. Tape Recorders were not heard of, only a talk about Magnacord wire recorders! The recorders were electro-mechanical with 1D cutter heads fitted with replaceable Sapphire needles. The cutter head vertical movements were damped through a piston in a glycerin- filled reservoir. Rodents used to make a bee line for the glycerin overnight and if the absence of glycerin was not noticed and replenished on time, what followed during recordings was cutter head jump ups with program black outs.. A microscope is provided to adjust the depth of cut from the needle, in the Vinyl coating on the disc,for a specified land to grove ratio. Whenever recording is to be made, the groove cut is to be adjusted with the Microscope. The Audex Microdyne pickups for playback were very long ( more than a foot or so) and heavy and used replaceable needles. The discs used were of glass, coated with Vinyl. The recordings were from inside out so that the vinyl shavings moved away from the cutter. To keep the gear shipshape required continuous maintenance effort. Even then there used to be quite a few hiccups due to cutter or the playback head jumping off from the grooves causing a disaster specially when the programs are recorded off the broadcasts or played for live broadcasts. normally, except that the price paid was a painful wrist lingering on for a day or so! And the ordeal again was A hand picked engineer, with a steady hand, was ordained beckoning in the succeeding week and so on. for such duties. Many a time, the sacrificial goat was none other than myself, a 23 year old, for my steady hand and A 7.5 Ton unitary A.C. Plant was provided for the studios, ready obedience! During the weekly ‘Jalsa’ (Audience to give a modicum of cooling. With the engineers new to participation) programs of Hindusthani classical music, the science and art of running and maintaining this plant, extending from 9.30 PM till well past midnight the engineers’ abilities were often put to an acid test. (sometimes going to the wee hours depending on the Baroda could be quite hot in summer and the studios audience response), the recordings are to be done could be nasty if the AC plant called it a day, which was continuously, more so, when the participants were not unusual. musical maestros like the S/shri Ustad Faiyaz Khan, Now about the Outside Broadcasts. Mostly they were Basavaraj Rajguru, Gangubai Hangal, Hirabai canned The equipments, transported for considerable Barodekar, Krishna Udaywarkar, Gajanan Rao Joshi etc. distance by village roads, was quite heavy with huge 6N When play back of these recordings were scheduled later recording turntables, blank discs, magneto telephones, for live broadcasts, the pickups had to be constantly line amplifiers, Earth rods with connecting wires, buckets guided to prevent slide backs and/or jumps. This was a for watering around the earth rods etc. for proper earthing cultivated art acquired thorough trial and error, nothing to of the mains operated equipments. No battery or PSU do with engineering. Everything used to go on well

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operated transistorized equipments.! With prayer on the hefty iron clad star-delta spring loaded knife switches, lips that the equipment would be in one piece in spite of requiring a lot of muscle power for operation. The valves, the jolts received during the long road journeys, it was for the power output handled, were disproportionately unloaded and installed at the site with some trouble huge, with heavy copper fin anodes for air cooling and shooting. In spite of all efforts for a good earth system, the very long glass bulbs (More than a foot like the ACT 14 then sworn enemy of the Broadcast engineers, the Power for the final RF Amplifier). There were no tube dollies at Supply Hum would make its presence felt in the recorded that time and these huge, heavy, delicate, costly and programs now and then, or as a continuous drone, if ill imported valves had to be manually lifted up from the tall luck would have it. More or less the entire exercise was wooden crates and taken to their resting places inside the like an expedition to Mount Everest! A couple of days transmitter cubicles.. The exercise was tiresome and to exercise for a few hours coverage of the event! negotiate with the heavy valves in the cramped space inside the transmitter was an uphill task. And there was And finally, about the transmitting station. After the an unwritten rule that the senior most engineer on shift probation at the studios, and soon after my promotion as should only handle the valves! Even though I was a short A.E. I was considered, as per protocol, for independent and not so strong young man of just 23 years, I could not duties at the Transmitter when the Boss was satisfied after pass on the buck to my chosen technician for the shifts, an subjecting me to a technical interview, The transmitter R.A.F. veteran six feet tall and ably built, but bear the did not have any standbys and the shift staff were an cross myself with sore limbs after the event! Engineer and a Technician. So, the staff had to be hand picked for delivering the goods! An open feeder carried the RF power to the self radiating 180 ft. Marconi guyed Mast with a capacity top via the The 5 KW MW Marconi Transmitter operating on a Antenna Tuning unit and Harmonic suppressor. Cobras frequency of 1200 Khz was located in a village Samiala, were aplenty in the aeriai field and it was not unusual to about 15 kms. from the Studio Centre. They were linked see them coming out of the ATU hut and the Harmonic by two pairs of overhead non-exchange telephone lines. Rejector units occasionally.(Of course, not so many as in No FM or Microwave links, no cell phones, those days! the External Services Complex at Khampur, Delhi in the One line was for Programs, the other for communication. 1980s when I was the Dy. Chief Engineer! The Snake The non-exchange lines were strung up by side of the Expert from Tamilnadu, Mr. Witaker had to be called to road to the Transmitting station, which was indeed a give us advice to overcome this menace!) And tigers blessing. A magneto telephone was our companion in the would be spotted in the nights sometimes on our way vehicle during the trips and important messages used to back to the City after the evening transmissions. These be conveyed to the control room, hooking the magneto had to be stoically accepted as professional hazards and telephone to the communication line . Collins 116F life went on as usual! passive equalizer was the equipment available to correct the frequency response of the lines and repeaters at either The Station Engineer would inspect the Transmitting end provided for freedom from Power Supply Hum, Station regularly on a fixed day of the week. Traveling in Cross talk etc. Daily transmissions were two, one in the the vehicle with the Boss in close proximity was not a morning and the other in the evening. With no standby pleasant experience for the Shift Engineer, specially equipments whatsoever, it was quite challenging for the when questions were asked not only about the working of engineers to put through almost interruption free the transmitter but also on the horsepower of transmissions due to gear. This required a thorough locomotives, balancing of aeroplane propellors and so knowledge of the equipment and circuits, a rigorous on! No replies for the extraneous questions, but a studied preventive maintenance and a careful watch for any tell silence! tale signs of equipment malfunctioning, for advance action to prevent breakdowns. Electrically switched The duties at Baroda went on for five odd years and with Power Supply Contactors were not much in use and the the permanent shut down of the Transmitting Station, LT supplies to the final stages, were switched through consequent on the commissioning of the 50 KW High

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Power Westinghouse Transmitter at nearby Ahmedabad, transmissions with minimum interruptions due to gear, I was shifted for the duties at the transmitting station. And safety to the personnel and equipments were the end all within a short time, my tryst with destiny started, with and aim all of everyone.. We faced quite a few tough postings all over the country in various areas of challenges in a primitive set up which cannot be even Broadcasting, but of course never to my home State! imagined now, but came through mostly unscathed. To conclude, those were some of the procedures and A few photos of the A.I.R. Station, during the period 1949 practices adopted at the Baroda Broadcasting Station in to 1954 are displayed for information…(1.A.I.R. Baroda the bygone era, when the engineering skills were just 2. Control Room 3.Transmitter with Late Mahadevan 4. centered around basics, and standbys were unheard of. It !80 Ft. Self Radiating Guyed Tower with a Capacity Top, was really hard for the engineers to face challenges and each arm 20 Ft. long.) keep the flag of technical broadcasting aloft. Quality

About the Author

Shri M. I. Suryanarayana trained at Delhi as an Apprentice Engineer in 1948. Joined as Technical Assistant at A.I.R. Baroda in 1949. Retired at Chennai 1n 1984 as C.E., A.I.R. & T.V. South Zone. Performed operational duties at Stations, partook in Studio and Transmitter installations, worked in Project Office, Calcutta, Regional office, Chennai and P&D Unit, New Delhi,. Supervisory duties included DCE, HPT, Khampur, SE Srinagar, E-in-C Bangalore, etc. While at Delhi , sent by Govt. to USA for a study tour. Most memorable contribution was putting through the TV Expansion Plan in South Zone.

Advertisement Rates BES REVIEW, being the only journal in India totally dedicated to Subscription Rates Broadcasting, invites advertisement for publication from the industries Inland Overseas serving the broadcast media. The charges are as given below : (By Post) (By Air) 1. Back Cover Colour Rs. 15000/- per issue Annual Rs. 150 US $ 50 2. Inside Back/Front Covers Colour Rs. 12,000/- per issue Single Copy Rs. 50 US $ 15 3. Inside full page Colour Rs. 11,000/- per issue Please send payments by The charges are for only one issue and the advertiser(s) must send positive cheque/DD in favour of of the advertisements along with requisit fee by Cheque/D.D. drawn in Broadcast Engineering Society favour of Broadcast Engineering Society (India), payable at New Delhi to (India) payable at New Delhi. Hon. Secretary, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912, Surya Kiran Building, 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001

38 October’09 - March'10 BES

Tape-based Efficiencies in a Tapeless Environment

Fabio Gattari

In today's broadcasting environment the tape-based This simple process must both to integrate with the workflow is predominantly managed by advanced, existing system as well as encompassing all control system specific software that underlines all internal procedures that are used in a tape-based environment. procedures. This software is the backbone of the broadcasting system and the fundamental key to further Time to market is more important than ever and the developing the tapeless environment is to ensure that any broadcasting industry needs to fully embrace the notion new procedures or workflows interface seamlessly with of a tapeless workflow even where media transfer is the existing system. concerned as the operational efficiencies it would bring are unquestionable. The increasing desire to move towards a completely tapeless environment has meant companies are even 3rd Party digital content transfer issues looking to digitize the receipt of videofiles from external It is imperative, particularly in today's world of time parties such as agencies or program producers. However, constraints and the quest for ever increasing operational they often come across issues that stem from an efficiencies, that 3rd party media content, be it undefined tapeless workflow. Such issues include commercials or programs, are received by a station in a inaccurate tracking and authorization procedures, lack of timely and fully comprehensive manner including the visibility of transfer options and inadequate or absent effective provision of the relative associated metadata. metadata assignation processes. The potential lack of integration with the existing system is also an issue that In a tape-based environment, workflows have long-since stations need to address. been established to make sure that when content is received from an external source, it is duly registered, Broadcasters also rely heavily on comprehensive catalogued and associated to a particular asset. The key indexing systems to facilitate search and retrieval of to a successfully managed content library has in recent video content. In tape-based environments or in the years very much focused on effective media asset situation where the unregulated digital transfer of media management and in particular advanced metadata files is permitted, metadata insertion is retrospective and association that in turn facilitates retrieval and reduces undefined. time to market of the content in question. A solution needs to be found that allows visibility A fundamental issue with the move towards a tapeless between both internal and external parties with regards to process where 3rd party media provision is concerned, is media upload priorities and expectations. In this day and the absence of pre-established workflows that help to age and with the advance of digital capabilities, it seems ensure and improve operational efficiency. illogical to still have to rely on tape-based file transfer between a broadcaster and an advertising agency. A station may request media content in the form of a digital file but once received, the risk is that they are Broadcasters should be able to receive media files from simply associated to an asset and added to the playlist external parties through a simple yet comprehensive based on their file name or alternatively metadata is upload process that encompasses metadata association, associated retrospectively and by the station rather than rights managed access, automatic receipt notification and with the collaboration of the producer. There appears to full operational history available at the click of a button.

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be a lack of system definition and the absence of an information related to the asset in question. The fact that associated workflow and the controls and processes that these assets are broadcaster generated ensures go with it. consistency and transparency of information. The solution is to build on the existing workflows and These assets are made available to the associated 3rd methodology and create an interface that connects 3rd party via a web portal that is controlled through rights parties to the existing system. This will not represent a managed access. The station is able to manage 3rd party dramatic change in system management but will result in access and to dictate deadline parameters through a real a very definite increase in operational efficiencies. For a time portal that is accessible and editable 24/7. broadcaster that is willing to invest in system advancements, it will bring about unquestionable 2. Upload of relevant content benefits. Guided by the predefined assets, the 3rd party now A tapeless workflow for the provision of 3rd party proceeds to upload the relevant media content based on media content the parameters as defined by the broadcaster. In order to ensure as flexible and comprehensive a system as Every aspect of a tapeless workflow with regards to the possible, the upload process should encompass the receipt of new media content needs to be specific to a following key criteria: digital environment. However, the control and defined § procedures that have become unquestionable in a tape- Source path (local, network, xdcam etc) based environment need to be transferred to the tapeless §Codec (IMX4, JPG, MPG, QD25, QD50, WAVE or one. WMV) When examining the provision of 3rd party media §Destination FTP content in a digital format and the associated workflows, there are three key areas to consider : §Additional comments field 1. Pre-defined asset association §Metadata 2. Upload of relevant content This paper previously mentioned the increasing importance of appropriate metadata association. It is 3. Confirmation of receipt of content something that must be underlined. Imposing the These three areas are now looked at in further detail, with association of metadata on the 3rd party and that it is the aim of presenting a potentially viable solution to the carried out at the point of upload will bring about multiple issue of the provision of digital 3rd party media content. benefits, not least an increase in operational efficiency and accuracy of information surrounding a stations' 1. Pre-defined asset association media content. The first thing that needs to be established and 3. Confirmation of receipt of content communicated in a clear and succinct manner are the broadcasting stations' requirements as concerns the In both a tape-based and tapeless environment the media content it 'expects' to receive. This first and crucial question of confirmation of receipt is ever present. A file step allows the station to clarify its expectations and that has been sent from a 3rd party to a broadcasting invites 3rd parties to share in the responsibility of the station may have to go through various hoops to get to its timely provision of relevant media content and its destination and the burning question is: how is either relevant metadata. party to know when, and if it has arrived successfully? A notification procedure needs to be in place to ensure both The broadcaster creates predefined assets that are void of peace of mind and also, more importantly, to eliminate media content and relative metadata. In essence these idle media time (when the file has arrived correctly at its work as templates in which the 3rd party can insert the destination but no-one is made aware of its presence). relevant media file, the various metadata and any other

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Once the upload has taken place and the asset is updated even further into a correctly managed tapeless on the broadcaster's database via the web portal, an environment. All it needs is a broadcaster with the automatic notification procedure alerts the broadcaster to correct foresight and the vision to recognize the benefits the change of state of the asset in question and the 3rd such an interface would bring and that the efficiencies party receives a confirmation of receipt. would far outweigh the investment needed. The complete picture can be represented as shown in the Time to market is a buzz phrase that should not be ignored below diagram : and the idea of digitizing the provision of media content in an efficient and fully effective process that What amounts to a simple digital procedure with its encompasses metadata association and complete associated and clearly defined workflow would greatly visibility is one that needs to be addressed. improve operational efficiencies moving broadcasters

About the Author

Fabio Gattari is the founder and Asia Pacific Sales Manager of Etere srl. The combination of more than 28 years experience in media communications twinned with his entrepreneurial spirit has driven Etere from strength to strength. Focusing on architectural excellence and intuitive solution-based software has taken him around the globe meeting and exceeding customers' expectations with innovative broadcasting software solutions. In 1986 Etere was the first broadcasting software company in Italy. Since then the company has grown dramatically and the software is now used by over 650 broadcasting stations worldwide.

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SYNOPSIS Papers Presented During BES EXPO’10 Rajeev Kumar

Digital Stress and Key Industry Issues The speaker, during his key note address, explained various stresses due to conversion of existing analogue broadcasting infrastructures into digital. Taking up digital services has put broadcasters under great stress due to huge investment on infrastructure, retraining of staff, simulcast of analogue and digital and so on. He gave an overview of the major concerns of broadcasters and suggested possible ways such as presence on internet, IPTV, multi-platform content production, virtual studios, file based work flow, content protection, free-view model, Sharad Sadhu EWBS (Early Warning Broadcasting Systems) etc.. Director (Technical), ABU

Shared HD workflows for Post and Broadcast The speaker has outlined the issues of Post and Broadcast for shared workflows as their requirements are not necessarily the same. They differ on three key areas, namely, production timescales; technical quality requirements (SD/HD, compressed/un-compressed, 2D/3D) and the number of active collaborators. The speaker has also presented possible solution based on unique identity model. These workflows are based on a single, penetrating piece of technology which unlocks all of these issues. Every media file is stored and managed as a sequence of video frames with a unique identity. Using this technique, the usage of storage and networks is Trevor Francis Worldwide Marketing Manager, optimised. Different qualities of content may be generated and stored, linked by a common Quantel Ltd. identity thread. In practice this means guaranteed frame-accurate tracking of content, even when held in multiple image formats for use in post production, broadcast craft editing or desktop news production.

3D Update (from glass to Glasses) 3D started with cinema and now spreading fast across all entertainment zones. Hollywood is supporting 3D movies. Other visual content, e.g., video gaming, sports coverage, concerts are also gaining support for 3D production. The speaker gave full details of 3D Home video value chain comprising of Acquisition, Post Production, Distribution and Display. He also explained various technology and equipment available in the market. Industry has formed a consortium called 3D@Home Consortium with an aim to achieve its target at faster pace. Industry is also working with all standards organizations such as SMPTE, ITU-R, CEA, SCTE, DVB, ATSC etc Philip Nottle Technology Manager, for making corresponding standards. Sony

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The Value of Application Servers for Today's Media Enterprises As the broadcast industry moves further to file-based workflows, there will be increasing benefits from embracing application servers that have been optimized for digital media. The speaker conveyed that application servers have the potential to become a central pillar of broadcast facilities. While application servers have demonstrated their value across many verticals, they have not yet been widely embraced within the media enterprise. While the migration to file based workflows for play-out has been fairly successful, news gathering Lawrence R. Kaplan workflows for content creation, packaging, delivery and archival are still not defined or made Vice Chairman, available via an end-to-end integrated, open system. It's important for every broadcaster to view Omneone News gathering and production in the same way that they view station automation. A collaborative approach using open standards is the future of remote news gathering.

Manage the Future of your DVB-T2 digital Broadcast Transmission Network DVB group was founded in 1993 with 8 Members and currently have 280 Member Organisations in 34 Countries. First Generation systems widely adopted worldwide. Second Generation systems now under development to accommodate new services which require increasingly higher bandwidths, e.g., HDTV, 3DTV & Interactive TV; to provide more flexible delivery, e.g., IP, Mobile & Fixed Broadcasting and efficient utilization of increasingly expensive spectrum. The speaker explained the advantages of DVB-T2 over DVB-T such as Nils Ahrens New Modulation, FEC &Transmission modes; Multiple Input streams (Physical Layer Pipes = Business Development PLPs); Dynamically variable modulation & FEC and Direct Support for non-TS formats e.g. IP. Manager Broadcast, Rohde & Schwarz The speaker also detailed about Basic DVB-T2 System, DVB-T2 Network Topologies and Measurement of Key Transmitter Parameters.

Digital Television – Recipe for Success The speaker described the key factors affecting digital TV. He presented an overview of DTV in Australia, important ingredients for success of DTV, proposition of stakeholders (consumers, industry, government). Consumers can have better quality pictures, more programmes, HD content and reception on portable devices. Government can be benefited from digital dividend and spectrum, thus, released can be re-used for HD/3D broadcast, WiMax, LTE etc. However, set-top-box pricing can affect take-up and need to be addressed for better success. Chris Jaeger Managing Director International Business, Broadcast Australia

Metadata Management on Tapeless Digital TV One of the main broadcaster's challenges today, is tapeless approach. The implementation of a media management system that could be modular, interoperable, workflow-based and cost- effective at the same time is the real challenge. Digital TV requires more metadata attached to the video, as EPG, Multilanguage subtitles, aspect ratio conversion, and broadcasted at the same time. But the biggest challenge is the paperless approach; it's not possible to attach a paper to a file, so all the paper based steps must be changed to digital based steps. The speaker presented a Fabio Gattari description of the implementation of media solutions completely based on digital workflows, Asia Pacific Sales Manager, with a focus on the importance of metadata in a tapeless, digital environment. Etere srl

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“DrTV” a new small-scale video application based on DRM standard The speaker has introduced the concept of DrTV based on DRM standard. DrTV is a new DRM application which enables small-scale video services for cost efficient large-area distribution of education and information programs. DrTV can be transmitted over all AM broadcast bands, including long wave, medium wave and short wave, and is an ideal platform to reach audiences scattered over a wide geographical area with a single transmitter. DRM transmissions over shortwave have practically unlimited coverage possibilities ranging from 100 square kilometers up to well over 5000000 square kilometers depending on transmission system. The system also Troxler Josef features all benefits of the DRM platform, like service selection by Unicode compatible labels, Managing Director Thomson Broadcast & alternative frequency signalling and switching, announcement and warning/alert features, etc. Multimedia The DrTV application offers free-of-charge reception and is independent of gatekeepers and third- party providers like satellites and cable networks.

Implications of Increasing Man Made Noise Floor Levels on Radio Broadcasting In the last decade, noise floor levels have risen due to increased urbanization, more stations in the AM & FM bands, and an increased number of high frequency devices in the home, workplace and car. Those stations which went on the air 10 years ago or more may be experiencing a reduced coverage area. The speaker, through his presentation, described noise sources; examined available data about current noise levels, both theoretical and anecdotal, and described possible efforts that broadcasters can make to maintain their coverage area. John Abdnour Regional Sales Manager, Nautel Limited

Technology in Sports: Past, Present & Future The speaker presented a very interesting picture of growth of three technologies (information, Broadcasting & telecommunication) being used in the coverage of mega sports events. Olympic games is the world's largest peace time event and most people experience the Olympic games through television and radio. Broadcasting is following the Olympic moto 'Citius, Altius, Fortius' in all respect. During 2001-2004, around 52% of the total revenue (US$4000m) of IOC came from broadcasting. The speaker gave a very interesting data about use of technology in sports. Radio broadcasting started in 1928 (Amsterdam) whereas Olympic Games got televised first time in Peter Kepreotes 1936 (Berlin). Since then, role of Host Broadcasters has increased manifold and presently required Vice-President Technology- International, to provide HD video, SD video, 8-channel sound radio sound, Specialty cameras, Video server Broadcast Australia archive, New media (YouTube, IPTV, Mobile TV), Emergency/terrorist contingency planning. The speaker explained current situation with data from Beijing Games (2008) and discussed the possibilities in London Games.

Enhancing Sports a& News Production with Instant Tapeless Technology Tapeless solutions optimize broadcasters' content acquisition, creation and delivery processes. The speaker presented an overview of tapeless technologies used during 15 years of sports production of flagship events, e.g., Olympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, French Open, and Wimbledon etc. The technologies being used for sports events meet the requirements of news production as well. They have same challenges of explosion of immediate content, rich & customized content, speed of delivery, multi-platform production, multi-platform distribution, increased services to audiences, complexity of services & solutions etc. Due to this Nicolas Bourdon they also have similar requirements, e.g., integrated production workflow, central network & Director Marketing & Communication, EVS content management, fully open platform, integrated post-production operations, and facilitated archiving & storage. Sports and news both demands very intense production environment.

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Enhancing News Coverage by applying instant tapeless technology The speaker explained the complexity of mega sports coverages and its requirements of data handling. Tapeless solutions can optimize broadcasters' content acquisition, creation and delivery processes. He also described the possible solutions to move from traditional production to integrated production. Details about technologies being used during flagship sports events such as Olympics, FIFA World cup, Commonwealth Games, Asia games etc. were presented. This presentation explained how sports broadcast technology meet the requirements of news Ramki Sankaranarayanan production in terms of challenges, requirements and how tapeless technology can be used for President & CEO, both. Prime Focus

File-based workflows: Content QC challenges and automation strategies File-based tapeless workflows are being adopted worldwide by Broadcasters which has necessitated a move towards file-based Automated QC from monitoring based manual QC. The speaker presented the overview of industry trends, comparison of traditional and file-based workflows and QC strategies. Automated QC used in combination with right level of manual intervention is the way to go. Broadcasters need world-class infrastructure along with high quality QC assurance allowing them to stay competitive. Vikas Singhal Director, Business Development, Venera Technologies

An insight into Internet Protocol Television Communication service providers are becoming total service providers with providing value added services to increase ARPU (Average revenue per user) and better customer retention. The speaker presented all the aspects of IPTV including system description, issues, opportunities and challenges. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) offers an exciting new opportunity for service providers to integrated voice, video and data services over broadband. IPTV technology promises to make more content available because of the limitless nature of the switched digital video architecture theoretically giving access to niche content that has not previously been Pratyush Bharadwaj Senior Team Leader available on TV. The extensible user environment of IPTV increases the interactive nature of IPTV (O&M) television and will allow applications to be run over multiple end-user devices. IPTV also capitalizes on the two-way nature of the IP network, enabling interaction among subscribers, content providers and service providers.

AM/DRM Multi Channel Simulcast with Spectral Shaping DRM Simulcast allows smooth transition from AM to DRM. With spectral shaping technique, AM signal at the receiver input can be improved significantly. The speaker presented advantages of AM/DRM simulcast, SCS & MCS and requirements of AM/DRM MCS. He also explained the principles & requirements of spectral shaping. The spectral shaping flexibility allows to transmit AM 9 kHz/10kHz and DRM 9 kHz/10kHz in simulcast (same content) in two adjacent channels, without disturbing the existing AM quality of service and at the same time, Hermann Zensen adding a full DRM channel to get new audience in digital quality. Sales Manager, Digiindia

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Digital Radio in MW, LW and SW-DRM30 : The economic solution for large area coverage Digital AM can provide benefits to Broadcasters and to listeners as well. Major Benefits of Digital AM for Broadcasters are reduced power consumption of transmitters and increased coverage areas. At the other hand, it can provide “FM-like” sound quality, improved reception quality and additional audio & data services to the listeners. The speaker described DRM30 and DRM+ standards, comparison with AM with Delhi DRM example, major modules of DRM transmitters. The deliberations were supported by various case studies conducted on existing DRM transmitters across Mr. Jean-Francois Kipp the world. Transradio Sendersysteme, Berlin

Latest trends in Audio over IP Transport Electronic and media industry trends suggest that telecom operators are new IT giants. The speaker in his presentation described advantages of IT based audio services and the latest trends in it. He also explained about specific issues of transport mechanism, audio consequences, signaling & control etc. AoIP transport require strong mechanism and system management & measurement tools to comply with broadcast requirements. A brief on standards and operational practices was also presented. Philippe Delacroix President & CEO, Digigram

Meeting challenges in Education content generation and dissemination India is the largest educational system in the world. The world average for Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in higher education is 35% while in India is only 10%. Only answer to fill this gap is to have a proper mix of conventional education with e-education. Consortium for Educational Communication (CEC) established in 1993 by UGC has a mandate to address the educational needs of the country through the use of various modes of communication. CEC already has more than 16000 repository of educational programmes and around 100 programmes are being produced annually. The speaker described how CEC is disseminating educational programme through 'Doordarshan' and its own TV channel 'Vyas'. Vyas channel is also available on internet. The content of CEC can also be accessed on Pradeep Kaul Joint Director, Consortium for demand from its server through internet. It has taken up new initiative called NME-ICT (National Educational Communication Mission on Education through ICT) to further enhance the distance learning.

Spiritual Foundations of Orgaisational Development Organisations need a cultural of truth and transparency to remove cobwebs hiding the truth, the truth of Swadharma (duty orientation) can help harmonise the diverse expectations of all the different stakeholders. Spiritual foundations of organizational development will guide the leaders to work for loke Sangraham- good of community/society. The speaker presented this paper aiming at internal large of control for effectiveness and harmony at work place. The speaker has developed a conceptual frame work for spiritual foundation of organizational development. The conceptualization advocates faith-during leader-member relationship in order to put the moral order Sunita Singh-Sen Gupta Professor, FMS, DU into practice.

About the Contributor Rajeev Kumar is a Deputy Director (Engg), Spectrum Management Division at Directorate of Doordarshan India (DDI). A 1994 batch Indian Engineering Services (IES) officer, Mr Rajeev kumar is currently responsible for Spectrum Management, Frequency Planning of DD networks, ITU-R Studies and associated matters. He has also worked in the areas of Satellite Systems Design, Installation and Maintenance of TV Transmitters, Studios, OB Vans and Earth Stations etc. He is having a Master of Engineering degree from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee (India). He was also deputed to China for one year (2003-04) to carry out research on Satellite Broadcasting under UNESCO fellowship. He has represented India (& Doordarshan) in Working Party meetings of Study Group -6 (SG-6) of ITU-R at Geneva in 2008.

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APPOINTMENTSAPPOINTMENTS

Ms. Noreen Naqvi has been appointed to the post of Director General, All India Radio on regular basis w.e.f. 26.02.2010. She belongs to the Indian Broadcasting (Program)Services of 1975 batch.

Shri M. C. Aggarwal has taken over the current charge of Engineer-in-Chief , All India Radio w.e.f. 31.03.2010. Shri M. C. Aggarwal, a 1972 batch IB(E)S Officer, graduated from BITS, Pillani. Shri Aggarwal has been actively involved in the planning and design of MW, SW & FM transmitting systems of All India Radio for about 25 years. Shri Aggarwal has also made valuable contribution in Doordarshan by conceptualizing and implementing 30 DTH channels of Doordarshan in a time-bound manner, which has been later extended to 50 channels under his supervision and guidance.

Editorial Guidelines for BES Review

1. Article should not exceed 3000 words. For book/website/ Conference Reviews, the word limit is 1000. Longer Articles may be considered in exceptional cases. 2. Articles/reviews can be sent by e-mail at [email protected] or by post to The Editor, BES Review, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001, India. 3. Relevant figures/ tables/ photographs should be sent in hard copies preferably in 5’X7’ size, soft copies in 300dpi or with better resolution. 4. Passport size photograph and brief bio-data of the author(s) must be enclosed with the article. 5. For book reviews please mention the title, name of the author(s), publisher(s), year of publication, price, number of pages and a photograph of the cover. 6. In case of conference/ workshop/ seminar reviews, please mention the theme, venue, date and name of the organizer. Please send photographs of conference/ workshop/seminar. The conference held in past 3 months of the forthcoming issue will be preferred. 7. The editor reserves the right to reject, edit and adjust articles in order to conform to the format of the Review.

47 October’09 - March'10 What’s New Meenakshi Singhvi

Introducing Nx6 : The Latest Advanced Telos single-cable integration with Axia IP-Audio networks Talkshow System * Built-in webserver lets you administer options from Telos introduces a compact version of its groundbreaking anywhere via LAN or WAN. Nx12 broadcast telephone system – the Nx6 Talkshow System, packaged with the Telos Desktop Director and * Configurable as one or two Program-on-Hold inputs Telos Assistant Producer call-screening software. depending on show configuration Contained in a slim 2RU chassis, the new Nx6 contains * Choice of POTS, ISDN (S) or ISDN (U) telephone lines four adaptive digital hybrids with advanced DSP The Nx6 package includes one Desktop Director, and technology to give callers better sound than ever; perfect Assistant Producer call screening software. The Desktop for phone-intensive formats such as talk or interview Director controls two or four hybrids, respectively, and shows, where caller quality is critical. Nx6 supports up to 6 analog or digital phone lines. Each of the four hybrids is equipped with individually adjustable AGC and noise gate by Omnia. Combined with Telos Digital Dynamic EQTM (DDEQ) and adaptive hybrid technology, the Nx6 delivers superior caller-to-caller consistency whether we are using POTS or ISDN. Nx6 Features and Benefits : includes a built-in handset, an acoustically isolated speakerphone, and a jack for your producer's favorite * Four digital adaptive hybrids that can power two headset. Assistant Producer call-screening software standard studios or, for telephone-intensive formats, a provides onscreen control and enhanced producer/talent single four-hybrid studio communication during fast-paced talkshows. * Adjustable DDEQ keeps sound signature uniform Highest Storage Capacity Solution from caller to caller Harris Corporation greatly increases storage space, lower * New symmetrical Smart AGC keeps levels consistent, costs for broadcasters automatically adjusting for callers who are too loud or too soft Harris Corporation, an international communications and information technology company, has enhanced the * Status Symbols(TM) Visual Call Management display storage capacity of its range of NEXIO SAN (storage area line and caller status instantly network) storage arrays by 33%. This increase raises the total usable storage capacity to 96 TB, while maintaining * Built-in remote control capabilities for recording full redundancy at the connectivity layer. devices and profanity delay units * Studio Adaption and pitch shifter to help prevent feedback in open-speaker environments * A large selection of tabletop and in-console control surfaces let you tailor your phone system to fit your needs and budget * Standard accommodation for up to 4 control surfaces; expandable to eight * Full-featured I/O with choice of AES/EBU or analog connections, or Livewire(TM) Ethernet interface for

48 October’09 - March'10 BES

mixdown (with discrete level and pan controls) for location playback; or up to four tracks of MP3 audio are recordable. Cascading several DR-680s can provide lager multitrack configurations. A pre record function, auto record mode (triggered by selectable input level), mark function (during recording and playback) and edit functions are featured. Power is via (8x) AA batteries or the included a mains adaptor. Visual monitoring is from a 128x64 backlit LCD display. This improvement is achieved using new 600 GB drives Accompanying the new 8-track is the TASCAM HS-2, a allowing customers to store up to 14,000 hours of MPEG-2 24-bit/192kHz stereo model, aimed at DAT based 12 Mb/s or 3,600 hours of Sony XDCAM HD422 content applications in production, broadcast and post in a single SAN. applications; both recorders feature SMPTE timecode and Harris also has increased the storage capacity of the RS-422, and record to broadcast .WAV file format with NEXIO AMP integrated storage server (model number dual CF card slots for mirroring. NX3601HDI), jumping from 3.75 TB to 10 TB of usable An internal mix function in the HS-8 provides for storage, which marks a 266% increase. Customers now monitoring of the recording balance and can be recorded can store up to 1,400 hours of MPEG-2 12 Mb/s or 350 'live' as a separate track. Both recorders feature a colour hours of XDCAM HD422 content at the same price of the touch-screen interface to access settings and tracks, as on previous solution. the TASCAM HS-P82 location recorder, and dual CF card TASCAM Launches A New Portable Professional 8- slots are provided for data mirroring or continuous Track SD/SDCH Flash Card Recorder recording. File transfer to and from DAWs and Mac® and PCs is via built in Ethernet port. TASCAM's new DR-680 is a portable professional 8-track SD/SDCH flash card recorder, offering affordable The HS-8 and HS-2 are controllable remotely, over an RJ- broadcast.WAV file format recording to solidstate media at 45 connection, with the RC-HS20PD remote. The 24-bit / 96kHz resolution (6-8 track) and up to 24-bit / company has also launched the TASCAM US-800, a 192kHz for stereo. lightweight multichannel recording interface for laptop production applications. Featuring eight inputs and four Six mic inputs – four on XLR/1/4 inch combi mic/line and outputs, and six combi XLR mic/line inputs with phantom two 1/4 inch jack mic/line – feature phantom power and power for high quality condenser mics, the US-800 is 60dB gain for use with high quality condenser mics; all spec'd with premium quality 24-bit / 192kHz digital audio mic inputs feature a selectable low cut filter and limiter. converters. As well as six analogue inputs, there is a stereo Additionally a stereo digital S/PDIF input is included, for analogue out and two channels of S/PDIF digital I/O; full 8-track recording. Alternatively six mic/line tracks can providing for 8-in/4-out audio, along with 16-channel be recorded simultaneously with an internal stereo MIDI, over the high speed USB 2.0 interface. Netgear and Ericsson to Introduces MBRN3300E 3G Wireless Router Netgear joined hands with Ericsson to introduce the MBRN3300E, which is actually a 3G Mobile Broadband Router with internal 3G radio. Apart from this, like any other conventional router, MBRN3300E offers 802.11n WiFi and a built-in firewall. This 3G mobile broadband route combines with 3G WAN with 802.11n wireless and Ethernet LAN. It features fully functional firewall and sports 270 Mbps on the wireless LAN.

49 October’09 - March'10 BES

or passed through and then re-clocked and sent to the SDI outputs. The de-embedding channel routing is controlled via the front panel buttons and indicators. There is also LED indication for SDI input status and audio group presence. It has a triple rate SDI receiver with automatic input rate detection and equalisation along with two re-clocked and individually buffered SDI outputs. It supports the full range of 3G, HD and SD standards from NTSC and PAL up to 1080p 60Hz. The analogue outputs full-scale gain settings can be set via jumpers inside the unit. Allowable settings are +12dBu, +18dBu and +24dBu reference FSD. The balanced and unbalanced output connections are paralleled, allowing one type to be used per output. The unit can be remote controlled via ethernet or serial port connections using the free of charge Sonifex SCi software. Panasonic Announces Affordable AW-HS50 Sub- Compact HD/SD Switcher With IP Control MBRN3300 lets you access cost efficient Internet on go Capabilities regardless you are on bus, ships, cars or at any place on Panasonic has announced a new compact addition to its earth. And its accessories like optional car charger and popular MultiFormat switcher line-up, the IP-capable AW- battery pack make this 3G mobile broadband router amazingly portable. It should particularly suit the needs of locations that lack wired infrastructure; as an alternative to DOCSIS, DSL or Fiber to the Home (FTTH); and Internet access from trains, buses, automobiles, RVs or boats. Sonifex Shows New De-Embedder Redbox at BVE The RB-VHDMA8 from Sonifex is an 8-channel analogue de-embedder and is one of 4 new video additions to the Redbox suite of products. This unit can selectively de- embed up to 8 channels within any 2 audio groups contained within the video stream, to any of the analogue outputs. After which, the video becomes two independent streams, where the audio groups can be selectively deleted

50 October’09 - March'10 BES

HS50 HD/SD live switcher. This affordable, portable switcher offers four HD/SD-SDI and one DVI-D inputs, as well as a built-in MultiViewer display. With a built-in frame-synchronizer for each input, two HD/SD-SDI outputs and one scalable DVI-D output, the HS50 offers powerful, sub-compact switching capabilities for mobile production, AV facilities, and event video. As a component in Panasonic's first complete Internet Protocol (IP) production system, the HS50 provides IP links to the new AW-RP50 remote camera controller, enabling automatic selection of the currently controlled P/T/Z camera video on the switcher's AUX bus. The HS50's built-in MultiViewer allows users to see four, nine, or 10 images on a single display via a high-resolution output—significantly reducing the cost, size, and weight of a new HD production system. The adjustable MultiViewer outputs can also be used to provide a multi- image large-screen presentation display. Other advanced functions include dedicated hardware for picture-in- picture (PinP), a chroma keyer, and auto or manual video transitions. The switcher's 10-bit frame synchronizers ensure reliable, glitch-free switching even with non-synchronous sources such as remote camera feeds, small camcorders, and computer graphics. backups. Additional standard features include camera tally outputs, an on-screen display (OSD) for viewing switcher settings, The unit's dual port multipliers offer high-performance GPI input, an Ethernet interface for connection to a PC, data transfers of up to 390 MB/sec write, 475 MB/sec read. and one AUX Bus for a versatile production workflow. The D800P2 is designed for use with the Sonnet Tempo SATA E4P, Tempo SATA X4P, and Tempo SATA Pro The HS50 switcher is designed to provide economical 10- ExpressCard/34 SATA controller cards for Mac and bit, 4:2:2 HD or SD live switching, and supports Windows PCs to support multiple streams of ProRes HD 1080/59.94i, 1080/50i, 720/59.94p and 720/50p in HD video. formats, and 480/59.94i and 576/50i in SD. The D800P2 includes two 2-meter locking eSATA data Sonnet Introduces Fusion D800P2 Eight-Drive Raid cables to make the controller connections, and its drives Storage System are easily software-configured for RAID or JBOD. Available with or without Drives, the Dual Port Multiplier Suited for use in the office or studio, the D800P2 features Solution Offers Data Transfers up to 390 MB/sec Write, built-in handles and a small desktop form factor to allow 475 MB/sec Read and Capacity to 16TB transportation among sites. Like all other Fusion 4-, 5-, and 8-drive desktop storage systems, the D800P2 is extremely Sonnet Technologies has introduced the latest addition to quiet, and utilizes a Vantec Stealth fan, making it perfect its Fusion line of RAID storage systems: the D800P2. for use in noise-sensitive environments. The D800P2 is a mid-level, software-configured RAID The D800P2 features hot-swappable drive trays, allowing storage system containing eight hard drives, which can be Mac OS users to hot-swap drives out of the enclosure formatted in RAID 0, RAID 1, and RAID 10 sets, or JBOD without the need to shut down the computer. To move (individual drives) for individual projects or daily

51 October’09 - March'10 BES

drives between storage systems easily, the drive trays are new HD3 digital video recorder (DVR). A highly versatile interchangeable with all Fusion desktop and rackmount and compact all-in-one-system, the HD3 was designed storage systems. Platform independent, the D800P2 is specifically for on-set motion picture and television compatible with Mac OS, Windows, and Linux. production. Forward Video Announces Portable, All-in-One HD Jam-packed with state-of-the-art DVR and controller technology, the HD3 includes an integral HD monitor in a hard, portable case. The HD3 harnesses JPEG2000 compression to deliver the highest HD and SD image quality for recording and playback. Small Station Gets Big Results From Vinten Radamec Public Television broadcaster KSMQ of Austin, Minnesota, one of the smallest PBS stations in the U.S., installed a Vinten Radamec camera robotic system. Vinten Radamec delivered a three-component system to the station. An Autocam Multicontroller II Desktop Control unit provides control of both the robotic pan and tilt heads and native lens drives. Three Radamec HS-105P robotic pan and tilt heads, designed to mount on manual pedestals, provides pan and tilt function in both robotic and manual mode. And three NLD-FED Autocam native lens drives give full control of the Fujinon ENG digital lenses mounted on cameras in the studio. The operational efficiency of KSMQ's robotics allows the Digital Video Recorder station to do five local productions a week. Those programs benefit from the consistent quality the robotics HD3 Offers High-Quality JPEG2000 HD Recording With provide. Controller and Monitor, for Versatile On-Set Recording and Playback Bosch Introduces New Discussion System For Small To Medium Sized Meeting Areas Innovative And Elegant Fast Forward Video (FFV) has announced the launch of its Design With Superior Acoustical Performance • Superior sound quality optimized for speech • Proprietary "Possible-To-Speak" function provides a visual indication when the microphone is available Bosch Security Systems is introducing a discussion system combining new elegant styling that complements any interior with innovative features designed and developed by Bosch experts in Europe.

52 October’09 - March'10 BES

The CCS 900 Ultro Discussion System is intended primarily for small to medium sized meeting areas such as town halls, local business centers and courtrooms. It offers a host of design features that make it easy to manage meetings, including an advanced new patent-pending "Possible-To-Speak" function which gives a visual indication of when the microphone is available for a delegate to take the floor. The system's superior speech intelligibility is assured by Bosch's proprietary DAFS (Digital Acoustic Feedback Suppressor) technology, which has been proven over many years in the company's conferencing and public address systems. With this new all-in-one system, users can listen to automatically if delegates forget to switch off their units. proceedings and easily participate directly in discussions. Moreover, to support external participants (during town- The Control Unit can record and play back up to 64 hours council meetings, for example), extra microphones in any of discussion using a 2 GB SD card. It also features a 60 style (wired, wireless, handheld or podium) can be second buffer enabling the SD card to be changed when connected to the system. full to allow recording to continue without losing any data. Since it's a plug-and-play, all-in-one discussion solution, The delegate and chairman units include a built-in the CCS 900 Ultro requires no special training or operator. loudspeaker, a microphone that's activated with a single Anyone can begin using the intuitive controls touch and two headphone sockets with volume control. immediately. The chairman units also include a priority button, which temporarily or permanently mutes all active delegate The system is also designed for expansion up to 150 units, microphones and sounds an "attention" tone. with the possibility of adding a wide range of other equipment and auxiliary components, including an Four easy-to-use operating modes give the CCS 900 Ultro interpretation system, language distribution, a public added versatility for more focus on the conversation. address system and an interface for tele/video During meetings, one to four microphones can be active conferencing. simultaneously, with the chairman always having speaker priority. Unused microphones are switched off

53 October’09 - March'10 WEBSITE REVIEW Meenakshi Singhvi

All these websites provide access to various technology related articles based on the subjects like Satellite, Digital TV, IPTV, Cable, HDTV, Computers, Games, Mobile Phones, Broadband Internet, Telecoms, Wireless etc. These sites also enable access to general articles and a platform for authors to submit their articles.

http://www.articleland.com/ http://www.goarticles.com/ http://www.articlesnatch.com Article Land is one of the leading GoArticles.com is an article search ArticleSnatch is an online article Article Directories on the internet engine and directory with more directory for authors and today. On an average day the site than 1 million indexed articles and publishers to share content. If you serves in excess of 2,000 pages to a membership exceeding 135,000 need content, you have come to the over 1,500 unique users, with over authors. Currently the site receives right place and if you produce 50,000 "absolute unique visitors" 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 2 , 0 0 0 a r t i c l e original content, then you have per month. The site is useful for submissions weekly. This site come to a great place to have it professional writers, part-time provides authors, publishers and distributed. writers, students, professional and visitors with the best and largest Many experts agree that the key to budding authors from every corner free content article database on the the internet is linking between of the world. Web. sites. By submitting articles to It supports the Article Land It provides authors and visitors ArticleSnatch.com you get the community, and the open sharing with the best possible interface, links you need, right away. of information/education, for information and features available Everyone has heard the age old which the site is well renowned for. in an article search engine. q u o t e ' c o n t e n t i s k i n g ' . ArticleSnatch.com provides you with the content you are looking http://www.techwatch.co.uk/ for, you are allowed to post any article from ArticleSnatch.com in Techwatch.co.uk is a freely available and independent online publication, its entirety, on your website, just be p r o v i d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o n a sure to include all active links. You comprehensive range of issues relating get free content and articles to digital television. Main areas of without having to write anything coverage include satellite TV news and yourself or pay for the content. help, cable TV, home media, HDTV, IPTV, the internet and computing.

54 N O T I C E It has been observed that BES Members are not informing BES office regarding their change of postal address, which causes non-supply of BES documents to the members. Therefore, all BES Members are requested to visit BES Website : www.besindia.com to check the correctness of their postal address and if any correction is required, the same may kindly be communicated by post /fax / email to :-. Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912, Surya Kiran Building, 19, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel. : 91-11-23316709 Fax : 91-11-23316710 E-mail : [email protected]

RATES FOR NEW MEMBERS & DELEGATION FEE Approved by AGM on 23rd August, 2009 Class of Member Life Subscription Fee Indian Overseas Hon. Fellow NIL NIL Life Fellow/ Life Member/Associate Member/ Affiliate Rs. 2,100/- US$410 Student Member Rs. 1,100/- US$210 Life Corporate Member Rs. 50,000/- US$1500 For those above the age of 60yrs. Rs. 1,100/- US$210

• Revised Conference Delegation Fee in BES Expo for the Retired BES Members -Rs.1,000/-

• A Life Member or an Associate Member can seek transfer as Life Fellow or Life Member respectively on acquiring the necessary qualifications and by Payment of Rs. 100/- or US$10 as transfer Fee.

•Temporarily the induction of new members has been stopped.

• Please do not send any application for new membership to BES (I) office.

55 New Members

.Name Mem. No. Designation Address

Mr. Kushal Pal Singh LM 2657 Engg. Assistant Jhalana Doongri (Bi Ji Ki kothi) Jaipur302004 Rajsthan Mr. Sujit Kumar Biswas LM 2658 DDE Golf Green Urban House Complex, Kolkata-700095, West Bengal Mr. Umasankar Kandaswamy LM 2659 Engg.Asst All india radio, Chennai, Tamilnadu Mr. P.G Rajendran LM 2660 Assistant Engineer Vijayalakshmipuram Ambattur, Chennai, 600053, Tamilnadu Mr. Ravi Narayanasamy LM 2661 Engg.Asst All India Radio Mylapore, Chennai- 600004, Tamilnadu Mr. Samuel Manoharan Ebenezer AM 2662 Assistant Engineer Khaja Nagar, Tiruchirappalli-620023, Tamilnadu Mr. A.Selvakumar AM 2663 Sr.Technician TVRC,Natham"Shri Vengata Nivas" Parktann II Street,Pst Nagar Mr. G.Ramakrishnan AM 2664 Technician Servai street K.Pudur, Madurai- 625007, Tamil Nadu Mr. A.Thirumoorthy AM 2665 Sr.Technician TVRC,Trichy(TN) parupukara St Palakarai, Trichy-1 Mr. M.Soundra Pandian AM 2666 Technician Air Campus trichy, Trichy Mr . N. Sivakumar AM 2667 Technician Annai Theresa 1st Street, Srinagar Iyer Bungalow, Madurai-625017, Tamil Nadu Mr. S. Alagesan AM 2668 Sr. Technician TNHB Colony, Malli Gai Nagar, Anaiyoor, Madurai-6250017 Tamilnadu Dr. Shashi Bhushan Sharma LF 2669 Sterling City Bopal, Ahmedabad- 380058 Gujarat Mr. C. Murugesan LM 2670 Engineering Assistant Karungal (Via), Kanyakumari(DI)- M629157 Tamil Nadu Mrs. P. Suveetha Dhanaselvam LM 2671 Lecturer Maruthupandiar, IInd Cross Street, Viswanathapuram, Madurai-14 Tamilnadu Dr. N. Suresh Kumar LM 2672 Principal Velammal Nagar, Viraganoor, Madurai-625009 Tamilnadu Mr. Kesavan M LM 2673 HOD Control Enginnring, Csi Polytechnic College, Salem-636007 Tamil Nadu Ms Shipra Manaswita LM 2674 Station Engineer Asha Nagar Kandivelli (East) Mr. Santosh Shripad Joshi AM 2675 Asst.Engineer Behaind Kothrud Bus Stand, At-Pune Kothrud-411038 Ms R. Jeeva LM 2676 Asst.Station Engineer Muniredly palyam, Bangalore, Karnataka

56 October’09 - March'10 New Members

Name Mem. No. Designation Address

Mr. Ravi Kumar LM 2677 Student Vinayaka Nagar, Old Mahabali Puram Road, Kanchi Puram, Bangalore- 603104 Chennai Mr. Mukesh Ranjan SM 2678 Student Old Mahabalipuram Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu Mr. Kripanshu Ranjan SM 2679 Student Vinayaka Nagar, OMR Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603140 Tamil Nadu Mr. Madhan Kumar SM 2680 Student Vinayaka Nagar, OMR Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu Ms P. Jemima SM 268 Student Vinayaka Nagar, OMR Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu Mr. Rajneesh Kumar SM 2682 Student Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Nagar Old Mahalipuram Road,Paiyanoor, Chennai-6003104 Tamil Nadu Mr. Vishwa Mohan Kumar SM 2683 Student Vinayaka Nagar,Omr, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu Mr. Akhilesh Kumar Yadav SM 2684 Student Vinayaka Nagar Paiyanoor, Chennai- 603104 Tamil Nadu Mr.Sanjeev Kumar SM 2685 Student Vinayaka Nagar, Old Mahabali Puram Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu Ms Nabanita Sana SM 2686 Student Vinayaka Nagar, Omr Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai , 603104 Tamil Nadu Mr. Amit Kumar SM 2687 Student Vinayaka Nagar Omr Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai 603104 Tamilnadu Mr. Kumar Gaurav SM 2688 Student Vinayaka Nagar Omr Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu. Mr. Rahul Bhadani SM 2689 Student Vinayaka Nagar Omr road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu Mr. Kumar Gyan SM 2690 Student Vinayaka Nagar Omr Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai- 603104 Tamilnadu Mr. Nitish Srivastava SM 2691 Student Vinayaka Nagar Omr Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai-603104 Tamil Nadu

57 October’09 - March'10 New Members

Name Mem. No. Designation Address

Mr. Jagannath Padhi SM 2692 Student Vinayaka Nagar Omr Road, Paiyanoor, Chennai- 603104 Tamilnadu Mr. V. Chezhian LM 2693 Engg.Asst South Canai Bank Road Mandaveli, Chennai-600028 Tamil Nadu Mr. G. Mohan Rao LM 2694 Asst.Engineer Sethipali (Post), Tirupati, 517506 Andhra Pradesh Ms Rohini Kondapaka LM 2695 New Nallakunta, Hyderabad, 500044 Andhra Pradesh Mr. S. Ramesh LM 2696 Sr. Lecturer-Ece Alliammai Engineer College, Sem Nagar, Chennai-603203 Tamil Nadu Mr. Anand Parkash Singh LM 2697 Asst.Engineer Bokaro Steelcity, Bokaro-827004 Jharkhand Mr. Jitan Kumar Ray LM 2698 Station Engineer Old Mlr Hostel, Gangtok-737101 Sikkim

58 October’09 - March'10 Corporate Members

Mem. No. Name Address 1. LCM-01 M/s AKG Acoustics (India) Ltd. Kamal Cinema Building, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 2. LCM-02 M/s Telematics Systems Ltd. Mount Poonamallee Road, Nandambakkam, Chennai- 600 089 3. LCM-03 M/s Electronics Corpn.of Tamilnadu Ltd. LLA Buildings, 735, Anna Salai, Chennai- 600 002 4. LCM-04 M/s Hinditron Tektronix Inst.Ltd. No.5, Crescent Road, High Grounds, Bangalore - 560 001 5. LCM-05 M/s Rohde & Schwarz Liaison Office India, 244, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-III, New Delhi - 110 020 6. LCM-06 M/s Maharashtra Elects.Corpn.Ltd. D-26, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049 7. LCM-07 M/s Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Gurunanak Foundation Building, 15-16, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 067 8. CM-09 M/s Acoustics Engineers 'VASANT' 1286 A, Shivajinagar, Opp.Balgandharava Rangmandir, Pune - 411 005 9. LCM-10 M/s Gujarat Commns. & Elect.Ltd. G.I.D.C Industrial Estate, Makarpura, Vadodara - 390 010 10. LCM-15 M/s Comcon Industries S-54, Functional Industrial, Estate for Electronics, Okhla Phase-II, New Delhi - 110 020 11. LCM-19 M/s Satcom Electronics (P) Ltd. 33, B.R.B. Bose Road, 2nd Floor, Calcutta-700001 12. LCM-21 M/s Army Headquarter Signal Regiment, 1, Army Headquarter, Signal Regiment, Signals Enclave, New Delhi-110010 13. LCM-35 M/s Benchmark Microsystems Pvt. Ltd. No.140,Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi-110048 14. CM-36 M/s Bharat Electronics Ltd Jalahalli, Bangalore-560013 15. CM-25 M/s Visual Tech. India PVT.LTD. A-1, First floor, lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi-110024. 16. LCM-08 M/s Webel Mediatronics Ltd. P-1, Taratala Road, Calcutta - 700 088 17. LCM-11 M/s Hindustan Photo Films Co.Ltd. Indu Nagar, Ooty, Tamilnadu-643006. 18. LCM-14 M/s Broadcast Equipments(I) P.Ltd. 370-371/2, First Floor, Hospital Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-14 19. LCM-16 M/s R & S Electronics A-1-24, Ghanshyam Ind. Estate, Veera Desai Road, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400053 20. LCM-17 M/s Swati Industries Z-40, Okhala Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020 21. LCM-20 M/s Elect. Corpn. of India Ltd. ECIL Post, Hyderabad-500062 22. LCM-23 M/s BECIL B-1, Sector 31, Noida-201301 23. LCM-24 M/s AVF Distributors (I) PVT. LTD. 208 and 12 jagani Ind. Comp., Near ATI, Chunabhatti, Mumbai-400022. 24. LCM-26 M/s Cinecita Comoptronics Ind. Pvt. Ltd Parijat House 3rd floor, 1076, off. pr. E. moses Road, Worli, Mumbai-400018 25. LCM-27 M/s Studio Systems Sangeeta Aptts. Bldg. 6-C,Flat No. 5. Ground Floor, Behind Lido Cinema, Juhu Road, Mumbai-400049 26. LCM-28 M/s Canara Lighting Industries Ltd. Bata Compound Khopet, Pokhran Road No. 1, Thane-400601 27. LCM-29 M/s AGIV (India) Pvt. Ltd. SION Chunabhatti Road, Mumbai-400022 28. LCM-30 M/s Doordarshan Doordarshan Bhavan, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi-110001 29. LCM-31 M/s Silicon Graphics Systems (I)(P)Ltd. 228 Udog Vihar Phase-1, Gurgaon 30. LCM-32 M/s Essel Shyam Communication Ltd FC-20, Sector 16 A, Noida-201301 31. LCM-33 M/s All India Radio Directorate General, Akashvani Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-1 32. LCM-34 M/s The IEI Delhi State Centre Engineers Bhavan, Bahadur Shar Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2 33. LCM-37 M/s Trans World Radio- South Asia L-15, Green Park, New Delhi-110016 34. LCM-38 M/s Kathrein India Pvt. Ltd. 4-B-4. Industry Manor, 3rd Floor, A.S.M. Marg, Prabha Devi, Mumbai-25. 35. LCM-39 M/s Arraycom (India) Limited B-13, 13/1 & 14, GIDC, Electronics Estate, Sector 25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 36. LCM-40 M/s Sun Broadcast Equipments Pvt. Ltd. 3/31, 3rd Floor, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008 37. LCM-41 M/s Diksaat Transworld Ltd. No. 12, Balia Avenue, Luz Mylapore, Chennai-600004 38. LCM-42 M/s Qualcomm India Pvt. Ltd. 3rd Floor, DLF Centre, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001

59 October’09 - March'10 O B I T U A R Y

Smt. Saraswati Alagar, BES Life Member, BES(I) and former Hon. Secretary of BES, Thanjavur Chapter has left for her heavenly abode on 14th October 2009. An engineering graduate, Smt. Alagar was born on 6th August 1956 and served as Assistant Station Engineer at Doordarshan maintainance Centre, Thanjavur and Hwer Television Transmitter at Kumbakonam. She will always be remembered for her dedication and sincerity towards Doordarshan and Broadcast Engineering Society.

Shri K. C. Batra who retired as Dy. Director (Engg.) from CE(NZ), AIR & Doordarshan, New Delhi in November 1995, has expired on 28th January 2010 due to heart attack. Shri Batra joined AIR in 1961at EPC Calcutta. He worked at HPT Khampur, Bhopal, Shimla & Kota stations of AIR. After retirement till the last day of his life he worked with BECIL as consultant. He has left behind his wife, 2 sons & 2 daughters, all well settled. May god grant peace to his soul and courage to his family members to bear the loss.

BES(I) has received information about the demise of Shri T Rajagopalan, SE (Retd.) AIR Puducherry and BES (I) Chennai Chapter member (LF-379) on 10- 04-2010. The official was born in 1939 and joined at AIR Madras in 1963. He has served in various capacities at Madras, Puducherry, Bhopal, Chinsurah and retied as Station Engineer AIR Puducherry in 1996. BES condoles his demise and pray almighty to provide peace to the departed souls and courage to the bereaved families to bear the irreparable loss.

Sh. R. Raghvachari, retired Additional Chief Engineer, All India Radio has left for his heavenly adobe. Born in 1914, Sh. Raghvachari, was perhaps the eldest surviving member of BES(I). He joined AIR in October 1939, As it was the era of world war-2, All India Radio witnessed unprecedented challenges, Which were encountered efficiently by the engineers like him. Sh. Raghavachari will be remembered as one of the finest Engineer with a large heart. BES Review had the privilege of publishing his reminiscences in it’s July-September, 2005 issue.

Broadcast Engineering Society (India) fraternity prays to the almighty to grant peace to departed souls and courage to the bereaved families to bear the irreparable loss.

60 October’09 - March'10